Navigators use parallel rule with maps and charts for plotting a specific course on a chart. One long edge is used with the compass rose on the chart, aligning the centre of the rose with the desired direction around the edge of the rose. The compass bars are then ‘walked’ in and out across the map to the desired location so that lines can be plotted to represent the direction to be travelled. Kelvin Company History: The origins of the company lie in the highly successful and strictly informal relationship between William Thomson (1824-1907), Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow University from 1846-1899 and James White, a Glasgow optical maker. James White (1824-1884) founded the firm of James White, an optical instrument maker in Glasgow in 1850 and was involved in supplying and mending apparatus for Thomson university laboratory and working with him on experimental constructions. White was declared bankrupt in August 1861 and released several months later. In 1870, White was largely responsible for equipping William Thomson laboratory in the new University premises at Gilmore hill. From 1876, he was producing accurate compasses for metal ships to Thomson design during this period and this became an important part of his business in the last years of his life. He was also involved in the production of sophisticated sounding machinery that Thomson had designed to address problems encountered laying cables at sea, helping to make possible the first transatlantic cable connection. At the same time, he continued to make a whole range of more conventional instruments such as telescopes, microscopes and surveying equipment. White's association with Thomson continued until he died. After his death, his business continued under the same name, being administered by Matthew Edwards until 1891 when he left to set up his own company. Thomson who became Sir William Thomson and then Baron Kelvin of Largs in 1892, continued to maintain his interest in the business after James White's death in 1884, raising most of the capital needed to construct and equip new workshops in Cambridge Street, Glasgow. At these premises, the company continued to make the compass Thomson had designed during the 1870s and to supply it in some quantity, especially to the Admiralty. At the same time, the firm became increasingly involved in the design, production and sale of electrical apparatus. In 1899, Lord Kelvin resigned from his University chair and became, in 1900, a director in the newly formed limited liability company Kelvin & James White Ltd which had acquired the business of James White. At the same time Kelvin's nephew, James Thomson Bottomley (1845-1926), joined the firm. In 1904, a London branch office was opened which by 1915 had become known as Kelvin, White & Hutton Ltd. Kelvin & James White Ltd underwent a further change of name in 1913, becoming Kelvin Bottomley & Baird Ltd. Hughes Company History: Henry Hughes & Sons were founded in 1838 in London as a maker of chronographic and scientific instruments. The firm was incorporated as “Henry Hughes & Sons Ltd” in 1903. In 1923, the company produced its first recording echo sounder and in 1935 a controlling interest in the company was acquired by S Smith & Son Ltd resulting in the development and production of marine and aircraft instruments. Following the London office's destruction in the Blitz of 1941, a collaboration was entered into with Kelvin, Bottomley & Baird Ltd resulting in the establishing “Marine Instruments Ltd”. Following the formal amalgamation of Kelvin, Bottomley & Baird Ltd and Henry Hughes & Sons Ltd in 1947 to form Kelvin & Hughes Ltd. Marine Instruments Ltd then acted as regional agents in the UK for Kelvin & Hughes Ltd who were essentially now a part of Smith's Industries Ltd founded in 1944 and the successors of S Smith & Son Ltd. Kelvin & Hughes Ltd went on to develop various marine radar and echo sounders supplying the Ministry of Transport, and later the Ministry of Defence. The firm was liquidated in 1966 but the name was continued as Kelvin Hughes, a division of the Smiths Group. In 2002, Kelvin Hughes continues to produce and develop marine instruments for commercial and military. This model parallel map ruler is a good example of the commercial diversity of navigational instruments made by Kelvin & Hughes after World War II. It was made in numbers for use by shipping after the second world war and is not particularly rare or significant for it's type. Also it was made no earlier than 1947 as the firms of Kelvin, Bottomley & Baird Ltd and Henry Hughes & Sons Ltd who took over from Smith & Sons were not amalgamated until 1947. It can therefor be assumed that this ruler was made during the company's transitional period to Kelvin & Hughes from Smith Industries Ltd.Brass parallel rule in wooden box with blue felt lining.Rule inscribed on front "Kelvin & Hughes Ltd" " Made in Great Britain"flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, parallel rule, kelvin & hughes ltd, map ruler, plot direction, navigation, maps, echo sounder, kelvin & james white, lord kelvin, baron kelvin of largs, scientific instrument

WWII Historical significanceRAAF Navigational computer MK111 D used in WW11 in aircraft for plotting direction and wind speed with original box.Identification number G6B/145. Serial No WG/2677*. Contains original pencil from 1940 and navigational notebook.

