Showing 178 items matching "human history"
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Monbulk RSL Sub BranchBook, Hermes House, The ultimate illustrated history of World War II : an authoritative account of one of the deadliest conflicts in human history with analysis of decisive encounters and landmark engagements, 2009
... The ultimate illustrated history of World War II : an authoritative account of one of the deadliest conflicts in human history with analysis of decisive encounters and landmark engagements...The ultimate illustrated history of World War II : an authoritative account of one of the deadliest conflicts in human history with analysis of decisive encounters and landmark engagements Book Hermes House Donald Sommerville ...This history of the war has commentary on the political and economic factors leading to the conflict, the key turning points of the war and the impact of new technologies. Colour campaign maps and battle plans complement the description of every major battle on land and at sea, along with analysis of the success and failure of the various military strategies. It focuses on the key military figures who shaped the course of the war and describes all of the most successful weapons of war, with a specification box on each weapon providing key technical details.Index, ill, maps, p.256.This history of the war has commentary on the political and economic factors leading to the conflict, the key turning points of the war and the impact of new technologies. Colour campaign maps and battle plans complement the description of every major battle on land and at sea, along with analysis of the success and failure of the various military strategies. It focuses on the key military figures who shaped the course of the war and describes all of the most successful weapons of war, with a specification box on each weapon providing key technical details.world war 1939-1945 - history, world war 1939-1945 - campaigns -
Alfred Hospital Nurses League - Nursing History CollectionBook - Illustrated book, John Leeton, Test tube revolution: the early history of IVF, 2013
... Fertilization in vitro - Human - history...Of significance to AHNL as Carl Wood had worked at the Alfred Hospital Carl Wood John Leeton IVF Fertilization in vitro - Human - history Human embryo transfer - history The author, John Leeeton, tells the story of his work with friend and colleague Carl Wood , the early days of IVF, and the battle between research teams in Australia and the United Kingdom to create and implement this profoundly important medical procedure. ...The author, John Leeeton, tells the story of his work with friend and colleague Carl Wood , the early days of IVF, and the battle between research teams in Australia and the United Kingdom to create and implement this profoundly important medical procedure. This is the remarkable and insiring story of one of the greatest medocal achievements of the twentieth centuryIllistrated book with white binding and marroon and black print, title and author's name on front cover andspinr. Also on the front cover is a black and white photograph of two men ( Carl Wood and John Leeton [ca.1973]) in whitecoats in front of a whiteboard. On the back cover is a summary of the book & author information along with a black and white photograph of a group of young children (first group of children born as a result of the IVF progam)non-fictionThe author, John Leeeton, tells the story of his work with friend and colleague Carl Wood , the early days of IVF, and the battle between research teams in Australia and the United Kingdom to create and implement this profoundly important medical procedure. This is the remarkable and insiring story of one of the greatest medocal achievements of the twentieth century carl wood, john leeton, ivf, fertilization in vitro - human - history, human embryo transfer - history -
Mrs Aeneas Gunn Memorial LibraryBook, Henry James Forman, The story of prophecy : in the life of mankind from early times to the present day, 1936
... ...Human history...Prophecies Human history An essay on prophes=cies from the earliest days. ...An essay on prophes=cies from the earliest days.Index, bib, ill, p.350.non-fictionAn essay on prophes=cies from the earliest days.prophecies, human history -
RMIT GSBL Justice Smith CollectionReport, Abella, Rosalie Silberman, Human rights and the judicial role, 1998
... human rights -- history...human rights -- history discrimination human rights judicial power judicial process political questions and judicial power ISBN: 1875527249 Ninth AIJA oration in judicial administration Delivered by Madam Justice Rosalie Silberman Abella Court of Appeal for Ontario at School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Melbourne Friday 23 October 1998 Human rights and the judicial role Report Abella, Rosalie Silberman Australian Institute of Judicial Administration Incorporated ...Ninth AIJA oration in judicial administration Delivered by Madam Justice Rosalie Silberman Abella Court of Appeal for Ontario at School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Melbourne Friday 23 October 1998ISBN: 1875527249human rights -- history, discrimination, human rights, judicial power, judicial process, political questions and judicial power -
Sunshine and District Historical Society IncorporatedBook - Soldiering On The Australian Army at Home and Overseas, Australian War Memorial, 1942
... This war still remains as the deadliest conflict in human history with between 60-75 million deaths....This war still remains as the deadliest conflict in human history with between 60-75 million deaths. ...'Soldiering On' is a 1942 anthology prepared by members (" some of the boys") of the Australian Army, offering first-hand stories, sketches, poems, and maps that depict the experiences of Australian forces during World War II.A red hard covered book embossed with an illustration of the Australian Army hat badge.non-fiction'Soldiering On' is a 1942 anthology prepared by members (" some of the boys") of the Australian Army, offering first-hand stories, sketches, poems, and maps that depict the experiences of Australian forces during World War II.world war ii (1939 -1945), australian army -
