Black book titled "L'Amico del Prigioniero" in red paint. Italian internee - Valente WW2 Catholic prayer bookHand written comments inside of front cover and last 2 pages.

A barometer is an instrument used for measuring atmosphere pressure thus determining weather changes.The first apparatus generally accepted as a barometer was that set up in Florence in 1644 by Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), a mathematician and physicist. Torricelli filled a glass tube with mercury, sealed it at one end, and inverted it with its open end in a dish of mercury. The level always fell a short way down the tube, then settled at a height of about thirty inches. He concluded correctly that the mercury column was sustained by the weight of the air pressing on the open surface of mercury, and further experiments convinced him that the space above the mercury in the tube was a vacuum. He noted that the level rose and fell with changing temperature, but he was unable to use his apparatus to measure variations in the weight of the atmosphere because he had not foreseen that temperature would affect the level of the mercury. News of this experiment circulated quickly among European scientists, who hastened to replicate the experiment. Torricelli's conclusions were not universally accepted because some disputed whether the air had weight, while both Aristotle and the Catholic Church denied the possibility of a vacuum. In France, the philosopher René Descartes (1596–1650) seems to have been the first person, probably in 1647, to attach a graduated scale to the tube so that he could record any changes attributable to the weather. At around this time Duke Ferdinand II of Tuscany organized the first short-lived meteorological network among scientists in other Italian cities, gathering observations of pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction, and state of the sky.Theis barometer is an example of a household item from the early 20th century, used to determine the day's weather. The barometer is significant as an aid to human social, material and scientific development.Barometer, round, brass housing inset into carved wooden casing (lacquer mostly worn off). Decorative lettering for weather conditions "Stormy, Rain, Change, Fair, Very Dry". Workings are visible through opening in centre of dial. Indicator needle and another adjustable needle . Hook screwed into back of case.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, barometer, scientific instrument, weather forcasting instrument, weather gauge

This item was found in 2018 washed up on the beach at Lady Bay in Warrnambool. It is a religious object and is similar to ones made and sold to be used in the home on a family altar or as an ornament on a shelf. It may originate from Italy. The display of items such as this would have been common in the early to mid 20th century, particularly in the homes of those belonging to the Catholic religion. The owner of this item is not known but it is retained for display purposes.This is a white china object with a statue of a Madonna and Child recessed into a oval-shaped setting. There are three holes at the top of the statue for attaching the item to a wall or shelf. The edge of the item is decorated with a pattern of white shells. At the foot of the statue is the remnant of a decorative piece broken off. warrnambool, religious ornaments

The original of this map was drawn by an Italian priest Father Victorio Riccio in 1676 from knowledge brought to Manila on Dutch ships. Father Riccio was suggesting a Catholic mission to Terra Australia.Reproduction of an early map of Australia, pre-dating the voyages of Captain Cook.Facsimile map in cardboard protective tubeterra australis

Mt Beauty Primary School commenced in 1948. At the time the Educational Aids / games were up to date and plentiful in the Primary grades. Educational aids continue to be updated along with technology.Mt Beauty Primary School began with up to date equipment and teaching methods. This collection is an example of pre-computer equipment.Variety of educational games and aids including those for teaching Italian 1. La Tombola del flori 2. Ecco Pinocchio - illustrated by Edward Dyas 3. Children's Italian Dictionary by Franko Leoni 4. La Befana- Notes for Teachers - Produced by the Catholic Education Office of Victoria 5. Italy a brief outline 6. Orizzonti - April Edition 1995 7. Zucchero filato - illustrated by Edward Dyas 8. La tombola dei negozi 9.Variform Inset Placing Trays Set 1- Philograph Publications 10. Cubes for matching 11. Kitten Cards - A Child's Play Quartet 12. Symmetry & Reversal Pairing Cards Boxes 1,2 & 3 Philograph Publications 13. Picture Dominoes - Hoborn Productions 1980 14. Figura Shapes 15. Colour and Lay Shapes 16. Tessellations 17. Tangram x2 18. Compass - Mathematical instrument -wooden, large size to fit drawing a circle with chalk on a blackboardmt beauty primary school, educational game and aids