This is a set of 10 photographs of Cartographic Squadron technicians undertaking map production tasks in at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo circa 1968 to 1975. Production was undertaken on the top floor of Fortuna Villa. The Fotosetter type setting machine shown in photos .1P and .2P. replaced the letterpress method of type production in 1956. CPL Arty Lane specialised in the operation of the Fotosetter type setting machine for many years. For more information on the Fotosetter, see page 71 of Valerie Lovejoy’s book 'Mapmakers of Fortuna – A history of the Army Survey Regiment’ ISBN: 0-646-42120-4. The computer based Editwriter Model 7500 typesetting system shown in photos .3P and .4P. was introduced in 1975 as a replacement to the aging Fotosetter. It was operated by a specialised technician, who generated a large variety of map type styles and sizes quickly and reliably, as well as text panels. Output on Copy proof adhesive backed stripping type film replaced messy wax and spray adhesives in 1978. The Editwriter capability supported all RASvy units and its contractor type setting requirements. The Aristo Co-ordinatorgraph shown in photos .5P to .7P was introduced in 1962. It was a large heavy steel framed light table with a scribing head that moved in a XY direction using a vernier calibrated measuring scale to 0.001 of an inch. Whilst hand operated it was much quicker and accurate than manual grid and graticule calculation, plotting and scribing. The history of co-ordinatorgraphs is covered in more detail with additional historic photographs, in pages 50 to 51 and page 88 of Valerie Lovejoy’s book 'Mapmakers of Fortuna – A history of the Army Survey Regiment’ ISBN: 0-646-42120-4. The scribing process as shown in photos .8P to .9P was the cartographic process of drafting features such as drainage, relief, vegetation, roads and culture on specially coated map reproduction material. The cartographic technician scribed out the map feature such as a contour to a specified line width on the map sheet, using a tool affixed with a sapphire tipped cutter. The quality control edit (Proving) stage of map production shown in photo .10P was the first opportunity to independently and systematically inspect a proof of the map.This is a set of 10 photographs of cartographic Squadron technicians undertaking map production tasks at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, c1968 to c1975. The photographs were on 35mm colour slides and scanned at 96 dpi. They are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. .1) to .2) - Photo, colour, c1968, Fotosetter type setting machine, CPL Arty Lane. .3) to .4) - Photo, colour, c1975, Typesetting machine, ‘Editwriter’ Model 7500. .5) - Photo, colour, c1960s, PTE Desi Asaris and CPL Kalen Sargent operating Aristo Co-ordinatorgraph equipment. .6) - Photo, colour, c1970s, L to R: CPL Desi Asaris, CPL John Bennett, operating Aristo Co-ordinatorgraph equipment. .7) - Photo, colour, c1970s, L to R: CPL John Bennett, CPL Desi Asaris operating Aristo Co-ordinatorgraph equipment. .8) - Photo, colour, c1970s, L to R: CPL Desi Asaris scribing drainage, CPL John Bennett. .9) - Photo, colour, c1970s, CPL Desi Asaris scribing drainage. .10) - Photo, colour, c1970s, L to R: CPL Desi Asaris, CPL John Bennett and their supervisor WO2 Roger Rix inspecting features on an aeronautical chart proof. .1P to .10P There are no annotations stored with the 35mm slides.royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr, carto

An hourglass or sandglass is an instrument for measuring a defined time and can be used perpetually by simply turning it over immediately the top bulb empties. The clear blown glass is shaped into two equal sized bulbs with a narrow passage in the centre and contains uniform sized sand or glass particles in the lower bulb. The width of the neck regulates the constant flow of the particles. The glass is held in a stand with top and bottom of equal shape and size. Hourglasses can measure an infinite variety of time by gauging the size of the particles, the shape and size of the bulbs and the size of the passage between the bulbs, thus measuring hours or minutes or even seconds. Generally an hourglass sits between discs of wood at the ends, which are joined by long wooden spindles between the ends and tightened by screw caps. The length of time can be adjusted by adding or removing sand particles. The