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Ganagan
I dreamt about weaving a net. So I did just that. I wove a net! When I started weaving my net my mind wandered back in time and I thought about how it must have been for my ancestors who lived along the mighty Murray River.
Glenda Nicholls entered her Ochre Net into the Victorian Indigenous Art Awards in 2012 and was the winner of the Koorie Heritage Trust Acquisition Award.
When Glenda’s Ochre Net came into the Trust’s care, it inspired this exhibition of artworks and stories relating to waterways and their significance to Koorie people. Powerful spiritual connections to waterways, lakes and the sea are central to Koorie life and culture.
The works shown in Ganagan Deep Water come from the Trust’s collections and represent many Koorie cultural groups from south-eastern Australia.
The Ganagan Deep Water exhibition at the Koorie Heritage Trust was sponsored by Melbourne Water.
This online component of the Ganagan exhibition is sponsored by the Maritime Museums of Australia Project Support Scheme, supported by the Australian Government through the Australian National Maritime Museum.
Ganagan means ‘deep water’ in the Taungurung language.
CULTURAL WARNING: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander users of this website are warned that this story contains images of deceased persons and places that could cause sorrow.
Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Bronwyn Razem
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Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Bronwyn Razem
Hopkins River has been the centre of much of my family history where we fished for eels and swam and is a place where our families gather throughout the seasons.
Paint, wool, canvas
72 x 35 cm
Drawing - Tommy McRae, 'Untitled (spearing fish)', Late 19th Century, Koorie Heritage Trust
Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Sarah Morgan
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Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Sarah Morgan
They did a lot of spear fishing [at Bunyarnda, or Lake Tyers in Gippsland] with the kangaroo bone.
They had these big rocks for sharpening bone and axes on and they’d sharpen up points on the bone, then get the sinew from a kangaroo tail and fasten the bone with it to a lump of tree neatened into a stick. Next the resin from a tree was heated and poured over the binding and they were ready for fishing.
Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Mandy Nicholson
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Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Mandy Nicholson
Life within the Birrarung (Yarra River). Its swirling nature is represented by the blue lines. This painting was inspired by sitting on the banks of the Birrarung at Healesville and seeing a school of redfin and catching a young eel.
Acrylic, paper
51.5 x 64.5 cm
Painting - Zeta Thomson, 'Flood in the Forest', 1989, Koorie Heritage Trust
Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Zeta Thomson
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Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Zeta Thomson
This painting tells the story of how Woongies (Aboriginal People) used the forest in the flood time when there were still ceremonies held in certain areas.
There was an abundance of food as animals would go to dry ground making them easier to be caught. There was plenty of fish and mouth-watering crayfish. The white figures are Mookies (spirits). It is the Yorta-Yorta belief that the Mookies are still there today.
Paint, canvas
67 x 89 cm
Painting - Map of Port Phillip Bay, Mandy Nicholson, c. 2000, Koorie Heritage Trust
Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Mandy Nicholson
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Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Mandy Nicholson
This is a map of Port Phillip Bay and all the rivers that flow into it. The Southern Cross represents the Kulin nation. The swirling motion of water in Birrarung (the Yarra River) travels to Port Phillip Bay in the centre.
The five circular shapes represent the five clans of the Kulin Nation: Dja Dja wurrung, Boon wurrung, Taun wurrung, Woi wurrung and Watha wurrung. The border represents the land of mountains and valleys around Birrarung and the connection of animal, land and water.
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This type of spear was used for spearing eels. When the rivers were in flood and the rabbits were stuck in the water, they could be speared and caught with this type of spear.
Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Eileen Harrison
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Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Eileen Harrison
There was plenty of fish in the lake and there were prawns: big and juicy. There were plenty of mussels, crabs – the really big mud crabs – they used to catch, I remember. And they used to be brought home and boiled in these really big black copper pots over the flames. That sort of food was really delicious.
