Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D., dated August 8 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Matt Moss or Bearer the sum of 40/- for 12 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by J. Davidsen, C.R., Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, matt moss, j davidsen, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D., dated August 8 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Chr. Waifs or Bearer the sum of 26/8 for 8 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by J. Davidsen, C.R.,Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, chr waifs, j davidsen, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D., dated August 8 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay V? K Pahl or Bearer the sum of 40/- for 12 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by J. Davidsen, C.R.,Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, v k pahl, j davidsen, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D., dated August 8 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay R O Mirrow or Bearer the sum of 40/- for 12 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by J. Davidsen, C.R.,Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, r o mirrow, j davidsen, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D., dated August 8 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Sal? Richards? or Bearer the sum of 10/- for 12 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by J. Davidsen, C.R.,Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, sal richards, j davidsen, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D., dated August 8 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Geo. Dunkell or Bearer the sum of 10/- for 12 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by J. Davidsen, C.R.,Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, geo dunkell, j davidsen, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D., dated August 8 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Ed. Jackson or Bearer the sum of 20/- for 12 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by J. Davidsen, C.R.,Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, ed jackson, j davidsen, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D., dated August 8 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Abr. Lake or Bearer the sum of 20/- for 12 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by J. Davidsen, C.R.,Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, abr lake, j davidsen, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D., dated Oct, 6 1875. Received from Bro. W. Philpot, Treasurer of the above Court, the sum of 10/- being 3 day's sick pay for Bro. Thomas Will. Signed by Rich. Coath.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - receipt, w philpot, thomas will, rich coath

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D.,dated Sept 19 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Lawrence ?atentin or Bearer the sum of 13/4 for 4 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by James W. Long, C.R. and Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, lawrence ?atentin, james w long, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D.,dated Sept 19 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Henry Exeter or Bearer the sum of 6/8 for 2 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by James W. Long, C.R. and Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, henry exeter, james w long, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D.,dated Sept 19 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Hugh Brown or Bearer the sum of 40/- for 12 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by James W. Long, C.R. and Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, hugh brown, james w long, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D.,dated Sept 19 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Matt ? Or Bearer the sum of 40/- for 12 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by James W. Long, C.R. and Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, matt ?, james w long, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D.,dated Sept 19 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Ed. Jackson or Bearer the sum of 10/- for 12 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by James W. Long, C.R. and Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, ed jackson, james w long, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D.,dated Sept 19 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Geo Dunkell or Bearer the sum of 10/- for 12 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by James W. Long, C.R. and Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, geo dunkell, james w long, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper A.O.F. Court No. Dated 16th Augt 1876. I hereby certify that Mr. Warren of Echuca is unable to follow his usual employment. Signed Henry -rossen. Signed at the end by Thomas Warren declaring himslef on theSick Funds of the Court.The back has writing in blue ink -Memo to..…being on the .. List and receipt for sick paysocieties, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no 3770 collection - medical certificate, thomas warren, henry -rossen.

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D.,dated Sept 19 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Ab Lake or Bearer the sum of 10/- for 12 Days Sick Pay on account of this Court. Signed by James W. Long, C.R. and Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, ab lake, james w long, wm rowe, thomas exeter

Blue paper headed Court King of the Forest, No. 3770 A.O.F, B.U.D.,dated Sept 19 1877. To Mr. Lewis, Treasurer. Please pay Woodwards or Bearer the sum of £2/13/8 for Delivering Summons on account of this Court. Signed by James W. Long, C.R. and Wm. Rowe, Secretary. Also signed by A. Christenson and Thomas Exeter.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, mr lewis, woodwards, james w long, wm rowe, a christenson, thomas exeter

Blue coupon, asking Mr. J. A. Lewis, Treasurer, to pay Bro. John Adams, the sum of 5/- for a donation. Signed by Thomas Exeter, C.R. and W. B. Evans?, Secretary. Signed across the coupon - Paid to ?, W. b. Evans.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no 3770 collection - to pay, court king of the forest, j a lewis, bro john adams, thomas exeter, w b evans