use of the marine sandglass (or hourglass) has been recorded in the 14th century in European shipping. A one minute sandglass was used in conjunction with the ship’s log for ‘dead reckoning’, (see below) that is, for measuring the ship’s speed through the water. They were also used to regulate ringing the ship’s timetable; for example a 4 hour sandglass was used for the length of the sailors’ watch, and a half hour timer for taking of readings for the ship’s log; the ship’s bell would be rung every half hour. It was usually the role of the cabin boy to watch and turn the sandglasses over at the exact time of them emptying their upper chambers and to ring the ship’s bell. Hourglasses have been used historically for many hundreds of years. Some have been used for timing church sermons, in cooking, in industry and at sea. Even today they are used for measuring the cooking time of eggs and timing a player’s turn in games such as Boggle and Pictionary. The sandglasses at sea were gradually replaced in the late 1700’s to early 1800’s by the more accurate chronometers (marine clocks) when they became reliable instruments. DEAD RECKONING (or Deduced Reckoning) Dead reckoning is the term used to describe the method of calculating the ship’s position from its speed and direction, used in early maritime travel, mostly in European waters. Both the (1) speed and the (2) direction of travel were recorded on a Traverse Board at half-hourly intervals during a helmsman’s watch of 4 hours. The navigator would record the readings in his ship’s log, plot them on his navigational chart and give his updated course directions to the next helmsman on watch, along with the cleared Traverse Board. This was a very approximate, but none-the-less helpful, method of navigation. The wooden Traverse Board was a simple pegboard with a diagram of a compass with eight peg holes along the radius to each of the compass points, plus a grid with ascending half hours in the left column and increasing ship’s speed in knots in a row across the column headings, with a peg hole in each of the intersecting cells. A number of wooden pegs were attached to strings on the board. By placing one peg consecutively in the direction’s radius hole, starting from the centre, and the speed holes when the half hourly reading was taken, a picture of speed and direction for the whole 4 hour watch was created. (1) To measure the ship’s speed a one minute hourglass timer was usually used to measure the ship’s speed through the water and help to calculate its longitude. A rope, with knots at regular standard intervals and a weight such as a log at the end, would be thrown overboard at the stern of the ship. At the same time the hourglass would be turned over and a seaman would start counting the number of knots on the rope that passed freely through his hands as the ship travelled. When the timer ran out the counting would be stopped. A timer of one minute (one-sixtieth of an hour), knots spaced one-sixtieth of a nautical mile apart, and simple arithmetic easily gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour ("knots"). This would be recorded every half hour. The speed could however be inaccurate to the travel being affected by ocean currents and wind. (2) To calculate the ship’s direction a compass sighting would be recorded each half hour.Marine hourglasses or sandglasses were used from around the 14th to 19th century during the time of sailing ships. This hourglass is representative of that era, which is during the time of the colonisation of Australia. Hourglass or sandglass; an instrument used to measure time. Two equal sized clear glass bulbs joined with a narrow passage between them, containing equal sized particles of sand grains in lower bulb. Glass sits in a brass collar at each end, in a frame comprising 3 decorative brass columns or posts, each attached top and bottom, using round screw-on feet, to round brass discs. Disc have Roman numerals for the numbers 1 - 12 pressed into their inner surfaces and hieroglyphics on the outer surfaces. Roman numerals on inner surface of discs " I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII " Hieroglyphics impressed on outer surface of discsflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, horology, hourglass, hour glass, sandglass, sand glass, timing instrument, dead reckoning, deduced reckoning, finding latitude at sea, sandglass with hieroglyphics and roman numerals, hourglass with hieroglyphics and roman numerals, brass hourglass

