Tucked between India and china is a bulge known as Indochina and south and west of this bulge are the Malayan Peninsula, the three thousand islands of Indonesia, and the seven thousand islands of the Philippines.southeast asia - history, indochina

This book was written to meet the needs of students preparing for paper 6 of the Higher School Certificate History Examination.southeast asia - history, east asia - history, south asia - history

Index, notes, ill, p.601.non-fictionTake a journey back to the front line with two Australian veterans as they retrace the footsteps of soldiers and politicians, villagers and the enemy in a meticulously researched new history of the Vietnam War. Thirty years after the end of the Vietnam war comes an objective analysis of Australia's involvement. The book shows the extent of Australia's engagement in the Vietnam war and its contribution compared to its allies. "For Australians, Vietnam remains one of the most difficult-and controversial-wars we have fought. On the fiftieth anniversary of Australia's first involvement comes Vietnam: the complete story of the Australian war, for anyone who wishes to understand why Australia went to war, and who wants to make sense of the intensely unrelenting warfare. For Bruce Davies and Gary McKay, the history of Vietnam-its wars, colonial domination, its search for freedom and its subsequent loss-speaks to an Australian anxiety of a very small population far away from the centre of an empire to which it was firmly committed. The rise of Japan, the war in the Pacific and the postcolonial independence of the peoples of southeast Asia, coupled with the mercurial influence of Ho Chi Minh and the rise of communism, form the background to the commitment of Australian forces. Vietnam takes the reader to the front line, describing the experiences of soldier, politician, villager, enemy; and into the war room to unpick the military and political strategies. We see the challenges the Australians faced against not only a dogged enemy, but also those by the allies in the quest to defeat a powerful counterinsurgency. ... Meticulously researched and marked with acute critical analysis and a deep understanding of the place and the war, Vietnam shows the experience of Australian soldiers as never before.vietnam war 1961-1975 – history, vietnam war 1961-1975 – australian involvement

Index, ill, maps, p.802.non-fictionThe definitive story of the Australian campaign in Southeast Asia during World War II from a leading military writer. Impressive, compelling, and rich in human spirit, this is a scrupulously researched and groundbreaking account of one of the most traumatic calamities in Australian history-the Malayan Campaign, the fall of Singapore, and the subsequent horrors of the Thai-Burma Railway. world war 1939-1945 - australia - military history, world war 1939 – 1945 - prisons and prisoners – australia

The Myths and Monsters conference was something of a landmark in Australian mystery animal research. It was the first cryptozoological conference held in Australia, and the first time Australia's leading researchers had been able to present their findings and meet with others working in the same field. 82 page proceedings of the Myths and Monsters Conference printed onto white paper. The following topics were presented: * A brief History of Australian Cryptozoology (Paul Cropper) * Would the Real Orang-Utan Please Stand Up and be Counted? In search of unidentified relic hominoids in Southeast Asia (Helmut Loofs-Wissowa) * Strange Creatures on the Antipodean UFO trail (Bill Chalker) * The Bunyip (Gary Opit) * Sightings of Some Anomolous Sea Creatures (Malcolm Smith) * Investigating Cryptic Hominids (Yowies) in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales (MIchael Hallett & David McBean) * "High Strangeness" in Yowie Reports (Tony Healy) * The Mystery of the Australian Big Cat: A Brief Summary (Peter Chapple) * Quest for the Thylacine (Peter Chapple) [Australian Animal Folklore Collection]Signed on cover "Simon Townsend"australian animal folklore collection, paul cropper, ruby lang, helmut loofs wissowa, bill chalker, gary opit, malcolm smith, michael hallett, david mcbean, tony healy, peter chapple, bunyip, blue montains, yowie, thylacine, big cat, puma, panther, ufo, goolma, woodenbong, narrabeen lakes, cecil mcgann, dorothy middleton, lee kelly, brown bittern, bay monster, simon moir, footprints, blue mountains cryptid, prehistoric bipedal primates, gigantopithecus, meganthropus, homo rudolfensis, homo habilis, homo erectus, homo ergaster, hominid, bigfoot, psychic phenomena, black panther, lake monster, blue labyrinth, australian rare fauna research association, marsupial lion, thylocoleo carnifex, australian big cat, tasmanian devil, sarcophilus harrisi, eric guiler, yellingbo, thylacinus cynocephalus, tantanoola tiger, rilla martin, mundrabilla, predatory animal, mythical, myth, folklore