Blue coupon, dated Sept. 6th 1876. Received from Bro. Lewis, Treasurer of the above Court, the sum of Three Pound 3/6 being 19 day's sick pay for Bro. Thomas Warren. Signed Wm. H. Nicholus.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no 3770 collection - receipt, court king of the forest, lewis, thomas warren, woodward, wm h nicholus

Blue coupon, dated July 26th 1876. Received from Bro. -, Treasurer of the above Court, the sum of £2 being 12 days sick pay for Bro. Thomas Colledge. Signed Rick Coath. Also signed by Wm. Rowe.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no 3770 collection - receipt, court king of the forest, lewis, thomas colledge, rick coath, woodward, wm rowe

Thomas Fairbridge came to Cockatoo about 1919 to manage the store for his brother-in-law Henry Knight and later bought it. The shop continued to operate as Fairbridges after Thomas died in 1941. On his death he was First Principal of the Belgrave Holy Royal Arch Chapter, this in memoriam book was given to the Fairbridge family on Feb 14th, 1942The lodge stated in the book -- The desire to pay homage and respect to the memory of our Most Excellent First Principal who passed to the Great Beyond in November of last year has prompted the Companions to present this token of the love and esteem in which he was held. To his loved ones we extend sincere sympathy. We offer it without reserve and with the most profound understanding.Leather bound book maroon in colour, with gold embossing. Held together with a maroon cord. Contained in its original maroon cardboard storage box.Includes a family photo, of Thomas, Mary and Dorothy Fairbridge. Newspaper obituary, tributes and memorial service cuttings with handwritten descriptions. Signatures of members from the Belgrave Holy Royal Arch Chapter.cockatoo, fairbridge, masonic,

The Thomas James Connelly collection. T. J. Connelly - Brassfounder, Coppersmith, Plumber and Gasfitter. Located in High St. Bendigo. Items of correspondence. Letter dated 26 Oct 1870 to Thomas Connelly Esq. From the Society of Old Bendigonians (1853), Sandhurst, Williamson St. Signed by Richard Andrews, Hon. Sec. The letter invites Thomas Connelly to become one of the first members of the Society on paying the annual subscription of 1/1/-.trades, plumbing, thomas james connelly, connelly, thomas james. plumbers. society of old bendigonians.

This series presents 28 years of Thomas' journals, transcribed and annotated by Dr Marguerita Stephens (Vols 1-3). Vol 4 provides a substantial collection of Thomas' records of Kulin language - some reworked from earlier transcriptions by Dr Stephen Morey. For nearly three decades William Thomas chronicled his life and work with Aboriginal Victorians through his daily journal entries. Now this four volume set, comprehensively indexed and extensively annotated, shines new light on the history of race relations in Australia. Thomas' detailed observations give a rare insight into the process of cultural continuity and collapse, and the agency of Victorian Aboriginal leaders in social and economic interactions with settlers and colonial administrations in a time of great social upheaval. This first-hand account repopulates Victorian history, paying respect to the work, play and lives of the Aboriginal men and women who emerge from the pages of Thomas' journal.document reproductions, b&w illustrationswurundjeri, woiwurrung, woi wurrung, yarra, waverong, wavarong, waborong, warwarong, warworong, waworong, wa woo rong, wouvarong, wavorong, port phillip, boon wurrung, mount macedon, bacchus marsh, backhouse marsh, boonurrong, boonurong, boonmerong, bonwarong, boomerong, boonvarong, boonerong, bunurong, boonrong, boonworng, boonurong, boonwrung, boonurgs, taungurung, goulbourn, tongorong, devils river tribe, wathaurong, wadawurrung, barrabool, barabool, wattowrong, william thomas, geelong, ballarat, mount buninyong, booningong, leigh river tribe, dja dja wurrung, avoca, loddon river, bangerang, pangerang, pangeran, pangarran, pangarans, parngarangs, ovens river tribe, broken river tribe, gunai kurnai, omeo, monaro

