2 posters headlined ''NOTICE!!'' urging ' all subjects of the Queen, and all strangers who have received hospitality and protection under Her flag, to assist in preserving SOCIAL ORDER and Maintaining the Supremacy of the Law.' 'All faithful subjects, and all strangers who have had equal rights extended to them, are therefore called upon to 'ENROL THEMSELVES and be prepared to assemble at such places as may be appointed by the Civic Authorities in Melbourne and Geelong, and by the Magistrates in the several towns of the Colony.' This is a response to ' recent events at the Mines at Ballarat.' The call is by Chas Hotham. John Ferres Government Printer.The call is by Chas Hotham. John Ferres Government Printer.history, australian, law, lydia chancellor, collection, history, ballaarat, australian history, gold, goldfields, gold mines, gold mining

Certificate is of the pledge that the brigade made to His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburugh at a dinner that the Duke attended at the Ballarat Fire Station on 10th December 1867 during a royal visit to the district. White timber framed pledge from the Ballarat Fire Brigade to His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburugh during his royal visit in December 1867. Pledge is on white paper with a coat of arms near the centre at the top of the page. Lettering is mainly in black ink with some red coloured letters being used. Certificate has a light brown coloured border around it with a hand drawn scrolled decorative edge made in gold colour. To His Royal Higness / The Duke of Edinburugh / May It Please Your Royal Highness / We Othe fficers and Members of the Ballaarat Fire Brigade, an institution based upon pure philanthropic / principles, our motto being "We Strive to Save" bear to approach your Royal / Highness with feelings of devotion and attachment, and deep felt gratitude to the Almighty, for this / opportunity of envicingour loyalty to Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, your Royal / Mother: and, of tendering a hearty Firemans welcome to Your Royal Highness, in the land of our / adoption, and the good town of Ballaarat East, our residence. / We are deeply impressed with the great honor and importance of your Royal Higness's visit to the / Australian Colonies, and beg to express our fervent wishes for your Royal Highness's safe return / to our mother country. / We have the privilege and honor, to subscribe ourselves your Royal Higness's most obedient and humble / servants. / On behalf of the Brigade / Charles Dunn, Captain Carl Franz, Lieutenant / R. Geilhofer, Hon. Secretary / Ballaarat, December, 1867ballarat fire brigade, queen victoria, his royal higness, the duke of edinburugh, december 1867, 1867, captain charles dunn, captain dunn, lieutenant carl franz, lieutenant franz, honourary secretary r geilhofer, his royal highness the duke of edinburugh

Newspaper clipping contained within Reg. Item 2488, pages 105, titled "Cutting the Ribbon" of Ballaarat Mayor, Cr J. Pryor cutting the ribbon to the open the extension of Lydiard St. North from Gregory St to Norman St or the New Cemetery. Notes the colour of the ribbon, the scissors and the Cr Pryor drove the tram over the extension. Features SEC No. 32 with flags and the SEC Logo over the headlight. Photo has name of the photographer "Richards & Co." Took place 9/1937. Note Item Not formally Numbered. See also Reg. Item 598 for another photo or this event.Has an inscription in ink "going to the End" in the bottom right hand corner.lydiard st nth, gregory st, sec, opening

Yields information about the storage of trams in the City area during peak periods, and the buildings on the south side of Sturt St. A copy of the newspaper cutting would add to the significance.Black and White copy photograph of a newspaper photograph taken by The Courier of No. 35 parked at Sturt St loop or City Loop, following motorists complaining it was a traffic hazard). Photo taken - 19/3/1965, published 20/3/1965. In the background are Hartley's Sports Center, The Ballaarat Gas Company buildings'. The tram, side on view, has a "Switch to Electric Cooking" Roof advertisement. Collected by Alan Bradley from the Ballarat Courier early 1980's. See Excel file "Record of Ballarat Courier Photos SEC era" (Archive Documents) for source of details.On rear stamped "Copyright, The Ballarat Courier Proprietary Limited."tramways, trams, sturt st, city loop, tram 35