Published: unknown, however, on 26 June 1935 a similar, but not the exact photo in the McKenzie Collection, was published in The Age: Published title: Shipping Victorian Flour to the East Published Caption: Flour and wheat figure prominently in all cargoes carried by ships trading to Chinese, Japanese and Eastern ports. Victorian millers are eager to extend lids outlet for their produce, and every opportunity is grasped. The pictures show Australian labourers unloading from railway trucks some of the 2300 tons of flour which will go into the hold of the Burns, Philp motor ship Neptuna for shipment to Hong Kong, while Chinese seamen are busy cleaning and painting the rudder post of the ship. Hard by the Neptuna, other ships are taking on flour for the East. Research by Project Volunteer, Louise McKenzie: The image was described by Hugh Bull on the rear of the glass plate as – “Lascars cleaning ships rudder 1933”. Basically, a “lascar” is a seaman. Image No. 032 in the McKenzie Collection shows two lascars perched on the rudder of a ship, with two others standing in a rowboat along side. They are dressed in baggy trousers and jackets and wearing caps. Across a very calm dock area is a single funnel ship with on-deck derricks. The rudder of the ship being cleaned is white, with large black roman numbering denoting the depth at which the ship is sitting, depending on whether it is loaded or empty. Whilst the exact photo in the McKenzie Collection has yet to be located in The Age in 1933, the date when it was taken, there is a photo published in The Age on 25 June 1935 which appears to be one of a series of photos taken on the same day, featuring lascars cleaning a ship’s rudder. It bears a striking resemblance to MCK 032, but it is taken from a slightly different angle. The 1935 published photo is a close up of a ship’s rudder being cleaned, with same style of roman numerals in black on the white of the rudder. One lascar is standing on the rudder, one is standing in a small clinker style rowboat, with its characteristic wooden overlapping hull planks, holding a broom; two more lascars are sitting in the bow and stern of the rowboat. The ship being cleaned is in a dock, as a wharf and warehouses can be seen in the background, the water is very calm, and there are two other ships moored nearby – one across the other side of the dock with a black and white hull and derricks on its deck, and one adjacent, with its mooring lines clearly visible. The lascars are wearing caps, baggy trousers and jackets. Compelling similarities therefore exist between the two images. Whilst it is difficult to positively identify the cultural background of these particular lascars in either photo, the newspaper article dated June 1935 advises they are “Chinese”. This is possibly because the ship they are associated with, the Neptuna, is reported to have sailed from Melbourne on this date, bound for Hong Kong. However, the men are probably from South East Asia. Wikipedia describes the term “Southeast Asia” as covering ” … the people of Southeast Asia from prehistory to the present in two distinct sub-regions: Mainland Southeast Asia (or Indochina) and Maritime Southeast Asia (or Insular Southeast Asia). Mainland Southeast Asia comprises Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (or Burma), Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam whereas Maritime Southeast Asia comprises Brunei, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Christmas Island, East Malaysia, East Timor, Indonesia, Philippines and Singapore. Additionally, Wikipedia “Lascars” states that “Lascars were sailors from the Indian subcontinent, South East Asia, the Arab world, British Somaliland and lands east of the Cape of Good Hope, who were employed to work on colonial merchant ships. The practice ran from the 16th century to the mid 20th century”. Indian seamen were used as early as the 16th century by Portuguese explorer Vasgo da Gama in his successful voyage to India, and subsequently by Portuguese ships in the 16th and 17th centuries. “Through the Portuguese and Spanish maritime world empires, some Indian lascars found their way onto English merchant ships, and were among the sailors on the first English East India Company (EIC) ships to sail to India.” In the 17th Century “When the English adopted the term "lascar", they initially used it for all Asian sailors on English-flagged ships, but after 1661 and the Portuguese ceded Bombay to England, the term was used mainly to describe Indian sailors specifically. The term "topaze" was used to describe Indo-Portuguese personnel, especially those from Bombay, Thana, Diu, Dammam and Cochin. The term "sepoy" was used to describe Indian soldiers in European service. The number of lascars employed on EIC East Indiamen was so great that the Parliament of England restricted their employment via the Navigation Acts (in force from 1660 onwards) which required that 75% of the crew onboard English-flagged ships importing goods from Asia be English subjects. The restriction arose due to the high rates of illnesses and death among European sailors on East Indiamen, and their frequent desertions in Asia, which left such ships short of crew for the return voyage. Another reason was the frequent impressment of European sailors from EIC East Indiamen by the Royal Navy in times of war“. The term “impressment” colloquially refers to “the “press gang” …”a type of conscription of people into a military force, especially a naval force, via intimidation and physical coercion, conducted by an organized group (hence “gang”). .. The large size of the British Royal Navy in the Age of Sail meant impressment was most commonly associated with Great Britain.”. (Wikipedia – Impressment). By the 20th century these sailors served on British ships under "lascar agreements", which allowed shipowners more control than was the case in ordinary articles of agreement. The sailors could be transferred from one ship to another and retained in service for up to three years at one time. “Lascars served all over the world in the period leading up to the First World War. Lascars were barred from landing at some ports, such as in British Columbia. At the beginning of World War I, there were 51,616 lascars working on British merchant ships in and around the British Empire. In World War II thousands of lascars served in the war and died on vessels throughout the world, especially those of the British India Steam Navigation Company, P&O and other British shipping companies. The lack of Canadian naval manpower led to the employment of a total of 121 Catholic Goans and 530 Muslim British Indians on the Empress vessels of the Canadian Pacific Railway, such as the Empress of Asia and Empress of Japan. These ships served in the Indian Ocean both as ANZAC convoy ships and in actions at Aden. The ships were placed under the British Admiralty as part of Canada's contribution to the war effort and all of the Indian men were awarded medals by the Admiralty, though none of them were delivered. In the 1950s the use of the term "lascar" declined with the ending of the British Empire. The Indian “Lascar Act” of 1832 was finally repealed in 1963. However, "traditional" Indian deck and Pakistani engine crews continued to be used in Australia until 1986 when the last crew was discharged from the P&O and replaced by a general-purpose crew of Pakistanis. The term lascar has been widely used to engender an element of exoticism in literature eg “Sir Arthur Conan Doyle created a Lascar foil to Sherlock Holmes in "The Man with the Twisted Lip" in 1891. Lascars aboard the ship Patna figure prominently in the early chapters of Joseph Conrad's novel Lord Jim. Frances Hodgson Burnett's novel A Little Princess features a lascar named Ram Dass. Also, Caleb Carr portrays two lascars as bodyguards for a Spanish diplomat near the end of The Angel of Darkness. In Wuthering Heights, it is speculated that Heathcliff, the main character, may be of lascar origin." (Wikipedia – Lascar) And what has become of these “forgotten heroes of the World Wars”? The South Asian Heritage Trust, which seeks to commemorate, mark and celebrate South Asian cultures, stories, and communities, published an article in July 2025 entitled – The Lascars: Seafaring Roots of Modern Britain. It particularly honours the role of the 80,000 lascars who served Britain in WWI, and the over 100,000 who served in the British Merchant Navy in WWII, and concludes: “The hardships