Showing 82 items
matching the nek
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4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse Regiment Unit History Room
Order of Ceremony, Laying up of the Guidons of Victorian Light Horse Regiments. Commemorative Service Charge of the Nek, 2005
... . Commemorative Service Charge of the Nek...the Nek ...12 page soft covered booklet, Order of Ceremony for laying up of Guidons of 8th, 13th, 17th, 19th and 20th Light Horse Regiments and commemorative service for the Charge of the Nek . Conducted at the Shrine of Remembrance Sunday 7 August 2005ceremonial, guidons, the nek -
4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse Regiment Unit History Room
Order of Ceremony, 4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse Regiment, Laying Up of the Guidons of Victorian Light Horse Regiments and Commemorative Service for the 90th Anniversary of the Charge of the Nek, 08/2005
... and Commemorative Service for the 90th Anniversary of the...the nek ...The 4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse Regiment was the custodian of the guidons of the 8th, 13th, 17th, 19th, and 20th Light Regiments. On 7 August 2005 the Regiment, with due ceremony, presented these guidons to the Trustees of the Shrine of Remembrance to be laid up in the Shrine. The activity also commemorated the charge at The Nek during the Gallipoli campaign of World War 1. This charge over artillery and machine gun swept ground resulted in the slaughter of 8th and 10th Light Horse Regiment members for no tactical gain.Soft covered bookletarmy, gallipoli, ceremonial, shrine of remembrance, the nek, laying up guidons, light horse regiments -
Camberwell RSL Sub-Branch
Photo, Looking towards the Nek, Anzac Cove, April 1915. Cave dugouts clearly visible, 1915
... Looking towards the Nek, Anzac Cove, April 1915. Cave ...Unique photo showing view of the Nek from Anzac Cove, taken April 1915Actual photo showing land scape as it was in April 1915Photo in Wooden FrameView of the Nek from Anzac Cove April 1915. Presented by Legionnaire R. G. Grant 1925 -
4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse Regiment Unit History Room
Photo Album, Guidon, 2008 (exact)
... the nek ...Album of photos, badges and narratives regarding guidons, with particular reference to 4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse Regiment and 4th,17th, 19th, 8th, 13th and 20th Light Horse Regiments. Includes photos of ceremonial parades and roll of honour of 8th Light Horse members killed at the Nek in 1915.This album has been donated to the Prince of Wales's Light Horse by the Harms family. Ray Harms 22 McDowall St Mitcham Victoria. All photos and preparation of the album has been done by Elizabeth Harms 2 Jocelyn Court Forest Hill Vic.gallipoli, ceremonial, 4th light horse, heraldry, 8th light horse, 20th light horse, shrine of remembrance, guidon, 13th light horse, 17th light horse, 19th light horse, photo album, laying up, the nek -
Ringwood RSL Sub-Branch
Work on paper - 1915 diary
personal hand written diary ww1 KIA 7th august charge of the nek -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Mixed media - Lt Col AH White, April 2024
Alexander Henry White, born 9 May 1882 was educated at Greenville College Ballarat. He enlisted in the Victorian Mounted rifles in 1899 and continued to serve in the Light Horse followinh Federation. Following the outbreak of World War One he applied for a commission in the AIF 19 November 1914 and was appointed as Commanding Officer 8th Light Horse regiment. He was 32 yers of age, married with one child. He sailed with the regiment to Egypt in December 1914, and in May 1915 landed at Gallipoli. Lieutenant Colonel received a shrapnel wound to the scalp 27June, was treated at the Casualty Clearing Station, and returned to duty 4 July. In the Charge at the Nek, 7 August, White chose to lead the first wave of the 8th Light Horse. He was killed in action and his body never identified. His name is recorded on Lone Pine Memorial, Gallipoli Peninsula. He was posthumously mentioned in dispatches for his leadership in commanding the 8th Light Horse. Framed case containing portrait of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Henry White, together with his medals (replica) and colour patches of 8th Light Horse.On plaque under portrait 'Lt Col Alexander White / Commanding Officer 8 Light Horse Regiment' and under medals 'Lt. Col. Alexander White borne 9 May 1882 / K.I.A. 7 August 1915 at the NEK Gallipoli'gallipoli, white, wwi, 8lh, ballarat -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - ANZAC: SPIRIT OF GALLIPOLI MEDALLION INSERTS BRADFORD EXCHANGE