Yields information about the early use of the Ballarat horse trams and condition of the roadway - lots of rocks on the road surface. Also shows an all male loading of passengers.Black and White copy photograph of a State Library of South Australia SLSA B34585 of an well loaded, only male passengers on a Ballaarat Horse Tram - Grenville and Sturt St. Two horse with many men, Wilson's Bucks Head Hotel in background. Condition of the road surface very rough - can't see the rails. Photo taken in early days, as no modesty boards on upper deck - say 1887. Possibly a trial trip. Collected by Alan Bradley from the State Library of South Australia early 1980's. Used in The Golden City and its Tramways - page 28.tramways, trams, sturt st, grenville st, bucks head hotel, horse tram

Yields information about the distribution of the SEC tramway by-laws to workers and the relevant councils.Set of four letters or copies that involved the publication of the SEC's "Tramways by-Law No. 1" in 1937. .1 - From Engineer & Manager - to the Manager Ballarat - 4/6/1937 - quarto paper, typed and handwritten notes regarding the availability of the amended by-law and please order sufficient copies. .2 - Copy of the Letter to The Town Clerk, Sebastopol advising them of the new by-law, quarto green paper, carbon copy, dated 17/6/1937 .3 - ditto to the City of Ballarat .4 - Letter - quarto, typed, dated 22/6/1937 from the City of Ballaarat acknowledging receipt of the letter to the SEC.trams, tramways, by laws, city of ballaarat, borough of sebastopol, sec

This item is of historic and aesthetic significance to the people of BallaratPlaque and image of William E.Roff embedded in large rock.WILLIAM E. ROFF, C.B.E., J.P. Obit. 22.9.1970 Aged 79 years President For Many Years, Adam Lindsay Gordon, Memorial Committee City of Ballaarat This Memorial was unveiled On 15/8/76 by the President of The Adam Lindsay Gordon Cottage Committee, His Worship The Mayor, Cr. M. J. Brown

Yields information about the working of trams with three horses up the Sturt St hill, with the Town Hall in the background and the dress of the passengers and the advertising carried - the Vine Hotel.Black and white photograph of Ballaarat Tramway Company horse tram in Lydiard St. North with Town Hall in background. Horse tram has three horses in harness, with about 30 men and boys, passengers, standing around or on the horse tram. Vine Hotel advertisement on the modesty panel of the tramcar. Both copies of the print have been laminated for display purposes. Copy 3 - unlaminated, added 29/5/2007 from Alan Bradley collection of photographs, to the depot 5/2007. See Reg Item 5109 for a framed photo of this print. copy negative scanned 18/5/2020 and image replaced.trams, tramways, town hall, horse trams, lydiard st. north, ballaarat tramway company , tram horse tram

Black and white photograph of the Ballaarat Tramway Co. horse tram fleet massed for a group photograph within the Gardens, at one of the loops. May have been taken on the same day as item 800. About the same number of horse trams. Close up of some the trams. The first has "CONVENT" destination and "Havelock Tobacco" advertisements. By the first tram is person dressed in an overcoat and hat. Conductor and driver on either side. Print made from a photograph held by the Ballarat Historical Society - original photo had drawing pin holes on bottom edge. 2nd copy added 9/11/2005.trams, tramways, horse trams, wendouree parade, gardens, electrification

Newspaper clipping from The Courier, Ballarat, dated Tuesday 4/7/1972, titled "A last look at the tram tracks" showing a photograph of the City of Ballaarat Mayor, Cr. Chisholm walking along Lydiard St. at the north end of the Macarthur St. loop prior to their removal. Work was expected to commence the following Monday and will take about 8 months. One of a large group of newspaper cuttings from John Bainbridge, 7/4/02. Item has been folded for inclusion within a scrap book. Has a piece of plain paper Secured to the back of the portion that was not Secured to the scrap book itself.track removal, tram track removal, crb, lydiard st