The Beechworth Burke MuseumGeological specimen - Cassiterite
... Cassiterite has been a fundamental source of tin ore for humans throughout history, including today. Tin is an important metal that has a wide variety of human uses in different areas, from dying fabric, to making mirrors, and their most well-known use ‘tin’ cans. ...Cassiterite has been a fundamental source of tin ore for humans throughout history, including today. Tin is an important metal that has a wide variety of human uses in different areas, from dying fabric, to making mirrors, and their most well-known use ‘tin’ cans. ...This specimen is Cassiterite in Quartz. Cassiterite is a tin oxide metal that forms in thin crystals which can have a beautiful lustre. Quartz is made of silicon dioxide, also known as silica, and is one of the most common minerals on earth. Cassiterite has been a fundamental source of tin ore for humans throughout history, including today. Tin is an important metal that has a wide variety of human uses in different areas, from dying fabric, to making mirrors, and their most well-known use ‘tin’ cans. Tin cans are primarily made of steel and are coated with tin in order to take advantage of tin’s property of being non-corroding. This is a massive step in the history of food preservation. Tinned food first reached Australia in 1815 with early settlers, and it began to be manufactured here in the 1840s. It was incredibly popular, and was a highly exported product, which would be a contributing factor to the ‘tin mining boom’ of the early 1880s. This specimen was collected at Jingellic, New South Wales, in about 1852. Although the Goldfields of the 1800s are much more well-known, tin mines existed alongside the gold mines which began in the mid 19th century and extended almost one hundred years, to the mid 20th century. Specimens like this would have been used as evidence to justify tin mining operations in the region as an investment. This specimen is part of a larger collection of geological and mineral specimens collected from around Australia (and some parts of the world) and donated to the Burke Museum between 1868-1880. A large percentage of these specimens were collected in Victoria as part of the Geological Survey of Victoria that begun in 1852 (in response to the Gold Rush) to study and map the geology of Victoria. Collecting geological specimens was an important part of mapping and understanding the scientific makeup of the earth. Many of these specimens were sent to research and collecting organisations across Australia, including the Burke Museum, to educate and encourage further study. The Geological Survey of Victoria was headed by British geologist, Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn (1824-1902), who was responsible for issuing over 60 geological maps during his 17 years as director. These maps were all hand-drawn and coloured and became the benchmark for accuracy for geological mapping. Collecting geological specimens was an important part of mapping and understanding the scientific makeup of the earth. Many of these specimens were sent to research and collecting organisations across Australia, including the Burke Museum, to educate and encourage further study. A fist-sized solid geological specimen made on one half of tin oxide, which is dark grey, and on the other side of silica, which is brown and cream.burke museum, beechworth, geological, geological specimen -
Eltham District Historical Society IncBook, Jenny Brown et al, Out of the Mist; Osborne Peninsula, 2024
... The area is rich in geology and ecology, and an unusually rich endowment of human, built and creative history. Contents: Welcome: The landform: The River: Aboriginal occupation: The Miners: North Warrandyte :The Subdivision: The Lowes: The Osbornes: The Last Osborne: The Elders: The Relics: Dray Track: Water Wheel"Kauri Plaque: River track: Pines: Windmill Creek Bridge: The Koornong School: The Houses" Man Cave: MidCentury Classic: Enduring Original" Masterwork: The Muddies: The State Park: The Saving of Koornong Reserve: The Landcare Story: Flora and Fauna: The Vulnerable, Endangered and threatened: Birds: Mammals: "Waring" the wombat: Reptiles: Fish: Invertebrates: Flora: Fire. ...The area is rich in geology and ecology, and an unusually rich endowment of human, built and creative history. Contents: Welcome: The landform: The River: Aboriginal occupation: The Miners: North Warrandyte :The Subdivision: The Lowes: The Osbornes: The Last Osborne: The Elders: The Relics: Dray Track: Water Wheel"Kauri Plaque: River track: Pines: Windmill Creek Bridge: The Koornong School: The Houses" Man Cave: MidCentury Classic: Enduring Original" Masterwork: The Muddies: The State Park: The Saving of Koornong Reserve: The Landcare Story: Flora and Fauna: The Vulnerable, Endangered and threatened: Birds: Mammals: "Waring" the wombat: Reptiles: Fish: Invertebrates: Flora: Fire. ...The Osborne Peninsula on the Yarra River at Warrandyte accommodates a limited number of properties and residents (70 households). The area is rich in geology and ecology, and an unusually rich endowment of human, built and creative history. Contents: Welcome: The landform: The River: Aboriginal occupation: The Miners: North Warrandyte :The Subdivision: The Lowes: The Osbornes: The Last Osborne: The Elders: The Relics: Dray Track: Water Wheel"Kauri Plaque: River track: Pines: Windmill Creek Bridge: The Koornong School: The Houses" Man Cave: MidCentury Classic: Enduring Original" Masterwork: The Muddies: The State Park: The Saving of Koornong Reserve: The Landcare Story: Flora and Fauna: The Vulnerable, Endangered and threatened: Birds: Mammals: "Waring" the wombat: Reptiles: Fish: Invertebrates: Flora: Fire. Published by the North Warrandyte (Osborne Peninsula) Landcare Group. Includes photos from EDHS collection.64 p. : ill., map ; 29.7 x 21 cm. (2 copies)yarra river, birrarung, dray track, fauna, geology, houses, indigenous history, koornong reserve, koornong school, lowe family, mining, mudbrick houses, north warrandyte, osborne family, warrandyte state park, water wheel, north warrandyte (osborne peninsula) landcare group, osborne peninsula -