This series presents 28 years of Thomas' journals, transcribed and annotated by Dr Marguerita Stephens (Vols 1-3). Vol 4 provides a substantial collection of Thomas' records of Kulin language - some reworked from earlier transcriptions by Dr Stephen Morey. For nearly three decades William Thomas chronicled his life and work with Aboriginal Victorians through his daily journal entries. Now this four volume set, comprehensively indexed and extensively annotated, shines new light on the history of race relations in Australia. Thomas' detailed observations give a rare insight into the process of cultural continuity and collapse, and the agency of Victorian Aboriginal leaders in social and economic interactions with settlers and colonial administrations in a time of great social upheaval. This first-hand account repopulates Victorian history, paying respect to the work, play and lives of the Aboriginal men and women who emerge from the pages of Thomas' journal.document reproductionswurundjeri, woiwurrung, woi wurrung, yarra, waverong, wavarong, waborong, warwarong, warworong, waworong, wa woo rong, wouvarong, wavorong, port phillip, boon wurrung, mount macedon, bacchus marsh, backhouse marsh, boonurrong, boonurong, boonmerong, bonwarong, boomerong, boonvarong, boonerong, bunurong, boonrong, boonworng, boonurong, boonwrung, boonurgs, taungurung, goulbourn, tongorong, devils river tribe, wathaurong, wadawurrung, barrabool, barabool, wattowrong, william thomas, geelong, ballarat, mount buninyong, booningong, leigh river tribe, dja dja wurrung, avoca, loddon river, bangerang, pangerang, pangeran, pangarran, pangarans, parngarangs, ovens river tribe, broken river tribe, gunai kurnai, omeo, monaro

Annotation. This series presents 28 years of Thomas' journals, transcribed and annotated by Dr Marguerita Stephens (Vols 1-3). Vol 4 provides a substantial collection of Thomas' records of Kulin language - some reworked from earlier transcriptions by Dr Stephen Morey. For nearly three decades William Thomas chronicled his life and work with Aboriginal Victorians through his daily journal entries. Now this four volume set, comprehensively indexed and extensively annotated, shines new light on the history of race relations in Australia. Thomas' detailed observations give a rare insight into the process of cultural continuity and collapse, and the agency of Victorian Aboriginal leaders in social and economic interactions with settlers and colonial administrations in a time of great social upheaval. This first-hand account repopulates Victorian history, paying respect to the work, play and lives of the Aboriginal men and women who emerge from the pages of Thomas' journal.document reproductionswurundjeri, woiwurrung, woi wurrung, yarra, waverong, wavarong, waborong, warwarong, warworong, waworong, wa woo rong, wouvarong, wavorong, port phillip, boon wurrung, mount macedon, bacchus marsh, backhouse marsh, boonurrong, boonurong, boonmerong, bonwarong, boomerong, boonvarong, boonerong, bunurong, boonrong, boonworng, boonurong, boonwrung, boonurgs, taungurung, goulbourn, tongorong, devils river tribe, wathaurong, wadawurrung, barrabool, barabool, wattowrong, william thomas, geelong, ballarat, mount buninyong, booningong, leigh river tribe, dja dja wurrung, avoca, loddon river, bangerang, pangerang, pangeran, pangarran, pangarans, parngarangs, ovens river tribe, broken river tribe, gunai kurnai, omeo, monaro