faced by Lascars were profound. They were often assigned the most dangerous tasks, lived in substandard conditions aboard ships and, even after their immense contributions to the war efforts, many veterans found it difficult to secure the recognition, pensions and rights afforded to other veterans. Many were employed under ‘Asiatic Articles’, which offered less protection and lower pay than their European counterparts. Yet, their legacy endures. The multicultural fabric of areas like East London owes much to these early seafarers and settlers. The East London Mosque, established in 1910, became an important spiritual and community hub. Today, efforts to bring their stories out of the shadows are growing. The Museum of London Docklands features exhibits on their history. Memorials, such as the P&O headstone in Dover for the 22 Lascar crew members of the SS Maloja sunk in 1916 and the careful restoration of the Lascar War Memorial in Kolkata, serve as important reminders of the sacrifices. The journey of the Lascars – from their homelands, along dangerous wartime shipping routes, to the docklands of Britain – is a story of personal courage and of a rich contribution to Britain’s history and identity.” The ship MV Neptuna, mentioned in the 1935 article, had that year been purchased from a German company by Australian-owned Burns Philp, with Australian Government assistance, and it was instrumental in ensuring the shipment of rice from Vietnam to Papua New Guinea. Rice is still a household staple in PNG. Despite it being introduced into PNG more than 100 years ago, the crop has not been sufficiently integrated into the country’s traditional agricultural production system, and today PNG imports still account for nearly 98% of rice. (Spotlight Magazine Sept. 2016) The 1935 newspaper article states that the Neptuna is involved in moving flour for the East. Australian wheat exports began in 1845, but were not regular until the 1870s. New land clearing methods in Australia allowed large tracts of land to be cleared more efficiently – this included the invention of the iconic ‘stump jump’ plough. With the success of the wheat harvests, flour mills began to spring up around the country. By the 1870s, many large country towns had their own mills, with around 500 mills producing flour across the country. Flour exports were an important part of the wheat industry until around the 1930s. After the Second World War, many of Australia’s export partners (which were mainly in the developing nations of Asia) began setting up their own flour industries and the Australian product was no longer in demand. In 1942 MV Neptuna was being utilised for the war effort, and carrying depth charges and other armaments for Australia, when on 19 February it was sunk in a bombing raid on Darwin, and where part of her hull still lies. References: SHIPPING VICTORIAN FLOUR TO THE EAST. (1935, June 25). The Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 - 1954), p. 11. Retrieved July 23, 2025, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article204357218 Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 - 1954), Tuesday 25 June 1935, page 11 Wikipedia, Clinker (boat building), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building) Wikipedia, Lascar, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascar Wikipedia, History of Southeast Asia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia Wikipedia, Impressment, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressment NEPTUNA LEAVES FOR CHINA WITH TOURISTS (1935, June 25). The Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861 - 1954), p. 5. Retrieved July 23, 2025, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244841163 National Research Institute SPOTLIGHT paper Vol 9, Issue 7, https://pngnri.org/images/Publications/Spotlight_No_9_Vol_7_-_201609_-_Sofe__Odhuno_-_Rice_Import_Quota1.pdf South Asian Heritage Trust, The Lascars: Seafaring Roots of Modern Britain, July 11,2025 : Royal British Legion. https://southasianheritage.org.uk/royal-british-legion/the-lascars-seafaring-roots-of-modern-britain/ Photographer notations on slide: "Lascars cleaning ships rudder 1933".lascars, ships, 1930-1939, employment, ethnic communities