Naturally, we tend to take commonplace objects for granted, because they have always been there. Yet how many of you actually have thought “hey, where do forks come from?” Well, it takes one trip to China and a 3-year-old laughing at your face because of your desperate attempt to eat with chopsticks to finally appreciate something so ordinary such as a fork. So, where do forks come from? The early history of the fork is obscure. As a kitchen and dining utensil, it is believed to have originated in the Roman Empire, as proved by archaeological evidence. The personal table fork most likely originated in the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire. Its use spread to what is now the Middle East during the first millennium AD and then spread into Southern Europe during the second millennium. It did not become common in northern Europe until the 18th century and was not common in North America until the 19th century. Carving fork from 1640. Source: Wikipedia/Public Domain Carving Fork from 1640. Source: Wikipedia/Public Domain Some of the earliest known uses of forks with food occurred in Ancient Egypt, where large forks were used as cooking utensils. Bone forks had been found on the burial site of the Bronze Age Qijia culture (2400–1900 BC) as well as later Chinese dynasties’ tombs.The Ancient Greeks used the fork as a serving utensil. Read also: Steven Spielberg to Remake the Classic Musical ‘West Side Story’ In the Roman Empire, bronze and silver forks were used. The use varied according to local customs, social class and the nature of food, but forks of the earlier periods were mostly used as cooking and serving utensils. The personal table fork was most likely invented in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, where they were in everyday use by the 4th century (its origin may even go back to Ancient Greece, before the Roman period). Records show that by the 9th century a similar utensil known as a barjyn was in limited use in Persia within some elite circles. By the 10th century, the table fork was in common use throughout the Middle East. Bronze forks made in Persia during the 8th or 9th century.Source: Wikipedia/Public Domain Bronze forks made in Persia during the 8th or 9th century.Source: Wikipedia/Public Domain The first recorded introduction of the fork to Western Europe, as recorded by the theologian and Cardinal Peter Damian, was by Theophano Sklereina the Byzantine wife of Holy Roman Emperor Otto II, who nonchalantly wielded one at an Imperial banquet in 972, astonishing her Western hosts.By the 11th century, the table fork had become increasingly prevalent in the Italian peninsula. It gained a following in Italy before any other Western European region because of historical ties with Byzantium and continued to get popularity due to the increasing presence of pasta in the Italian diet. At first, pasta was consumed using a long wooden spike, but this eventually evolved into three spikes, design better suited to gathering the noodles. In Italy, it became commonplace by the 14th century and was almost universally used by the merchant and upper classes by 1600. It was proper for a guest to arrive with his fork and spoon enclosed in a box called a cadena; this usage was introduced to the French court with Catherine de’ Medici’s entourage. In Portugal, forks were first used at the time of Infanta Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu, King Manuel I of Portugal’s mother around 1450. However, forks were not commonly used in Western Europe until the 16th century when they became part of Italian etiquette. The utensil had also gained some currency in Spain by this time, and its use gradually spread to France. Nevertheless, most of Europe did not adopt the use of the fork until the 18th century. Read also: The 8 Most Famous ‘Functioning Alcoholics’ in History Long after the personal table fork had become commonplace in France, at the supper celebrating the marriage of the Duc de Chartres to Louis XIV’s natural daughter in 1692, the seating was described in the court memoirs of Saint-Simon: “King James having his Queen on his right hand and the King on his left, and each with their cadenas.” In Perrault’s contemporaneous fairy tale of La Belle au bois dormant (1697), each of the fairies invited for the christening is presented with a splendid “fork holder”. The fork’s adoption in northern Europe was slower. Its use was first described in English by Thomas Coryat in a volume of writings on his Italian travels (1611), but for many years it was viewed as an unmanly Italian affectation. Some writers of the Roman Catholic Church expressly disapproved of its use, St. Peter Damian seeing it as “excessive delicacy.” It was not until the 18th century that the fork became commonly used in Great Britain, although some sources say that forks were common in France, England, and Sweden already by the early 17th century. Spaghetti fork By Lady alys - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6414948 Spaghetti Fork By Lady alys – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, The fork did not become popular in North America until near the time of the American Revolution. The curved fork used in most parts of the world today was developed in Germany in the mid 18th century while the standard four-tine design became current in the early 19th century. The fork was important in Germany because they believed that eating with the fingers was rude and disrespectful. The fork led to family dinners and sit-down meals, which are important features of German culture. https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/08/31/priority-fork-came-italy-european-country-pasta/?chrome=1Serving fork, two prongs, with a shaped wooden handle. Badly rusted.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, food, meat, carving