Fishing used to be a great thing down there for us. The parents would take us fishing. There’d be still spears made in those days. We would be out there – and it’s night – catching prawns with our grandfather, my father, my uncles and my cousins. And my cousin Clara, she had one of these little small spears made, walking along in the water there. And she thinks she spied or spotted a sort of, a fish and she said ‘Oh I’ve seen one’ and all of a sudden she let go and she’d got me in the big toe. Hahaha! That was painful!
Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Glenda Nicholls
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Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Glenda Nicholls
I dreamt about weaving a net. So I did just that. I wove a net! When I started weaving my net my mind wandered back in time and I thought about how it must have been for my ancestors who lived along the mighty Murray River (Miloo).
Weaving (fibre work)
Approx 500 x 50 cm
Photograph - Man and Woman in a Canoe, Attributed to Nicholas Caire, John Bulmer Album Koorie Heritage Trust
Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust
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They made the foot-holds first – white stringy barks [trees] were used for canoes because the yellow splits. Well, [he] would split some bark from a sapling and tie it round the tree and then to the back of himself, fastening it with more bark. He used that to support him while he worked on the tree with his tomahawk, and when he was ready to move up the tree onto another tree hold he just leaned forward and moved the supporting bark sling up the tree.
When the bark is off the tree for the canoe it’s put down on the ground and fired – the heat softens the bark, the smoke pours through it like a chimney. Then the bark is put inside-out over a big log and hit with a tomahawk to get it soft enough to pull into shape. One end is curved in and fastened with bark, and a sapling poked in the nose with soft bark to plug it. They’d fix in a couple of ribs and there it was, ready for fishing.
One big tree had a fourteen foot canoe taken off it – well over a hundred years ago by the way it’s barking over – and others have barked over so far they must have had the canoes cut out three or four hundred years ago.
Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Wally Cooper
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Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust and Wally Cooper
The secret was given to me to make a bark canoe in 1973. It was a part of my life that I will never forget. Now the gentleman what showed me how to do it and told me when to do it, was Uncle Les Briggs. One day he said to me, “How would you like to make a bark canoe?” and I said “Uncle, that would be my ultimate dream”. I said “I would love to”. I said “That is me, because that is my culture, that is what I want to know”.
So we did a bark canoe and it was the most amazing thing you have ever seen in your life. He did it in about one hour, he chopped it and we just popped it off the tree with an ease you wouldn’t believe. Then we went and finished it and it probably took us a day and a half to cure it with the fire and then he just turned it up and it was magic. And then he said to me “Did you learn anything?” And I told him exactly what I had seen and he said “Well does it mean anything to you?” and I said “Not really, but I have learnt how to do it”. He said to me “Take the time to look at your environment, take your time to look and learn of where you are.” I was meant to be the next canoe maker.
Emu egg
12.5cm x 9cm x 9.3cm
Film - Megan Cardamone, 'Making a bark canoe with Uncle Albert Mullett', c. 1993, Koorie Heritage Trust
Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust
Film - Megan Cardamone, 'Making a bark canoe with Uncle Albert Mullett', c. 1993, Koorie Heritage Trust
-Ready? -I'll know when you're ready.
-Oh.
-OK.
-Put the other one up.
-This one locks in, hey?
Yeah. When he's up there, he's got to stay this far away, because if he falls down, he's going to land anywhere out here.
BOY: What about here?
MALE: Yeah.
-This is the hard part, the top part, trying to get at it.
[CHOPPING]
-Get the chainsaw!
[INTERPOSING VOICES]
BOY: It's probably the results.
FEMALE: All right.
MALE: Yeah, that's it. That's amazing. Probably, you need half a dozen of them...
FEMALE: Good enough.
MALE: Follow me.
[BACKGROUND CHATTER]
BOY: He was going like that before.
FEMALE: Eh?
-And I'll tread on him anyway,
-As many leaves and grass as we can get all over him. [INAUDIBLE]. Big old [INAUDIBLE]. We're going to heat it up a bit. Couple of blokes here, can you help me take the top bark off it?
-Me?
-No. We're only burning the top part of the bark here. If you want.
-Look at the smoke.
-Right, flip.
-Wow.