Set of three, "Ballaarat Begonia Festival" programs for .1 - 3/3/1978 to 13/3/1978 .2 - 29/2/1980 to 10/3/1980 .3 - 27/2/1981 to 9/3/1981 Note the spelling of the word "Ballarat" is with two a's in the official part of the programme. All programmes printed on newsprint, with some colour work on the cover, giving details of the events on a day by day basis, many advertisements of local sponsors, places to see (eg Ballarat Tourist Tramway), 1980 and 1981 have advertisements for the BTPS. The 1981 programme contains a printed sheet titled "A Tourist Guide Map of Ballarat". trams, tramways, btps, begonia festival, festival program

ITwo booklets relating to St Andrew's Kirk, Ballarat. .1)St Andrew's Kirk Year Book 1957-8. This booklet includes financial statements and reports such as The irk Session , Board Of Management, St Andrew's- Congoes tennis CLub, Floral Guild, P.F.A., Drama Group, Boys' Club, P.W.M.U. , Girl Girl Company, 3rd Brownie Pack, St Andrew's Kirk Choir, Ladies Guild, Sunday School. .2) Folded pamphlet for the St Andrew's Kirk Municipal Service, 16 September 1956 at 7pm. the service was conducted at the request of the mayor of the City of Ballaarat, Cr Kenneth C. Webbst andrew's kirk, presbyterian, boustead, bullock, clemence, coutts, crawford, punshon, barnes, chester, griffiths, sykes, taylor, tippett, thwaites, waller, webb, goddard, cowan, mcgregor, allen, spiers, ellerton, bell, eileen john, drew, annie draffin, vera mayo, clark chester

This photograph is held in the Ballaarat Mechanics' Institute Audio Visual Collection. Please contact BMI for all print and usage inquiries. Arthur Leckie was born in Sebastopol on 16 August 1876. In 1878 the family moved into their newly built home, Blythewood Grange, in Sebastopol. Arthur attended Grenville College and commenced Ballarat College in 1893. He was Apprentice as an Ironmonger at 'The Present Day Ironmonger' in Bridge Street. He next worked for William Dawson, Ironmonger, in Sturt Street, next to old The Courier Office. After the death of his father in 1893 the family moved out of ‘Blythewood Grange into Ballarat. Arthur and his brothers Robert and Harold built their own automobile in the sheds behind their house, commencing in 1899 and having it ‘on the road’ in 1901.ballarat, 1901, car, leckie

This photograph is held in the Ballaarat Mechanics' Institute Audio Visual Collection. Please contact BMI for all print and usage inquiries. Arthur Leckie was born in Sebastopol on 16 August 1876. In 1878 the family moved into their newly built home, Blythewood Grange, in Sebastopol. Arthur attended Grenville College and commenced Ballarat College in 1893. He was Apprentice as an Ironmonger at 'The Present Day Ironmonger' in Bridge Street. He next worked for William Dawson, Ironmonger, in Sturt Street, next to old The Courier Office. After the death of his father in 1893 the family moved out of ‘Blythewood Grange into Ballarat. Arthur and his brothers Robert and Harold built their own automobile in the sheds behind their house, commencing in 1899 and having it ‘on the road’ in 1901.ballarat, arthur leckie, car, 1899