The Beechworth Burke MuseumGeological specimen - Chalcopyrite
... The Mount Lyell mines have a long history of human and environmental disasters, including the 1912 North Lyell fire that killed 42 miners, and two separate incidents in 2013 in which three people lost their lives. ...The Mount Lyell mines have a long history of human and environmental disasters, including the 1912 North Lyell fire that killed 42 miners, and two separate incidents in 2013 in which three people lost their lives. ...This specimen originated from Mount Lyell on the west coast of Tasmania, where a large group of open cut and underground copper-silver-gold mines began operating in 1883. Between 1893-1994, the Mt Lyell Mining and Railway Company were responsible for operations. The Mt Lyell copper-gold mines produce some excellent crystallised specimens of chalcopyrite and other minerals. The deposits are generally considered to be of Cambrian volcanic origin, but there are indications of Devonian granitic influence on the ores, plus local remobilisation during Devonian deformation. Over 120 million tonnes of ore was produced from several workings, including the main Prince Lyell mine and the North Lyell mine, which was also of great importance. The Mount Lyell mines have a long history of human and environmental disasters, including the 1912 North Lyell fire that killed 42 miners, and two separate incidents in 2013 in which three people lost their lives. The environmental impacts from this complex of mines are extensive, with waste tailings and heavy metal contamination flowing directly into the King and Queen River catchments. In 1954, the eminent Australian historian, Geoffrey Blainey, published 'The Peaks of Lyell' which delves into the history of the 1912 North Mount Lyell Disaster.Chalcopyrite does not contain the most copper in its structure relative to other minerals, but it is the most important copper ore since it can be found in many localities and occurs in a variety of ore types. The brassy-yellow colours in Chalcopyrite mean it is often confused with pyrites and gold, leading to use of the term, "fool's gold." Chalcopyrite has been the primary ore of copper since smelting began five thousand years ago. This specimen is part of a larger collection of geological and mineral specimens collected from around Australia (and some parts of the world) and donated to the Burke Museum between 1868-1880. A large percentage of these specimens were collected in Victoria as part of the Geological Survey of Victoria that begun in 1852 (in response to the Gold Rush) to study and map the geology of Victoria. Collecting geological specimens was an important part of mapping and understanding the scientific makeup of the earth. Many of these specimens were sent to research and collecting organisations across Australia, including the Burke Museum, to educate and encourage further study.This hand sized solid mineral specimen has shades of brass-yellow with spots of iridescent green-black tarnish. Chalcopyrite is a copper iron sulphide mineral and a major ore of copper common in sulphide veins and disseminated in igneous rocks. Chalcopyrite has a hardness of 3.5-4 on the Mohs Scale. It is a member of the tetragonal crystal system and has metallic lustre and opaque transparency.burke museum, beechworth, indigo shire, beechworth museum, geology, geological specimen, chalcopyrite, copper pyrites, copper mining, tasmanian geology, mount lyell, mount lyell mines, fools gold, mohs scale, crystals, minerals, historical geological collection, victorian geological survey, a.r.c selwyn, gold rush, van diemans land -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 01 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 1 set 1 The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. ...The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 1 is titled "Egypt and Mesopotamia," it is divided into two distinct parts Part I concentrates on ancient Egypt, covering the Nile Valley from its legendary beginnings through the various dynasties.Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionThe 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 1 is titled "Egypt and Mesopotamia," it is divided into two distinct parts Part I concentrates on ancient Egypt, covering the Nile Valley from its legendary beginnings through the various dynasties. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 1 set 1 -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 21 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 2 set 1 The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. ...The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 2 of The Historians' History of the World focuses on "Israel, India, Persia, Phoenicia, Minor Nations of Western Asia."Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionThe 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 2 of The Historians' History of the World focuses on "Israel, India, Persia, Phoenicia, Minor Nations of Western Asia."flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 2 set 1 -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 3 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 3 set 1 The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. ...The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 3 is a pivotal installment in the series, shifting the narrative from the "stagnant" (as viewed by 1904 scholars) empires of the East to the dynamic birth of Western civilisation.Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionThe 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 3 is a pivotal installment in the series, shifting the narrative from the "stagnant" (as viewed by 1904 scholars) empires of the East to the dynamic birth of Western civilisation.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 3 set 1 -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 4 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum book the historians history of the world vol 4 set 1 Henry Smith Williams The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. ...The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 4 is a deep dive into the later history of Ancient Greece, specifically focusing on the period from the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War through to the Roman conquest. This volume bears the subtitle "Greece to the Roman Conquest." It covers several pivotal shifts in power regards the post war struggle (404 to 374 BC.)Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionThe 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 4 is a deep dive into the later history of Ancient Greece, specifically focusing on the period from the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War through to the Roman conquest. This volume bears the subtitle "Greece to the Roman Conquest." It covers several pivotal shifts in power regards the post war struggle (404 to 374 BC.)flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, book, the historians history of the world vol 4 set 1, henry smith williams -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 5 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. ...The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. This specific volume focuses on the Roman Republic. It covers the transition from the early legends of the founding of Rome through the Punic Wars, the rise of the Republic's supremacy in the Mediterranean, and the internal reforms and conflicts that eventually led to its collapse.Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionThe 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. This specific volume focuses on the Roman Republic. It covers the transition from the early legends of the founding of Rome through the Punic Wars, the rise of the Republic's supremacy in the Mediterranean, and the internal reforms and conflicts that eventually led to its collapse. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 6 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 6 set 1 Henry Smith Williams The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. ...The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 6 focuses on the period where Rome moved away from internal civil strife toward a unified, centralised rule. Major topics include, the reign of Augustus, the transition from the Republic to the Principate and the establishment of the Pax Romana (Roman Peace).The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib. non-fictionThe 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 6 focuses on the period where Rome moved away from internal civil strife toward a unified, centralised rule. Major topics include, the reign of Augustus, the transition from the Republic to the Principate and the establishment of the Pax Romana (Roman Peace). flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 6 set 1, henry smith williams -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 7 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D, 1908
... The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. ...The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 7 shifts the narrative from the fall of the Roman Republic and the early Empire (covered in Vol. 5 and 6) into the complex era of the later Roman Empire and the rise of the Early Byzantine Empire.Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib. non-fictionThe 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 7 shifts the narrative from the fall of the Roman Republic and the early Empire (covered in Vol. 5 and 6) into the complex era of the later Roman Empire and the rise of the Early Byzantine Empire.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, the historians history of the world, henry smith williams l.l.d. -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 8 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum book the historians history of the world vol 8 set 1 reference book The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. ...The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 8 shifts the lens eastward to document the civilisations that challenged Rome and Byzantium, eventually giving way to the Islamic Golden Age.Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionThe 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 8 shifts the lens eastward to document the civilisations that challenged Rome and Byzantium, eventually giving way to the Islamic Golden Age.