-Cool!
Where's the tomahawk?
-What are we making here? Look, a tomahawk.
-I've got it.
MALE: That's all right, though.
MALE: Easing it up to the middle.
BOY: ... some of it.
because things they wanted out there.
BOY: Do you want help?
-See, you stand up in the canoe like this. Stand up in the canoe, and you paddle like that. Don't let the heels spin. like that, Stand in the canoe like that, see? Balance paddle along in the canoe like that. We'll try that, and we'll see, no?
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CULTURAL WARNING: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander users are warned that this material contains images and voices of deceased persons and images of places that could cause sorrow.
Uncle Albert Mullett and Gunai community members make a bark canoe. Filmed at Lake Tyers, Victoria by Uncle Sandy Atkinson, c.1993.
Video editor: Megan Cardamone
Film - Megan Cardamone, 'By the river with Uncle Les Cooper and Uncle Wally Cooper', Koorie Heritage Trust
Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust
Film - Megan Cardamone, 'By the river with Uncle Les Cooper and Uncle Wally Cooper', Koorie Heritage Trust
[SOUNDS OF SPLASHING AND BIRDS CALLING] [CHILD LAUGHS]
-[NON-ENGLISH SPEECH]
-Yeah, when I was about your age, I was a little fellow, I used to go with my grandfather and my father too. What we used to do-- these mussels, they're all different. The growth is much smaller. They don't taste as good. Maybe the river changed. 30-odd-year ago-- plenty mussels, beautiful mussels. There was a little looked like this one. There was little white ones. And they sweet. Oh, just put 'em in your mouth and just bite 'em and eat 'em. Suck it out right away. Good one.
Fish-- you walk through the bush. Go up right to the lakes, right up that way. Come along down through the lakes in a little flat-bottomed boat. As we're going through there, you go real slowly-- slide across the water-- have the spear in hand-- bang-- caught a fish straight away. Take him home, straight on the fire, cook him up. Now, you can't get no more fish. Only too much mud in the river, too much salt-- not good. Trout cod's no more in the river, only in small streams. Only get the Murray cod now. You get a little bit of Murray cod and yellowbelly. No Macquarie perch come down this way anymore.
I used to come right through this place. We used to go right through the floodwaters' here, chasing swans, little swans, and ducks. And right up back of the lakes, we used to go up there for the eggs with the boats. When we were little, my grandfather used to show me how to row a boat slow-- go slow and silent across the water and get all the best ones.
This one here, this is a traditional fishing spear. We make this one. This one is made out of the hard woods, like the red gum. But this one is a hard-- what do we call her? Malga-- I think this one's malga. And what you do is you make the shaft, then you put it on the root of a tree. This is the root of the tree along the river banks. You wanted to go along the river bank. And what do is you get it, put it in the fire, and when you get it in the fire, you bend it like that-- put it in.
Where the bends are-- like this bend here-- if you wanted to straighten that, you put it in the fire, put it on your knee, and you pull it back while it's hot. And as you're pulling back while it's hot, you keep it there for a few minutes. Then when it goes cold, you let it go, and it stays there. Because what happens is what's called kiln dry-- same as they do to big brick kilns now and dry out wooden timbers for different things.
This part here, is made from the kumbungee reed-- the roots of the kumbungee reed. And you take the seed out, you eat that. You pull out the fibers. They come out in long pieces like that, and you break 'em up-- pull 'em out in the strips, as we do pull our strips. You get them there, and you twist them. You spin 'em and make you a little stick like that. Put another piece of it in, and you spin it. And you make up a string. And that's how we make the nets and we make all the things for the spears.
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Uncle Les Cooper collecting freshwater mussells with Sonny and Feathers Cooper. Talking on the bank with Uncle Wally Cooper. Uncle Wally explains how a fishing spear is made.