The Ballarat School of Mines was the first School of Mines in the southern hemisphere. Its Museum was established in 1872. Donation 600, 4 July 1882, H. Sutton, Ballarat. Nature of Donation: 13th Annual report of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain 2 papers 'from the proceedings of the Royal Society', Nos 217 & 218 - 1882 communicated by the President :on a new electrical Storage battery" by Henry Sutton, Ballarat, Victoria Donation 976, 8 May 1884, H. Sutton, Ballarat. Nature of Donation: * 1 volume "Pluttner on the Blowpipe: (Pluttner's manual of qualitative & quantitative analysis of the blowpipe. Donation 1682, 28 Feb 1887, James Lamb, Ballarat. Nature of Donation: Copy of "The Ballarat Times" newspaper of 3 December 1854, framed, and protected on both sides with glass. Donation 1712, 28 April 1887, Marg. Guerin, Ballaarat. Nature of Donation: Specimens nos (797-806) 797-801 from the New Reform Mine Luchnow, NSW (797) Serpentine with vein of quartz and calcite (798) Surpentine passing into silicous ferruginoous gossan; with drives of rock crystal (&99) Diorite with vein of calcite (800) Auriferous vein stuff (801) Auriferous arrenopyrite with calcite (802) noble opal filling cavities in decomposed traclyte (803-805) from Mr McDonald, NSW (806) arutute (carbonate of lead) in long schombie purni (?) Donation 1730, 23 May 1887, Miss Guerin, Ballaarat. Nature of Donation: Copy of the Victorian Review No 74 December 1 1885, Copy Wide Awake Vol 1 No 6 May 21st 1887Large rough calf covered book recording museum, laboratory and library donations to the Ballarat School of Mines. 4835 donations are recorded.Marbled end papers. Labels on spine and front cover.ballarat school of mines, ballarat school of mines museum, benjamin hepburn, ce clarke, j noble wilson, m hamburger, d christy, edwin jewell, ellery, john gray, go preshaw, cf crouch, henry brind, james darby, rm serjeant, george day, jf watson, stoddart, j hicks, hicks, james hector, sleep, jj sleep, james pearce, henry obree, newman, william tarrant, beilby, william bradford, george lansell, watson, edward gazzard, e morey, john lynch, j hector, rivett bland, bland, costin, whittle, crowther, mitchell, ferdinand krause, krause, joseph mitchell, john walker, bailey, duncan, mica smith, alfred mica smith, james buchanan, buchanan, whitehouse, dr bunce, bunce, james bklack, james bickett, js north, joseph flude, alfred lester, wagemann, fw niven, edwards, william evett, john addis, al elphinstone, henry sutton, ol olden, bh cross, robert hamilton, hancock, ferdinand von mueller, von meuller, berchevaise, j whitehouse, serjeant, henty, james shugg, john ross, james oddie, ralph tate, henry watts, wh wooster, wooster, luplau, rosenblum, heddington, albert furmedge, buley, robert wilson, e. rowlands, ne hall, henry pearce, lee young, nicholls, dusontory, daniel brohpy, brophy, klug, james donaldson, john cherry, ce jones, john feilds, thomas williams, enscoe, e price, shoppee, jacob drew, george wyatt, dimmock, james orr, john hardy, george wyatte, thomas rogers, james lamb, doepel, margaret guerin, bella guerin, guerin, george binns, william laplau, captain baker, baker, crisp, barnard, haffie, bateman, chalmers, richard parker, adam adamson, jn wilson, john noble wilson, papenhagen, towl, government astronomer, royal society, minister of mines, thoams blackett, burbury, denny, thys, p gay, james law, woolnough

On 04 August 1987 Lu Bing Qun, Head of English at Nanjing Institute of Education, was farewelled at a dinner at the Ballarat College of Advanced Education, where the calligraphy was presented to Jack Barker. Lu had been working in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences since since the beginning of Semester 1.He participated in and contributed to a unit on Chani in the Bachelor of Arts and a unit in the B.Ed. With Linda Brumley he has translated and recorded all the Chinese gravestones in the Ballaarat New Cemetery. Lu was attached to the Ministry of Education in Melbourne where he spent considerable time preparing Chinese language material for use in Victorian Schools. As an International Teaching Fellow he was in Victoria for 12 months under the exchange programme established between the governments of Jiangsu and Victoria.Framed calligraphic work by Lu Bing Qun of China.lu bing qun, jack barker, calligraphy, china, chinese, nanjing institute of education, jiangsu, available