Following the founding meeting of the Mayo Tenants Defence Association in Castlebar, County Mayo on 26 October 1878 the demand for The Land of Ireland for the people of Ireland was reported in the Connaught Telegraph 2 November 1878. The first of many "monster meetings" of tenant farmers was held in Irishtown near Claremorris on 20 April 1879, with an estimated turnout of 15,000 to 20,000 people. This meeting was addressed by James Daly (who presided), John O'Connor Power, John Ferguson, Thomas Brennan, and J. J. Louden. The Connaught Telegraph's report of the meeting in its edition of 26 April 1879 began: Since the days of O'Connell a larger public demonstration has not been witnessed than that of Sunday last. About 1 o'clock the monster procession started from Claremorris, headed by several thousand men on foot – the men of each district wearing a laural leaf or green ribbon in hat or coat to distinguish the several contingents. At 11 o'clock a monster contingent of tenant-farmers on horseback drew up in front of Hughes's hotel, showing discipline and order that a cavalry regiment might feel proud of. They were led on in sections, each having a marshal who kept his troops well in hand. Messrs. P.W. Nally, J.W. Nally, H. French, and M. Griffin, wearing green and gold sashes, led on their different sections, who rode two deep, occupying, at least, over an Irish mile of the road. Next followed a train of carriages, brakes, cares, etc. led on by Mr. Martin Hughes, the spirited hotel proprietor, driving a pair of rare black ponies to a phæton, taking Messrs. J.J. Louden and J. Daly. Next came Messrs. O'Connor, J. Ferguson, and Thomas Brennan in a covered carriage, followed by at least 500 vehicles from the neighbouring towns. On passing through Ballindine the sight was truly imposing, the endless train directing its course to Irishtown – a neat little hamlet on the boundaries of Mayo, Roscommon, and Galway. Evolving out of this a number of local land league organisations were set up to work against the excessive rents being demanded by landlords all over Ireland, but especially in Mayo and surrounding counties. From 1874 agricultural prices in Europe had dropped, followed by some bad harvests due to wet weather during the Long Depression. The effect by 1878 was that many Irish farmers were unable to pay the rents that they had agreed, particularly in the poorer and wetter parts of Connacht. The localised 1879 Famine added to the misery. Unlike other parts of Europe the Irish land tenure system was inflexible in times of hardship. (Wikipedia) The Irish National Land League was founded at the Imperial Hotel in Castlebar, the County town of Mayo, on 21 October 1879. At that meeting Charles Stewart Parnell was elected president of the league. Andrew Kettle, Michael Davitt, and Thomas Brennan were appointed as honorary secretaries. This united practically all the different strands of land agitation and tenant rights movements under a single organisation. Michael Davitt Founder of the Land League The two aims of the Land League, as stated in the resolutions adopted in the meeting, were: ...first, to bring out a reduction of rack-rents; second, to facilitate the obtaining of the ownership of the soil by the occupiers. That the object of the League can be best attained by promoting organisation among the tenant-farmers; by defending those who may be threatened with eviction for refusing to pay unjust rents; by facilitating the working of the Bright clauses of the Irish Land Act during the winter; and by obtaining such reforms in the laws relating to land as will enable every tenant to become owner of his holding by paying a fair rent for a limited number of years. (Wikipedia)Image of a man with a moustache. He is T. Brennan.ballarat irish, brennan, thomas brennan, irish land act, rent