Dutch migrants from the province of Limburg started a Jokers Club in Melbourne choosing a "Carnival Prins" every year. Hans 2 was chosen in 1987. The custom of partying prior to the start of Lent was very strong in the mainly Catholic Southern provinces - Limburg and Brabant. The custom has lost some of its religious significance and is mainly kept up as a fun event.Brass medal depicting a Joker on one side with names and a date on the other. The medal is suspended from a red and white twisted cord.Back of the medal reads: "Hans 2 1987 Bieëgdje". Made in Italy.

Many people in the local community are of Italian origin or descent. Not surprisingly, Italian is one of two LOTE languages taught at Galen Catholic College. These photos record an Italian cultural day at Galen Catholic College, where Italian food was cooked and served up to many of our students.galen catholic college, galen college, italian language, italian culture, italian, lote, 2016

Indonesian is one of two LOTE languages taught at Galen Catholic College, the other being Italian. These photos show students in the Indonesian language classroom studying and wearing traditional Indonesian dress.galen catholic college, galen college, indonesian, lote, indonesian language, indonesian culture, students, 2016

The church was opened and dedicated on 7/12/1884, and completed in 1922. http://skhs.org.au/SKHSchurches/Sacred%20Heart%20Church.htmThe church is of architectural significance due to its Italian Renaissance Baroque Style, with red bricks, cement dressings and a slate roof. It indicated the abandonment of the Gothic Revival style favoured by Victoria's Roman Catholics and set the new style for subsequent Roman Catholic churches in Victoria. It was designed by Reed, Henderson & Smart. colour photographst kilda, churches, catholic churches, sacred heart

The church was opened and dedicated on 7/12/1884, and completed in 1922. http://skhs.org.au/SKHSchurches/Sacred%20Heart%20Church.htmThe church is of architectural significance due to its Italian Renaissance Baroque Style, with red bricks, cement dressings and a slate roof. It indicated the abandonment of the Gothic Revival style favoured by Victoria's Roman Catholics and set the new style for subsequent Roman Catholic churches in Victoria. It was designed by Reed, Henderson & Smart.Black and white photograph, unmountedst kilda, sacred heart church, sacred heart catholic church, grey street, catholic churches

Carla Hreglich interned with her Italian parents and brother Giuliana in Singapore, transported to Camp 3 on the "Queen Mary" 1940. Both children released to attend Catholic schools. Carla & her friend Marissa Georgio attended Brigidine Convent in Echuca. Carla School Captain, musician, post war interpreter for Italian Opera Company.Black and white photograph of two girls with sheep dog, tree lined fence behind.Carla, Hreglich & friend Joan Hands at Moira Station, NSW. 1947italian families, singapore group, camp 3, brigidine convent echuca, carla hreglich, giuliana hreglich, marissa georgio

George Gervasoni was the son on Luigi and Eliza Gervasoni. He was born at Yandoit Creek, Victoria. George Gervasoni married Anne Pedretti and they lived in Daylesford, where they both died. They are buried in Eganstown Catholic Cemetery. Black and white photograph of George Gervasoni, the Australian born son of Luigi Paolo gervasoni, of San Gallo, Bergamo, Italy. yandoit creek, george gervasoni

Digital images of a priest during the 150th anniversary mass at St Peter's Dayelsford. The stunning altar decorations are visible in the photorgraphs.victoria, 150, anniversary, heritage, celebration, daylesford, people, crowd, community, swiss italian, catholic, church, st peter's, mass, interior, st peter's catholic church, daylesford, priest, celebrant, stencils, altar decorations

Digital images showing Bishop Paul Bird blessing the sesquicentenary cross at St Peter's Catholic Church, Daylesford,victoria, 150, anniversary, heritage, celebration, daylesford, people, crowd, community, swiss italian, catholic, church, st peter's, st peter's catholic church, daylesford, parishioners, tinetti, taffe, gervasoni, bisjop paul bird