Black and White scan or Bromide copy of a photograph of Ballaarat Tramway Company horse tram No. 5 outside the Vine Hotel in Macarthur St, Ballarat on the corner with Creswick Road. Has A. Ronald's Vine Hotel in the background with a Vine Hotel advertisement on the modesty board of the tramcar. Has a number of passengers, including ladies on the top deck and around the tramcar and hotel. Original of photograph from Harris House of Photography. Collected by Alan Bradley from the State Library of South Australia early 1980's. Used in The Golden City and its Tramways - page 29. 3792.1 - black and white photograph print of above - added 29/7/2007, ex Alan Bradley collection of photographs 5/2007.tramways, trams, horse trams, vine hotel, macarthur st, advertisements, tram 5

Photo of the Ballaarat Tramway Company horse trams massed for a group photograph at the lower part of Sturt St., with trams between Lydiard St. and Grenville St. 18 horse trams lined up - with crews and horses. Titled in handwriting - "BEFORE ELECTRIFICATION / JULY 5TH" - copy photograph of a photo held by the Ballarat Historical Society? See Reg Item 2491 for a copy of a newspaper print of this photo and see also Reg Item 2516 for HP James notes on this photograph. 804.1 - print ex Gold Museum - original base. 804.2 -copy print from a original photograph made by Wal Jack - from the Wal Jack Album, Reg item 5100. Refer also to Reg Item 5102, as it appears photograph taken on same day. Image 800i1c - cleaned up and redone by Roger Greenwood - received 9/7/15. See item Demonstrates a photo used to advise the Liverpool Office of the British Insulated Wire Company who had purchased the horse tramway prior to electrification.Black and white Photograph - various prints.See image i3 for details of Wal's notes on back of photo.trams, tramways, horse trams, sturt st., grenville st., electrification

Sydney PERN (c1876-1967) Dr Sydney Pern began practicing medicine in Yarram before setting up practice in Ballarat. He was a competent artist, and as an amateur anthropologist collection Aboriginal artefacts during travels in Central and Northern Australia. Dr Sydney Pern died aged 91 on 23 October 1967, and is buried in the Ballaarat New Cemetery. The ethnographic collection was housed at his home, 10 Raglan Street North, before being donated to the Ballarat School of Mines Museum. When the museum was closed in the 1960s Dr Pern requested that the collection pass to the City Council, and from there it was housed at the Gold Museum. An artwork by Sydney Pern was exhibited in the 1958 Crouch Prize at the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery. This item is part of the Federation University Art Collection. The Art Collection features over 2000 works and was listed as a 'Ballarat Treasure' in 2007.Framed oil on sketching paper seascape by Dr Sydney Pern Gift of David Alexander, 2013Signed lower right corner "S. Pern"art, artwork, pern, sydney pern, landscape, available

Yields information about the way the signing of the agreement between the City of Ballarat and the Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society and the parties involved.Newspaper clipping from The Courier, 25/11/1971, titled "Agreement signed for Tourist Tram Depot" of the signing of the agreement between the City of Ballaarat and the Ballarat Tramway Preservation Society the previous day. Included in the photo are the Mayor, Cr. J.A. Chisholm, city solicitor - Hugh Morrow, President of the BTPS Hal Cain, Frank Hanrahan and Secretary Richard Gilbert. Notes various aspects of the agreement, tramcar 14 and the location of the depot building. Newspaper cutting has been mounted onto a sheet of quarto paper with 4 punch holes on left side. Second copy added 27/10/05. See Reg Item 3816 for a print of the actual photograph. Image of whole cutting added 18/7/15.Dates "25/11/71" in ink on top edge, right hand side and underneath in pencil is also the same date, but placed vertically.trams, tramways, btps, agreements, tram depot, city of ballarat

Single page photocopy of a report by Mr. J. Harrison, Mayor of the City of Ballaarat, dated 2nd May 1932 of the "brave deed" of Mr. Charles Foster, ESCo driver who rescued a small boy from in front of a tramcar. Council complimented him on his bravery and recommended a letter be sent. Has been a typed original, has number 334 in top right hand corner. On base of page in handwriting has a note regarding an obituary for a Mrs. John Whytes (?), Mayoress? Collected by Mr. Colin Homes, 5331 6036 of the Ballarat Engine and Machinery Preservation Society, April 1998, with some notes on trolley buses in Council Correspondence Inwards and a reference. VPRS series 2500 Unit 155.trams, tramways, esco, accidents, foster charles, city of ballaarat