The Irish National Land League (Irish: Conradh na Talún) was an Irish political organisation of the late 19th century which sought to help poor tenant farmers. Its primary aim was to abolish landlordism in Ireland and enable tenant farmers to own the land they worked on. The period of the Land League's agitation is known as the Land War. Within decades of the league's foundation, through the efforts of William O'Brien and George Wyndham (a descendant of Lord Edward FitzGerald), the 1902 Land Conference produced the Land (Purchase) Act 1903 which allowed Irish tenant farmers buy out their freeholds with UK government loans over 68 years through the Land Commission (an arrangement that has never been possible in Britain itself). For agricultural labourers, D.D. Sheehan and the Irish Land and Labour Association secured their demands from the Liberal government elected in 1905 to pass the Labourers (Ireland) Act 1906, and the Labourers (Ireland) Act 1911, which paid County Councils to build over 40,000 new rural cottages, each on an acre of land. By 1914, 75% of occupiers were buying out their landlords, mostly under the two Acts. In all, under the pre-UK Land Acts over 316,000 tenants purchased their holdings amounting to 15 million acres (61,000 km2) out of a total of 20 million acres (81,000 km2) in the country. Sometimes the holdings were described as "uneconomic", but the overall sense of social justice was undeniable. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League, accessed 21 January 2014) The Irish National Land League was founded at the Imperial Hotel in Castlebar, the County town of Mayo, on 21 October 1879. At that meeting Charles Stewart Parnell was elected president of the league. Andrew Kettle, Michael Davitt, and Thomas Brennan were appointed as honorary secretaries. This united practically all the different strands of land agitation and tenant rights movements under a single organisation. The two aims of the Land League, as stated in the resolutions adopted in the meeting, were: ...first, to bring out a reduction of rack-rents; second, to facilitate the obtaining of the ownership of the soil by the occupiers. That the object of the League can be best attained by promoting organisation among the tenant-farmers; by defending those who may be threatened with eviction for refusing to pay unjust rents; by facilitating the working of the Bright clauses of the Irish Land Act during the winter; and by obtaining such reforms in the laws relating to land as will enable every tenant to become owner of his holding by paying a fair rent for a limited number of years. Charles Stewart Parnell, John Dillon, Michael Davitt, and others including Cal Lynn then went to America to raise funds for the League with spectacular results. Branches were also set up in Scotland, where the Crofters Party imitated the League and secured a reforming Act in 1886. The government had introduced the first ineffective Land Act in 1870, then the equally inadequate Acts of 1880 and 1881 followed. These established a Land Commission that started to reduce some rents. Parnell together with all of his party lieutenants, including Father Eugene Sheehy known as "the Land League priest", went into a bitter verbal offensive and were imprisoned in October 1881 under the Irish Coercion Act in Kilmainham Jail for "sabotaging the Land Act", from where the No-Rent Manifesto was issued, calling for a national tenant farmer rent strike which was partially followed. Although the League discouraged violence, agrarian crimes increased widely. Typically a rent strike would be followed by evictions by the police, or those tenants paying rent would be subject to a local boycott by League members. Where cases went to court, witnesses would change their stories, resulting in an unworkable legal system. This in turn led on to stronger criminal laws being passed that were described by the League as "Coercion Acts". The bitterness that developed helped Parnell later in his Home Rule campaign. Davitt's views were much more extreme, seeking to nationalise all land, as seen in his famous slogan: "The land of Ireland for the people of Ireland". Parnell aimed to harness the emotive element, but he and his party preferred for tenant farmers to become freeholders on the land they rented, instead of land being vested in "the people".(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League, accessed 21 January 2014)Image of a number of men sitting around a table. They are members of the Land League Committee during a meeting in Dublin.ballarat irish, land league, land league committee, dublin