Documents detail specific qualities of the Anzacs that are reflected the medals produced by the Bradford Exchange for the Anzac Centenary. Bravery, mateship, sacrifice, heroism, initiative, determination, empathy and daring are described in specific battles e.g. Battle of Lone Pine, the charge at the Nek. One page for each quality.business, retail, bradford exchange -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Medal - Death medallion Roberts
Henry George Roberts was born in Lambeth, Middlesex, The United Kingdom on 17 June 1885. The son of Elizabeth and Corporal Thomas Roberts of 2/3rd Regiment of Foot, The Buffs. Thomas Robert died in 1893 and on 28 September 1894 Henry was admitted to the Royal Military School as an apprentice. He remained there until 7 July 1900 when he enlisted at Aldershot, in the 2nd Dragoon Guards as a boy soldier. The 1901 and 1911 Censuses record him as being a musician with the 2nd Dragoon Guard, (The Queen’s Bays). Roberts married Lily Winterbourne Quinton in early 1912, a son Frederic was born on 1 February 1913. By August 1914 Roberts has travelled to Australia where he was employed as a musician and residing at “Quamby” Royal Park, Melbourne. His wife and child remaining at Mellison Road, Lower Tooting, London. On 8 September 1914 he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in Melbourne, allotted Regimental Number 42, the Rank of Trooper and allocated to A Squadron, 8th Australian Light Horse Regiment. His enlistment papers raise a mystery. He stated that he and six years’ service with the Territorial Hampshire Carabiniers but made no mention of his eleven years’ service with the Regular 2nd Dragoon Guards. There is no clear answer as to why this misinformation was provided. Roberts was promoted to Sergeant on 28 October 1914. His occupation and prior experience resulting in Roberts’ appointment to the leadership of the regimental band. After training in Australia, he embarked on the Star of the Sea at Port Melbourne on 25 February 1915 arriving in Egypt on 14 March. On 16 May 1915 he proceeded to Gallipoli where he was killed in action on 7 August 1915 during the attack on the Nek. He has no known grave and is commemorated at the Lone Pine Memorial for the missing. For his service in The Great War, he was awarded the 1914-1915 Star, British War, and Victory, Medals. Circular metal medallion with image of Britannia standing with a lion issued to NOK of No 42 Sergeant Henry Roberts 8th Australian Light Horse Regiment who was killed in action at the Nek 7 August 1915. The plaque about 120 mm in diameter, was cast in bronze, and came to be known as the "Dead Man’s Penny", because of the similarity in appearance to the much smaller penny coin. 1,355,000 plaques were issued, which used a total of 450 tons of bronze,Henry Roberts and continued to be issued into the 1930s to commemorate people who died as a consequence of the war.Henry Robertswwi, world war one, gallipoli, nek, 8th, light horse, roberts -
Running Rabbits Military Museum operated by the Upwey Belgrave RSL Sub Branch
Diary, 1914
Gallipoli diary written by Donald Johnson who was killed at the battle of the Nek on the 7th of August 1915Important insight into early 20th century attitudesSmall red covered diary with leather cover and claspTo Dear Don wishing you every success with love and best wishes for a happy xmas from Rubyworld war 1, aif, gallipoli, nek, 7 august 1915, donald mathieson mcgregor johnson, 8th light horse regiment -
Bendigo Military Museum
Uniform - LEGGINGS, LEATHER, Aust Army, c1914 -1915
Believed to have been used by Edward Gibbs NR 824 (KIA 7 Aug 1915 charge at the Nek?)These are a pair of dark tan leather leggings. They have a strap and buckle to hold the top together. They have a long leather strap which starts at the bottom (ankle) and winds its way up to the top of the calf.ww1, leggings, anzac, lighthorse -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Medal - Death medallion Lennon