Video editor: Megan Cardamone
Film - Megan Cardamone, Daniel King and Mark Tarpy, 'Cadell Fault story: Uncle Sandy Atkinson', Koorie Heritage Trust
Courtesy of Koorie Heritage Trust
Film - Megan Cardamone, Daniel King and Mark Tarpy, 'Cadell Fault story: Uncle Sandy Atkinson', Koorie Heritage Trust
We're standing now on the edge of the Cadell Fault, and I'm telling a story that was told to me by my elders way back when I was a little boy growing up on Cummeroogunga. And they talked about the Cadell Fault because it was a very special time. And way back then when they talked about it, I didn't realize that it happened so long ago, but since then I've found that but that this fault, the earthquake happened 30,000 years ago or more.
The Murray River used to come down to what we call now the Barmah Lakes, or the Moira Lakes. And it took a right hand turn and headed west. And this is the bed of the old Murray River way back then where we're standing here today.
The story went that when this Cadell Fault dropped, it created the Murray-Darling Basin, and the great sand hill that runs through Cummeroogunga and so most of our land became a levy bank. And so the water kept rising. The water got so high that they were sailing their canoes over the top of the trees, which if you think back that this forest wasn't born back then, it was a wetland, and the foliage in a wetland, as you can imagine, don't grow as high has these magnificent red gums that we see out there today.
The legend goes that people walked along this great sand hill down to the lowest point and they dug a trench with their bare hands and digging sticks and let the water go, and it created a new Murray River now that takes a different course and runs into the Goulburn River.
If you look in the background, you'll see how much a drop. That is not a hill. If you climb that, once you get to the top, it's very level and so on, so it's only over here that it's dropped down. The most dominant part of the whole thing is it's deeper here than it is anywhere else. Maybe be that's got something to do with the layout of the land itself, but here we came to the most dominant part of this great landscape along here, and you can see it's very deep here. Could be a lot of meters where it dropped.
So from where we're standing, I've pointed west before, so coming from the east part where we were this morning, out there you'll notice that that's the bed of the ancient river that ran through there. A Bangerang word for the Murray River back then was Tangula, so I suppose way back about 30,000 years ago that's what it would be called, Tangula. That was the way it came from where it took a right-hand turn from what we call the Barmah or Moira Lakes and headed west and came through here.
We were talking about the Green Gully where the ancient Murray River took a turn. Well, if you look a way into the background there you'll see where the Murray River came, and somewhere not very far up there was where the ancient Murray River took a right-hand turn and headed up out there where we were looking through Green Gully and out on its way to west over to Barrow.
So we were talking about the gigantic sand hill that runs through our land, and we are now on a good part of there where you can see in the background the sand all the way. Around 30,000 years ago, this sand hill became a levy bank, and all the water up there to our left there. And so we will show you where they walked down this sand hill, the top of this sand hill, down to the lowest point and cut a hole through, made a channel with their bare hands and digging sticks and let the water go. So that was a pretty important part of this story. And the Cadell Fault, which we've been looking at, so you can see this is just pure, rich sand, and it runs a long way.
So now you've done the whole circle. We spoke about how the people walk down this sand hill and go into the lowest point. And this is the very point that they come in to where they dug a trench through this hill, the sand hill, with their bare hands and digging sticks. That's what the legend says.
And the story that we've been telling you, that I've been telling you, is a story that it's not only in oral history. It's a 30,000-year-old story that's been handed down from generations to generations, and it may very well be that I'm the last one the may have that story, and it was a pleasure to get people here and walk this journey with me.
So this is a very exciting journey, as we've been saying throughout the story where this great sand hill crossed here. It never crossed in those days. It ran through here, and it's on this side, the Victorian side as well as the New South side. And it's so exciting to be in the very place where those people cut their trench through here or cut a trench through here with their bare hands and digging sticks and let the water go.
When this happened, when they cut this here, the rush of water created this new river and actually it goes on not so far away downstream from here and meets up with the Goulburn River. So there you have an amazing story that's 30,000 years old and it's so good to be able to come here today and talk about it.
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Uncle Sandy Atkinson relates the ancient story of the formation of the Cadell Fault landscape feature north of Echuca.
Video producer, co-director & editor: Megan Cardamone