Shelby Stanton's Vietnam Order of Battle has been the "Bible" for the Army's Southeast Asia War Records project, which has been hastened immeasurably by having this accurate and excellently compiled reference work at hand - it is an information source without equal. deployment of forces, united states. army -- history -- vietnamese conflict, 1961-1975

A thorough and well-illustrated history of the decades-long conflict in Southeast Asia, from Frances's involvement in the First Indochina War to the participation of the United States and its allies, including Australian and South Korea, in the Vietnam War. 1961-1975, vietnam war, 1961-1975 -- pictorial works, indochina, 1961 -1975 - united states, australian soldiers

The book is based on the film series by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.What we remember, what we've forgotten - and what we never knew about America's least understood war, revealed in a riveting, richly illustrated volume based on the major ten-part documentary series directed by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.vietnam war (1961-1975), president ford, north veitnamese troops, southeast asia, presidential palace, saigon

This book is dedicated to Dr. Peter Rollins (1942-2015), a Marine officer in Viet Nam.vietnam war (1961-1975) - united states, vietnam war - 1961-1965 - campaigns, history -- asia -- southeast asia

This book is dedicated to Dr. Peter Rollins (1942-2015), a Marine officer in Viet Nam.vietnam war (1961-1975) - united states, vietnam war - 1961-1965 - campaigns, history -- asia -- southeast asia

The area known as Southeast Asia has been a source of conflict throughout the post-1945 period, reflecting many of the pressures and problems associated with the so-called "Developing World".vietnam - history - 1945-1975, south east asia

This book is dedicated to Dr. Peter Rollins (1942-2015), a Marine officer in Viet Nam.vietnam war (1961-1975) - united states, vietnam war - 1961-1965 - campaigns, history -- asia -- southeast asia

Diem's tragedy took place in the sub-tropical greenery of Southeast Asia, but it conveyed some of the pity and terror of the Greek Stage. A national hero, who had fought long and courageously against many odds, had finally been bought down by fate - fate in this case being a combination of his avowed enemies, his former friends and, undoubtedly, his own nature.vietnam - history, president diem

A magnificently illustrated, compact directory of the most important aircraft that took part in the conflict in Southeast Asiaairplanes, military - history, vietnam war, 1961-1975 - aerial operations, military aircraft, 1965-1972

In 1971, while U.S. ground forces were prohibited from crossing the Loatian border, a South Vietnamese Army corps, with U.S. air support, launced the largest airmobile operaion in the history of warfare, Lam Son 719.operation lam son 719 (1971, history -- asia -- southeast asia, ho chi minh trail, president nixon, operation lam son 719, us forces, north vietnam army, tchepone in loas

Every available medium has presented a message, an agenda, of what filmmakers and producers choose to project about America's involvement in Southeast Asia.vietnamese conflict, 1961-1975 - motion pictures and the conflict, war films - united states - history and criticism

As the American people and their leaders grappled today with a deeply unpopular war in the Middle East, many seek to learn relevant lessons and gain insight and perspective through comparisos with the U.S. experience in Southeast Asia in the 1960s and 1970s. 1961-1975 -- sources, vietnam war, 1961-1975 -- united states -- diplomatic history, united states -- foreign relations -- vietnam

the Tragedy of Vietnam provides extensive background on the war. the relevant history of Southeast Asia, and the consequences of the Vietnam conflict on the region.vietnam war (1961-1975), vietnam war, 1961-1975 -- united states, united states -- foreign relations -- indochina

A battle by battle analysis of more than thirty years of open warfare in Southeast Asia, featuring the horrific, but fascinating, variety of conflict on land, at sea and in the air.vietnam war, 1961-1975

Peter Edwards splendidly researched, authoritative study is official history at its best. By explaining the sources of Australia's commitment in Vietnam, and the impact of that commitment in Australia, it does a great deal to elucidate the larger, international dimensions of a war that is too often discussed only in terms of the primary participants.australia - foreign relations - southeast asia, south east asia

The official history of Australia's involvement in Southeast Asian conflicts 1948 - 1975 1961-1975 - protest movements - australia, vietnamese conflict, 1961-1975 - foreign public opinion, australian

The official history of Australia's involvement in Southeast Asian conflicts 1948 - 1975vietnamese conflict, 1961-1975 - protest movements - australia, vietnamese conflict, 1961-1975 - foreign public opinion, australian

A collection of histories by US Air Force and allied forward Air Controllers from the Southeast Asia War 1961-1975vietnamese conflict, 1961-1975 - aerial operations - american, us air force

So Much to Lose is a well-crafted, exceptionally researched, and most welcome contribution. Rust provides a wealth of otherwise unavailable material on a largely unexplored and misunderstood chapter of America's Southeast Asia history.united states - foreign relations - laos, united states - foreign relations - 1961-1963

A battle by battle analysis of more than thirty years of open warfare in Southeast Asia, featuring the horrific, but fascinating, variety of conflict on land, at sea and in the air. vietnam war, 1961-1975

The history of Vietnam air losses in Southeast Asia from 1961-1973united states. air force -- registers of dead, united states. navy -- registers of dead, united states. marine corps -- registers of dead, vietnamese conflict, 1961-1975 -- aerial operations, american