Regimental No 113 Trooper Hugh Lennon 8 ALH was killed in action at the Nek 7 August 1915. His brother Richard, 7 Battalion was killed the same day at Lone Pine, and a second brother John, 29 Battalion, was killed in France 29 July 1918.Bronze disc with goddess holding trident, and a lion in relief The name Hugh Lennon in block letters.Hugh Lennongallipoli, wwi, first world war, 8lh, nek -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Photograph - 8th LH Gallipoli
The 8th Light Horse Regiment AIF was raised at Broadmeadows Victoria in September 1914 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander White and formed part of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade. The regiment served at Gallipoli where in a courageous but ill-fated charge at the Nek on 7 August 1915 it suffered horrendous casualties including Lieutenant Colonel White. Faded black and white photograph of 8th Light Horse soldier observing from sandbag trench at Gallipoli, 1915. Photo is glued to fluted plastic backing.world war one, wwi, gallipoli, anzac, 8th, light horse -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Photograph - 8th LH Gallipoli
The 8th Light Horse Regiment AIF was raised at Broadmeadows Victoria in September 1914 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander White and formed part of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade. The regiment served at Gallipoli where in a courageous but ill-fated charge at the Nek on 7 August 1915 it suffered horrendous casualties including Lieutenant Colonel White. Faded black and white photograph of 8th Light Horse soldier preparing food in sandbag trench at Gallipoli, 1915. Photo is glued to fluted plastic backing.world war one, wwi, gallipoli, anzac, 8th, light horse -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Photograph - 8th LH Gallipoli
The 8th Light Horse Regiment AIF was raised at Broadmeadows Victoria in September 1914 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander White and formed part of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade. The regiment served at Gallipoli where in a courageous but ill-fated charge at the Nek on 7 August 1915 it suffered horrendous casualties including Lieutenant Colonel White. Faded black and white photograph of two 8th Light Horse soldiers standing beside sleeping dugout in side of sandbagged trench at Gallipoli, 1915. Photo is glued to fluted plastic backing.world war one, wwi, gallipoli, anzac, 8th, light horse -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Photograph - 8th LH Gallipoli
The 8th Light Horse Regiment AIF was raised at Broadmeadows Victoria in September 1914 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander White and formed part of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade. The regiment served at Gallipoli where in a courageous but ill-fated charge at the Nek on 7 August 1915 it suffered horrendous casualties including Lieutenant Colonel White. Faded black and white photograph of 8th Light Horse soldiers preparing to dis-embark from warship to land at Anzac Cove, May 1915. Photo is glued to fluted plastic backing.world war one, wwi, gallipoli, anzac, 8th, light horse -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Photograph - 8th LH Gallipoli
The 8th Light Horse Regiment AIF was raised at Broadmeadows Victoria in September 1914 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander White and formed part of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade. The regiment served at Gallipoli where in a courageous but ill-fated charge at the Nek on 7 August 1915 it suffered horrendous casualties including Lieutenant Colonel White. Faded black and white photograph of 8th Light Horse soldiers diging in on rocky saddle at Gallipoli, 1915. Photo is glued to fluted plastic backing.world war one, wwi, gallipoli, anzac, 8th, light horse -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Photograph - 8th LH Gallipoli