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, book, the historians history of the world vol 8 set 1, reference book -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 9 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum book the historians history of the world vol 9 set 1 Henry Smith Williams The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. ...The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. While previous volumes dealt with the Roman Empire, Volume 9 picks up the story after the "Fall of Rome" and tracks the peninsula’s evolution through the dawn of the 20th century.The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to ribnon-fictionThe 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. While previous volumes dealt with the Roman Empire, Volume 9 picks up the story after the "Fall of Rome" and tracks the peninsula’s evolution through the dawn of the 20th century. warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, book, the historians history of the world vol 9 set 1, henry smith williams -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 10 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village the historians history of the world vol 10 set 1 book The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. ...The 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 10 specifically focuses on the Late “Middle Ages” and the “Renaissance period”, particularly in Italy and Spain. Starting with the clash of civilisations, Islam vs. Christianity.The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionThe 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World is a monumental work of Edwardian scholarship, representing a specific era of "universal history" where the goal was to synthesise all human knowledge into a single narrative. Volume 10 specifically focuses on the Late “Middle Ages” and the “Renaissance period”, particularly in Italy and Spain. Starting with the clash of civilisations, Islam vs. Christianity. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, the historians history of the world vol 10 set 1, book -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 11 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village the historians history of the world vol 11 set 1 book Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. ...Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. A warning on Volume 11 if the reader is looking for the history of France (1715–1815) in this specific 1908 edition, ensure you check Volume 12. In some printings of the 1908 set, the numbering of French history was slightly adjusted, and Volume 11 often ends at the death of Louis XIV (1715).The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. A warning on Volume 11 if the reader is looking for the history of France (1715–1815) in this specific 1908 edition, ensure you check Volume 12. In some printings of the 1908 set, the numbering of French history was slightly adjusted, and Volume 11 often ends at the death of Louis XIV (1715).flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, the historians history of the world vol 11 set 1, book -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 12 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village the historians history of the world vol 12 book henry smith williams l.l.d Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. ...Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. This volume continues on with the history of France. The primary focus of Volume 12 is the continuation of the history of France from 1715 to 1815. This century is arguably the most trans formative in French history, and the volume meticulously documents the transition from absolute monarchy to revolutionary chaos and, finally, to the Napoleonic Empire.The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. This volume continues on with the history of France. The primary focus of Volume 12 is the continuation of the history of France from 1715 to 1815. This century is arguably the most trans formative in French history, and the volume meticulously documents the transition from absolute monarchy to revolutionary chaos and, finally, to the Napoleonic Empire.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, the historians history of the world vol 12, book, henry smith williams l.l.d -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 13 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 13 set 1 Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. ...Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 13 focuses primarily on the modern history of France and the Netherlands. It specifically covers, France (1815–1904.) This section picks up immediately after the fall of Napoleon l following the 1815 Battle of Waterloo.The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 13 focuses primarily on the modern history of France and the Netherlands. It specifically covers, France (1815–1904.) This section picks up immediately after the fall of Napoleon l following the 1815 Battle of Waterloo.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 13 set 1 -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 14 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 14 set 1 Henry Smith Williams Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. ...Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 14 serves as a bridge between the late early-modern period and the height of the imperial era for two major European powers. It is titled "The Netherlands (concluded), The Germanic Empires."The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 14 serves as a bridge between the late early-modern period and the height of the imperial era for two major European powers. It is titled "The Netherlands (concluded), The Germanic Empires."flagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 14 set 1, henry smith williams -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 15 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 15 set 1 Henry Smith Williams Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. ...Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 15 of “The Historians' History of the World” moves into the heart of modern European power dynamics. Published by The Times in 1908, this volume focuses on the rise of the modern German state and the evolution of the Austrian Empire.The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 15 of “The Historians' History of the World” moves into the heart of modern European power dynamics. Published by The Times in 1908, this volume focuses on the rise of the modern German state and the evolution of the Austrian Empire.