This is a set of seven photographs of map grid production using co-ordinatorgraphs at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna Bendigo. c1960s to 1970s. The Aristo Co-ordinatorgraph introduced in 1962 was a large heavy steel framed light table with a scribing head that moved in a XY direction using a vernier calibrated measuring scale to 0.001 of an inch. Whilst hand operated it was much quicker and accurate than manual grid and graticule calculation, plotting and scribing. Mapping PNG presented the Regiment with many challenges. WO1 Farrington and CPL John Dean developed computer software for the digitally controlled co-ordinatorgraph, the Calcomp 718 Flatbed Plotter. Much time was saved by automatically plotted cartographic grids and graticules, and automatically draw base compilation sheets complete with aerial triangulated stereo model control. This could be used for a number of maps and was the first step towards map automation. The history of co-ordinatorgraphs is covered in more detail with additional historic photographs, in pages 50 to 51 and page 88 of Valerie Lovejoy’s book 'Mapmakers of Fortuna – A history of the Army Survey Regiment’ ISBN: 0-646-42120-4. SGT Bill Boyd appearing in photo .1P reach the rank of WO1 and for 11 years was the technical warrant officer at the Detachment Army Survey Regiment located at Bonegilla, Victoria. He was awarded the OAM, the Order of Australia Medal for the development of the Flexiflow quality control system. This system comprised a series of job plans and charts linked to a task allocation to resource magnetic planning board. Using critical path analysis and task prioritisation, complex job planning was efficiently scheduled, and re-prioritisations readily made. Reproduction requirements were effectively coordinated by way of weekly courier to the Army Survey Regiment. Supervisors and technicians fully embraced the system as they could understand their role, others around them and the positive production achievements. Bendigo. See page 178 of Valerie Lovejoy’s book for more information on WO1 Boyd’s contribution to RA Svy.This is a set of seven photographs of map grid production using co-ordinatorgraphs at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna Bendigo. c1960s to 1970s. The photographs were printed on photographic paper and are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. The photographs were scanned at 300 dpi. .1) - Photo, black & white, c1960s, L to R: SGT Bill Boyd demonstrating Aristo Co-ordinatorgraph equipment to unidentified technicians (x3) .2) - Photo, black & white, c1960s, Aristo Co-ordinatorgraph equipment. .3) - Photo, black & white, c1960s, unidentified technician operating Aristo Co-ordinatorgraph equipment. .4) - Photo, black & white, c1960s, L to R: PTE Desi Asaris and CPL Kalen Sargent operating Aristo Co-ordinatorgraph equipment. .5) - Photo, black & white, Photo, black & white, c1970s, John Bloor operating Calcomp co-ordinatorgraph equipment. .6) - Photo, black & white, Photo, black & white, c1970s, unidentified technician operating Calcomp co-ordinatorgraph equipment. .7) - Photo, black & white, Photo, black & white, c1970s, L to R: SGT Andy Covington and SGT John Waight operating Calcomp co-ordinatorgraph equipment..7P annotated on back ‘Covington & Waight’.royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr, carto, air survey

Standard issue item as used by Australian servicemen during the conflict in Vietnam. A plotting board is a mechanical device used as part of a firing control system to track the observed course of a target, project its future position, and derive the azimuth (or direction) and range needed to direct the fire of the guns of a battery to hit that target.White plastic base. A circle marked with grid lines is printed on the base and a vernier for finding azimuth deflections in along top edge. Rotating disc pivots at the centre atop the disc with distances measured radially form 0 at the centre to 3400 metres around the rim range form 0-6400 metres. A scale pivoted at the centre assists in reading distances.Nth and Sth top and bottom on rotating disc. East and West in centre distances in black on outer of disc. Distances in green on inner North, South, East, West. Varn W left bottom of disc. varn E on right bottom of disc.plotting board, m16