The 8th Light Horse Regiment AIF was raised at Broadmeadows Victoria in September 1914 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander White and formed part of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade. The regiment served at Gallipoli where in a courageous but ill-fated charge at the Nek on 7 August 1915 it suffered horrendous casualties including Lieutenant Colonel White. Faded black and white photograph of 8th Light Horse soldiers wearing shorts putting on his boot outside dugout in trench at Gallipoli, 1915. Photo is glued to fluted plastic backing.world war one, wwi, gallipoli, anzac, 8th, light horse -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Photograph - 8th LH Gallipoli
The 8th Light Horse Regiment AIF was raised at Broadmeadows Victoria in September 1914 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander White and formed part of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade. The regiment served at Gallipoli where in a courageous but ill-fated charge at the Nek on 7 August 1915 it suffered horrendous casualties including Lieutenant Colonel White. Faded black and white photograph of 8th Light Horse soldiers sitting round makeshift table in trench at Gallipoli, 1915. Photo is glued to fluted plastic backing.world war one, wwi, gallipoli, anzac, 8th, light horse -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Helmet, 1914 circa
This helmet was worn by Regt No 529 Trooper Alexander Hay Borthwick 8th Light Horse Regiment in the charge at the Nek, Gallipoli, on 7 August 1915. Borthwick was wounded in the charge but remained on duty. Following Gallipoli, Borthwick went on to serve with the 8th Light Horse in Sinai. He was wounded on a second occasion and lost his right arm.A rare object, well provenance, and of major significance to Australian Armoured Corps in general and 4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse Regiment in particular, being the custodian of the traditions of the 8th Light Horse Regiment through its linking with 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles. The helmet is displayed at the annual Nek Dinner held by the 4th/19 PWLH Regiment.Stiffened khaki coloured cloth helmet with folded puggaree. Stains on brim are purported to be blood stains."529 / Borthwick" written in ink on inside lining of hat.gallipoli, helmet, borthwick alexander hay, 8th light horse regiment, nek -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Document - Letters, 1914-1918
No. 105 Trooper John Matthew McGlade, born Belfast, Northern Ireland, was a 30 year-old architect .iving in East Gippsland when he enlisted in 8th Light Horse 24th September 1914. He served at Gallipoli; was wounded at the Nek : later seved in Palestine : wounded at Gaza 1917. World War Two service in 12th Garrison Battalion VDC. Died of Jaundice 2 March 1943.Collection of letters written by Trooper J McGlade, 8th Light Horse Regiment during World War One (1914-1918). Transcribed but transcriber unknown.military, letter, wwi, world war one, mcglade -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, On Guard with the Volunteer Defence Corps
Krithia, Quinn's Post Lone Pine, The Nek, Hill 971, SAri Bair, Chunuk Bair, Hill 60, Fromelles, Ypres, Messines, Menin Road, Broodseinde, Polygon Wood, Paschendalle, Strazeele, Pozieres, Moquet Farm, Bullecourt, Villes Bret, Hamel, Mont St. Quintin, Peronne, Hindenburg Line, Romani, Magdhaba, Rafa, Gaza, Beersheba, Jerusalem, Jericho, Es Salt, Amman, Megiddo, Sharon, Damascus.2 x On Guard with the Volunteer Defence Corpsvolunteer defence force in wwii, europe -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Uniform - tunic 1907, 1907 circa
2Lt Andrew Crawford, a Tatura farmer, served six years with 7th and 15th Light Horse regiments prior to enlisting in 8th Light Horse AIF in WWI. He served at Gallipoli where he was wounded at The Nek, 7 August 1915, and later in Palestine. He reached the rank of Major by the end of the war. Following the war he served in 20th Light Horse CMF reaching the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and commanded the regiment.Tunic worn by Second Lieutenant Andrew Crawford 7th Light Horse (VMR). Khaki serge with ACMF 1903-10 metal buttons, white edging to epaulets, gorget patches white with narrow red centre stripe. Brown leather "Sam Browne" belt and shoulder strap. Single metal officer star on each epaulet.uniform, military, vmr, officer, crawford -
Wangaratta RSL Sub Branch
Document - Service History, Major Herbert James SHANNON