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 15 set 1, henry smith williams -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 16 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 16 set 1 Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. ...Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. The primary subjects of Volume 16 are Scandinavia (including the history of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark) and the history of Switzerland up to the year 1715.The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. The primary subjects of Volume 16 are Scandinavia (including the history of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark) and the history of Switzerland up to the year 1715.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 16 set 1 -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, The Times Newspaper, The Historians History of the World Vol 17 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 17 set 1 Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. ...Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 17 focuses primarily on the history of Switzerland with concluding sections on Russia, and Poland. The volume concludes the Swiss narrative began in volume 16.The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 17 focuses primarily on the history of Switzerland with concluding sections on Russia, and Poland. The volume concludes the Swiss narrative began in volume 16.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 17 set 1 -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 18 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 18 set 1 Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. ...Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 18 specifically focuses on the history of England to 1485, it serves as the foundational text for British history within the series. It chronicles the evolution of the English nation from its earliest recorded beginnings through the end of the Middle Ages.The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 18 specifically focuses on the history of England to 1485, it serves as the foundational text for British history within the series. It chronicles the evolution of the English nation from its earliest recorded beginnings through the end of the Middle Ages.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 18 set 1 -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 19 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 19 set 1 Henry Smith Williams Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. ...Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 19 is a pivotal component of the series, focusing specifically on a trans-formative era of British history from 1485 to 1642 covering the history of England from the rise of the Tudor Dynasty to the eve of the English Civil War.The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 19 is a pivotal component of the series, focusing specifically on a trans-formative era of British history from 1485 to 1642 covering the history of England from the rise of the Tudor Dynasty to the eve of the English Civil War.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 19 set 1, henry smith williams -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 20 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db warrnambool flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 20 set 1 Henry Smith Williams Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. ...Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 20 focuses on the transformation period of England from the outbreak of the English Civil War to the late 18th century.The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 20 focuses on the transformation period of England from the outbreak of the English Civil War to the late 18th century. warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 20 set 1, henry smith williams -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference Book/History, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians History of the World Vol 22 set 1 - Edited by Henry Smith Williams L.L.D. Published by “The Times” 1908, 1908
... (For more information on the Pattison Collection and the Mechanics Institute visit) https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5580c7e72162f114d8b758db flagstaff hill warrnambool shipwrecked-coast flagstaff-hill flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum maritime-museum shipwreck-coast flagstaff-hill-maritime-village book the historians history of the world vol 22 set 1 Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. ...Henry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 22 represents a critical pivot point in the series, shifting the focus away from the concentrated histories of Europe and the British Empire toward the "New World" and the rising power of the West.The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionHenry Smith Williams’ “The Historians' History of the World” is a chronological and geographical "tapestry" of human events, these twenty five volumes occupy a very specific and prestigious place in historical research. Volume 22 represents a critical pivot point in the series, shifting the focus away from the concentrated histories of Europe and the British Empire toward the "New World" and the rising power of the West.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 22 set 1 -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageEquipment - Dentist Drill, Late 19th century