Digital imagesvictoria, 150, anniversary, heritage, celebration, daylesford, people, crowd, community, swiss italian, catholic, church, st peter's, st peter's catholic church, daylesford, parishioners, presentation sisters, nuns

Digital images of Swiss and Italian descendants at the 150th anniversary of St Peter's Catholic Church, Daylesford.victoria, 150, anniversary, heritage, celebration, daylesford, people, crowd, community, swiss italian, catholic, church, st peter's, st peter's catholic church, daylesford, parishioners, descendents, swiss italian

George Gervasoni was the son on Luigi and Eliza Gervasoni. He was born at Yandoit Creek, Victoria. George Gervasoni married Anne Pedretti and they lived in Daylesford, where they both died. They are buried in Eganstown Catholic Cemetery. Black and white photograph of Luigi Paolo Gervasoni, of San Gallo, Bergamo, Italy. Luigi was the Son of Nicola Gervasoni and Giovanina Gervasoni of San Gallo. yandoit creek, luigi gervasoni

George Gervasoni was the son on Luigi and Eliza Gervasoni. He was born at Yandoit Creek, Victoria. George Gervasoni married Anne Pedretti and they lived in Daylesford, where they both died. They are buried in Eganstown Catholic Cemetery. Black and white photograph of Luigi Paolo Gervasoni, of San Gallo, Bergamo, Italy. Luigi was the Son of Nicola Gervasoni and Giovanina Gervasoni of San Gallo. This photo is a detail from the Mt Frankklin Shire Council. yandoit creek, luigi gervasoni, mount franklin shire council

Carlo Gervasoni was from San Gallo, Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy, and arrived in Australia in 1863. He died of appendicitus while visiting Italy, which may be why the grave features an anchor and rope. Colour photograph of a memorial in the Sandon Catholic Cemetery to Annie Gervasoni. In loving memory of Annie Gervasoni Died 10th Sep. 1920 aged 63 years Also her beloved husband Carlo Died in Italy 10th June 1901 And their loved children Mary 1889-1901 George 1895-1896 R.I.P.sandon, sandon cemetery, yandoit creek, carlo gervasoni, annie gervasoni, mary gervasoni, george gervasoni, anchor, fern leaf, cemetery art

Many Swiss/Italian descendants are buried at Sandon Cemetery.Colour photograph of the entrance to Sandon Cemetery. sandon, sandon cemetery, sandon catholic cemetery

George Gervasoni was the son on Luigi and Eliza Gervasoni. He was born at Yandoit Creek, Victoria. George Gervasoni married Anne Pedretti and they lived in Daylesford, where they both died. They are buried in Eganstown Catholic Cemetery. Black and white photograph of Luigi Paolo Gervasoni, of San Gallo, Bergamo, Italy, and Eliza Ritzau who was born in Mt Blackwood, Victoria to Prussian parents Auguste Ritzau and Charlotte Benneckendorf. Luigi was the Son of Nicola Gervasoni and Giovanina Gervasoni of San Gallo. yandoit creek, luigi gervasoni, eliza gervasoni, eliza ritzau

The Yandoit Church built-in 1884 by Giacomo Satori and served the predominantly local Swiss-Italian community until 1993.Four people stand outside St John's, Yandoit. Left to right: Gerhard Emmerichs, Bern Emmerichs (Robinson) Bernie Milesi, Rene Saligari (Gervasoni)st john's yandoit, yandoit, rene saligari, bernie milesi, giacomo sartori

Cardinal O'Connell was Roman Catholic archbishop of Boston when this medal was created by Dora Ohlfsen in 1911.This medal was created by Ballarat born sculptor Dora Olhfsen. Ohlfsen lived and worked in Roma at the time and this medallion was created for Archbishop, Cardinal O'Connell of Boston on his achieving the cardinal's hat in 1911. Ohlfsen was born in Ballarat in 1869 and served as a nurse in Italy in World War I later sculpting the Anzac medallion to raise funds for returned soldiers.medal, ohlfsen, ballarat, cardinal o'connell, rome