Empire research/service history of Major Herbert James SHANNON 2314 8th Light Horse AIF - Enlisted 21/6/1915 aged 40 years 9 months - Served Dardanelles, Egypt, Palestine and Sinai - Batles Gallipoli, The Nek, 2nd Gaza, Beersheba, Tel El Khuweilfe, At Huj Led Charge during the Es Salt Raid, Tiberias, Damascus. Awarded Distinguished Service Order Mentioned in Dispatches VD 1914/5 Star British War Medal Victory Medal. Discharged 6/10/1919. Two pages of cream coloured paper with black typing below rising sun crest centred in ornate border.Service No 2312h j shannon, 8th light horse aif, wangaratta rsl -
Nillumbik Shire Council
Sculpture: Pamela IRVING (b.1960), Pamela Irving, Green Wedge Larry, 2012
Pamela Irving (born 1960) is a prominent Australian visual artist specialising in bronze, ceramic and mosaic sculptures as well as printmaking and copper etchings. Irving's early art was influenced by artists including Arthur Boyd, John Brack, Noel Connihan, Mirka Mora, Sidney Nolan and John Perceval. In recent years, Irving has been influenced ″by the honest and direct expressiveness of ‘outsider art’ (the art of self-taught or ‘naive artists’) and the craft of ‘memoryware’″ Significantly, this interest grew following Irving's visit to Nek Chand's Rock Garden in Chandigarh, India.Green Wedge Larry - dog sculpture reminiscent of the iconic Larry LaTrobe located at Melbourne City Square. The dog is constructed from Italian Bisazza glass tiles, using a Mapei adhesive system. The theme for his 'coat' is the flora from the local surrounds of Nillumbik, drawing from the 'Live Local Plant Local' Nillumbik plant directory.green wedge, larry, dog, sculpture, mosaic, indigenous flora, irving -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Equipment - Spurs
This set of spurs belonged to Lieutenant Thomas Spencer Howard 8th Australian Light Horse Regiment. Howard was killed in action in the charge at the Nek, Gallipoli peninsula, on 7 August 1915. Howard was a 25-year-old grain dealer from Melbourne when he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force and was appointed a lieutenant in the 8th Australian Light Horse on 24 October 1914. He had pre-World War One service with 10th Light Horse (VMR), 11th & 29th Light Horse Regiments. They were returned, together with a pair of binoculars, to his family following his death. Spurs with leather straps and chainshoward, gallipoli, nek, wwi, world war one, light horse, 8th -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Domestic Object - Container, demijohn, Circa 1900
This demijohn came from the produce store of T. Redford and Co. Thomas Redford came to Warrnambool in 1864 and worked in the produce store at the corner of Fairy and Timor Streets. This had been established by Redford’s uncle, Frederick Stevens in 1857. Thomas Redford became the proprietor of this produce store in 1879 with the trading name of T. Redford & Co. Thomas Redford was a noted sportsman in Warrnambool (cricket and football) and was a Town Councillor from 1884 to 1890. His son, a Major in World War One, was killed at the battle of the Nek in 1915. Thomas Redford senior died in 1907 but the firm of T. Redford & Co continued on until the early 1920s. This demijohn is of significance as a memento of an important produce business in Warrnambool – the firm of T. Redford & Co was in existence for over 40 years. This is a stone demijohn with a cream-coloured base and body and a brown top and brown handle. The circular opening has a metal top. The maker’s name is etched into the top section. ‘T. Redford & Co Warrnambool’t. redford & co, warrnambool, demijohn, carboy, brewing -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Demijohn, T. Redford and Co. (seller of contents), Early 20th century
Thomas Redford came to Warrnambool in 1864 and worked in the produce store of his uncle, Frederick Stevens, a business that had been established at the corner of Fairy and Timor Streets in 1857. In 1879 Thomas Redford became the proprietor of this business under the trading name of T. Redford and Co. Thomas Redford was a noted sportsman in Warrnambool (cricket and football) and a Town Councillor from 1884 to 1890. One of his sons, Thomas, was a Major in World War One and was killed in 1915 in the Battle of the Nek. The business of T. Redford and Co was continued after Redford’s death in 1907 by family members and ceased to trade in the early 1920s. This demijohn is of interest as it came from the business of T. Redford & Co, a business operating in Warrnambool for over 40 years. This is a stoneware demijohn with a beige-coloured base and body and a brown neck and opening. The circular opening is chipped on the edges. The name of the seller of the contents is on the opening section.‘T. Redford & Co. Warrnambool’redford family, warrnambool, t. redford & co. warrnambool -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Equipment - Binoculars