... history. “Historic importance of treadle powered machines; they made use of human power in an optimal way” (Lowtech Magazine “Short history of early pedal powered machines”) The invention of a machine to speed up the process of excavation of a tooth lead to the invention of new burs and drills for the handpieces, improving speed and the surgical process of dentistry. ...The design of this and other similar treadle powered dental engine (or dentist drill) was in common use by dentists from the 1870’s into the 1920's. When electricity became accessible to most communities the electrically powered dental engines began to take over from the treadle power. Over the ages teeth were extracted using picks and scissors and other gouging instruments. Bow drills, hand drills and even a "bur thimble" drill were later used to prepare cavities for filling. Some drills were made bendable by attaching flexible shanks between the metal bur and the handle, giving access to the teeth at the back of the mouth. Other mechanical devices were introduced along the way, such as clockwork drills, but they were hard to handle and inefficient. Over the centuries “dentistry has been performed by priests, monks and other healers. This was followed by barbers; the barber’s chair may well have been the precursor to the dental chair. “(SA Medical Heritage Society Inc.) In 1871 James Morrison patented the first commercially manufactured 'foot treadle dental engine', the first practica dental engine although others had been introduced as early as 1790 (by John Greenwood). Handmade steel burs or drills were introduced for dental handpieces, taking advantage of the significant increase in the speed of the drill. In 1891 the first machine-made steel burs were in use. The treadle drill reduced the time to prepare a cavity from hours to less than ten minutes. In 1876 the Samuel S. White Catalogue of Dentist Instruments listed a 12 ½ inch wheel diameter dental engine, with 14 bright steel parts, for sale at US $55 In today’s market, this is the equivalent to US $1200 approx. The specifications of that dental engine are very similar to the this one in our Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village’s collection. It is interesting to note that workings of a similar treadle dentist drill were used and modified to power a treadle spinning wheel of one of the volunteer spinners at Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village. The foot treadle dental engine was a milestone in dental history. “Historic importance of treadle powered machines; they made use of human power in an optimal way” (Lowtech Magazine “Short history of early pedal powered machines”) The invention of a machine to speed up the process of excavation of a tooth lead to the invention of new burs and drills for the handpieces, improving speed and the surgical process of dentistry. They were the fore-runner of today’s electrically powered dental engines. This treadle-powered dentist drill, or dentist engine, is made of iron and steel and provides power for a mechanical dental hand-piece that would be fitted with a dental tool. The drill has a three footed cast iron base, one foot being longer than the other two. A vertical C shaped frame is joined into the centre of the base, holding an axle that has a driving-wheel (or flywheel) and connecting to a crank. A slender, shoulder height post, made from telescoping pipes, joins into the top of this frame and is height adjusted by a hand tightened screw with a round knob. On the post just above the frame is a short metal, horizontal bar (to hold the hand-piece when it is not in use). A narrow tubular arm is attached to the top of the stand at a right angle and can move up and down. At the end of the arm is a firmly fixed, flexible rubber hose protected for a short distance by a sheath of thin metal. At the end of the hose there is a fitting where the drill’s hand-piece would be attached; a small, silver coloured alligator clip is also at the end. A treadle, or foot pedal, is hinged to the heel to the long foot of the base, and joined at the toe to the crank that turns the driving-wheel. There is a spring under the toe of the treadle. The metal driving-wheel has a wide rim. Touching the inside of the rim are four tubular rings that bulge towards the outside of the driving-wheel, away from the pole, and all meet at the hub of the axle. The axle is bulbous between the inside of the driving-wheel and the frame then passes through the frame and is attached on the other side. The driving-wheel has a groove around which a belt would sit. The belt would also fit around a pulley on the arm, at the top of the post. The pulley is joined to a rod inside the arm and this spins the drill's hand-piece and dental tool holder. The two shorter feet of the base are made from a long metal bar that has been curved outwards, and its centre is bolted to the base of the pole. Under the ends of the curved legs of the base are wedge shaped feet. The driving-wheel is decorated in light coloured paint on both sides, each side having three sets of floral decals evenly spaced around them, and each about a sixth of the wheel's circumference. Similar decoration is along the sides of the frame. The foot pedal has decorative cutout patterns in the centre of the foot and at the toe. On the long foot of the stand is some lettering with a fine, light coloured border around it. The lettering is hard to read, being a dark colour and flaking off. There are also remnants of fine, light coloured flourishes. The foot pedal has lettering of the maker’s trade mark cast into the metal at the ball of the foot. Lettering on the base is peeling and difficult to read. The foot pedal has a trade mark cast into it that looks like a combination of ‘C’ , ‘S’ , ‘A’, ‘R’. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, dentist, teeth, dental drill, dental engine, treadle drill, foot powered drill, treadle engine, orthodontics, dental surgery, james morrison