Parnell was an Irish nationalist and statesman who led the fight for Irish Home Rule in the 1880s. Charles Stewart Parnell was born on 27 June 1846 in County Wicklow into a family of Anglo-Irish Protestant landowners. He studied at Cambridge University and was elected to parliament in 1875 as a member of the Home Rule League (later re-named by Parnell the Irish Parliamentary Party). His abilities soon became evident. In 1878, Parnell became an active opponent of the Irish land laws, believing their reform should be the first step on the road to Home Rule. In 1879, Parnell was elected president of the newly founded National Land League and the following year he visited the United States to gain both funds and support for land reform. In the 1880 election, he supported the Liberal leader William Gladstone, but when Gladstone's Land Act of 1881 fell short of expectations, he joined the opposition. By now he had become the accepted leader of the Irish nationalist movement. Parnell now encouraged boycott as a means of influencing landlords and land agents, and as a result he was sent to jail and the Land League was suppressed. From Kilmainham prison he called on Irish peasants to stop paying rent. In March 1882, he negotiated an agreement with Gladstone - the Kilmainham Treaty - in which he urged his followers to avoid violence. But this peaceful policy was severely challenged by the murder in May 1882 of two senior British officials in Phoenix Park in Dublin by members of an Irish terrorist group. Parnell condemned the murders. In 1886, Parnell joined with the Liberals to defeat Lord Salisbury's Conservative government. Gladstone became prime minister and introduced the first Irish Home Rule Bill. Parnell believed it was flawed but said he was prepared to vote for it. The Bill split the Liberal Party and was defeated in the House of Commons. Gladstone's government fell soon afterwards.(http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/parnell_charles.shtml, accessed 21 January 2014) The Irish National Land League (Irish: Conradh na Talún) was an Irish political organisation of the late 19th century which sought to help poor tenant farmers. Its primary aim was to abolish landlordism in Ireland and enable tenant farmers to own the land they worked on. The period of the Land League's agitation is known as the Land War. Within decades of the league's foundation, through the efforts of William O'Brien and George Wyndham (a descendant of Lord Edward FitzGerald), the 1902 Land Conference produced the Land (Purchase) Act 1903 which allowed Irish tenant farmers buy out their freeholds with UK government loans over 68 years through the Land Commission (an arrangement that has never been possible in Britain itself). For agricultural labourers, D.D. Sheehan and the Irish Land and Labour Association secured their demands from the Liberal government elected in 1905 to pass the Labourers (Ireland) Act 1906, and the Labourers (Ireland) Act 1911, which paid County Councils to build over 40,000 new rural cottages, each on an acre of land. By 1914, 75% of occupiers were buying out their landlords, mostly under the two Acts. In all, under the pre-UK Land Acts over 316,000 tenants purchased their holdings amounting to 15 million acres (61,000 km2) out of a total of 20 million acres (81,000 km2) in the country. Sometimes the holdings were described as "uneconomic", but the overall sense of social justice was undeniable. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League, accessed 21 January 2014) The Irish National Land League was founded at the Imperial Hotel in Castlebar, the County town of Mayo, on 21 October 1879. At that meeting Charles Stewart Parnell was elected president of the league. Andrew Kettle, Michael Davitt, and Thomas Brennan were appointed as honorary secretaries. This united practically all the different strands of land agitation and tenant rights movements under a single organisation. The two aims of the Land League, as stated in the resolutions adopted in the meeting, were: ...first, to bring out a reduction of rack-rents; second, to facilitate the obtaining of the ownership of the soil by the occupiers. That the object of the League can be best attained by promoting organisation among the tenant-farmers; by defending those who may be threatened with eviction for refusing to pay unjust rents; by facilitating the working of the Bright clauses of the Irish Land Act during the winter; and by obtaining such reforms in the laws relating to land as will enable every tenant to become owner of his holding by paying a fair rent for a limited number of years. Charles Stewart Parnell, John Dillon, Michael Davitt, and others including Cal Lynn then went to America to raise funds for the League with spectacular results. Branches were also set up in Scotland, where the Crofters Party imitated the League and secured a reforming Act in 1886. The government had introduced the first ineffective Land Act in 1870, then the equally inadequate Acts of 1880 and 1881 followed. These established a Land Commission that started to reduce some rents. Parnell together with all of his party lieutenants, including Father Eugene Sheehy known as "the Land League priest", went into a bitter verbal offensive and were imprisoned in October 1881 under the Irish Coercion Act in Kilmainham Jail for "sabotaging the Land Act", from where the No-Rent Manifesto was issued, calling for a national tenant farmer rent strike which was partially followed. Although the League discouraged violence, agrarian crimes increased widely. Typically a rent strike would be followed by evictions by the police, or those tenants paying rent would be subject to a local boycott by League members. Where cases went to court, witnesses would change their stories, resulting in an unworkable legal system. This in turn led on to stronger criminal laws being passed that were described by the League as "Coercion Acts". The bitterness that developed helped Parnell later in his Home Rule campaign. Davitt's views were much more extreme, seeking to nationalise all land, as seen in his famous slogan: "The land of Ireland for the people of Ireland". Parnell aimed to harness the emotive element, but he and his party preferred for tenant farmers to become freeholders on the land they rented, instead of land being vested in "the people".(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League, accessed 21 January 2014)Image of bearded man known as Charles Stewart Parnellballarat irish, parnell, charles parnell, home rule

This object relates to Albert Thomas BATTEN. He was born on 1/05/1894 in Crusoe Gully, Bendigo, VIC. Albert Thomas served in the AIF d.o.e = Date KIA (4751) enlisting on, 14/07/1915 before being discharged from duties with the 58 BATTN as a Army Non-Commissioned Private (PTE) on 03/08/1916. Albert Thomas BATTEN was not a prisoner of war. His next of kin is Ellen CAVANAGH (Mother).second world war (ww2), 1939 - 1945, literature, ballarat rsl, ballarat, wwii, army, salary, ledgers, soldiers