These binoculars belonged to Lieutenant Thomas Spencer Howard, 8th Australian Light Horse Regiment. Howard was killed in action in the charge at the Nek, Gallipoli peninsula, on 7 August 1915. Howard was a 25-year-old grain dealer from Melbourne when he enlisted in the AIF and was appointed a lieutenant in the 8th ALH on 24 October 1914. He had pre-World War One service with 10th Light Horse (VMR), 11th & 29th Light Horse Regiments. Prior to sailing he was presented with these binoculars: “Lieut TS Howard 8th LH, 3rd Aust Imp Exped’y Force, From Chief and Staff of J.F.C. Jan 1915”. They were returned, together with his spurs, to his family following his death. Metal binoculars with leather case with metal presentation plaque on inside flap lid. Lieut TS Howard 8th LH, 3rd Aust Imp Exped’y Force, From Chief and Staff of J.F.C. Jan 1915howard, light horse, 8th, gallipoli, binoculars, wwi, world war one, nek -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Book - Scrap book 8LH Assoc
The 8th Light Horse Regiment was raised at Broadmeadows Camp in 1914 and served at Gallipoli, Sinai, Palestine, Transjordan and Syria. At Gallipoli the regiment took part in the ill-fated charge at the Nek on 7 August 1915 and suffered horrendous casualties including the Commanding Officer Lieutenant Colonel Alexander White. Following the evacuation the regiment was brought up to full strength under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Leslie Maygar VC and went on the participate in all the major actions of the desert campaign culminating in the capitulation of Turkey in October 1918. The regiment was in reserve at Beersheba and came under air attack resulting in the death of Lieutenant Colonel Maygar. The post-war regimental association met regularly until the late 1970s when dwindling numbers brought about its closure.A rare document relating to a Victorian mounted regiment of World War 1 (1914-1918) with the thank-you cards providing a unique method of recording the passing of this proud regiment into history.Blue hardback scrap book containing a roll of members of the 8th Light Horse Regiment AIF Association, some newspaper clippings about Light Horse in the Middle East campaign, collection of return-thanks cards for deceased members of the regiment pasted in, and hand written letter to Matthew (Matt) Maynes thanking him for his sterling service as secretary of the association.8th light horse, association, wwi, world war one -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Photograph - man and horse wwi, 1918 circa
The 8th Light Horse Regiment AIF was raised at Broadmeadows Victoria in September 1914 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander White and formed part of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade. The regiment served at Gallipoli where in a courageous but ill-fated charge at the Nek on 7 August 1915 it suffered horrendous casualties including Lieutenant Colonel White. Rebuilt in Egypt under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Leslie Maygar VC the regiment went on the serve throughout the Middle East Campaign. Colonel Maygar died of wounds at Beersheba when the regiment was attacked by enemy aircraft while waiting to follow up the successful charge of the 4th LH Brigade on 30 October 1917. The 8th Light Horse AIF was disbanded in 1919, but soon after re-raised as the 8th (Indi) Light Horse in the Citizen Military Forces, superseding 16th (Indi) Light Horse.Part of a rare collection of photographs of the 8th Light Horse Regiment AIF during WWI (1914-1918).Black and white photograph of a trooper of the 8th Light Horse AIF holding the reins of his horse with another trooper and 2 horses in the background. Photo glued to plastic backing.Horse lineslight horse, wwi, world war one, military, horse, uniform, 8th