Photograph of a horse tram (possibly No. 7), with a Havelock Tobacco advertisement, travelling westbound in Sturt St. on the north side with the City of Ballaarat Town Hall (clock showing 905). Traffic in Sturt St was two-way on either side of the median strip which at the time did not extend fully between Lydiard St and Armstrong St. The photograph includes the gas street lamp in the middle of the Sturt and Lydiard Streets intersection and a telephone/telegraph pole on the right side. Several horse-drawn cabs in the photograph, along with some men. In the background are shops for Cameo Cigarettes, Tea Merchants, C Ekans? Chemist, J T Marsh Hatter, the Town Hall and Snows department store promoting a clearing sale. The photo has been taken from the Post Office Steps, c1890. State Library Multimedia Source Catalogue does not give the name of the photographer and the date of the photo. Acknowledgement of the source of the photograph is required.Yields information about Sturt St and horse trams c1890 and the use of the street in the early morning.Black and white print from the State Library of Victoria.On rear in pencil in bottom left hand corner "Copy of H92 320/106" and in centre along bottom edge "Reproduction Rights Reserved - Copied by State Library of Victoria".trams, tramways, sturt st, lydiard st. north, horse trams, ballarat town hall, two way traffic, tram 7

The Ballarat School of Mines taught Engine Driving.Handwritten letter on the Melbourne Office of Mines letterhead. The letter was written by George Spence, Secretary for the Board of Examiners for Engine Drivers to the Ballarat School of Mines. Handrwritten "5/1/1898 Dear Sir, I am directed to ask that you will be good enough to grant the Board of Examiners for Engine Drivers the use of a room at the School of Mines for examination purposes on 7th inst and following days. Faithfully yours George Spence R.R. The Director S. of M. Ballaarat" Handwritten and circled in black ink then crossed out "1601" Handwritten and circled in red ink "13"engine driving, engine driver, george spence, spence, letterhead, examination, ballarat school of mines

Copy of a letter and associated documents written to the Town Clerk, City of Ballaarat, dated Aug 1, 1985 seeking the support of the Council in attaining the body of the tramcar in Ballarat East. (Tram was actually obtained in December). Signed by the Secretary, Richard Gilbert. Mentions Frank Hanrahan as President for further information. Enclosed within letter is a two page note on BTPS Letter head outlining the history of the tramcar, its restoration, current condition, possible operation and value of the restoration. Attached as well is a folded drawing out an Adelaide double deck horse tram (Reference Reg. Item No. 706.1 ) and a photocopy of the builders of the first horse tram at the depot in 1887 (Reference Reg. Item No. 765 ). See Reg item No. 821 re date of acquiring the tramcar.trams, tramways, horse trams, collection, horse tram no. 1, city of ballaarat

Black and white photograph contained within Reg. Item 2526, page 3 of the pattern Ballaarat Tramway Co. Ltd outside the Duncan & Fraser's Carriage Works in Adelaide. Has a Australian 2d stamp (1936 South Australian Centenary) over the top right hand corner. Has been cut from a larger photograph. Handwritten notes in pencil noting the time of the photograph, the tram weight, couplings, lamp brackets, the possible purpose of the photograph, the incompleteness of the tram when compared to actual running condition. Dated 7/1/1940. Also notes on the 3 legged stool used by the horse tram drivers and the double decked buses operating then in Melbourne ( Bourke St.). Has sketch of the stool in ink. Note Item Not formally Numbered.tramways, trams, horse trams, duncan & fraser, adelaide, double deck buses

Small ticket stub for a Form of Register TicketForm of Register Ticket No. 224 Schedule XXVII By Law XIII February 11th 1862 I, P.P.FitzPatrick Mining Registrar for the No 2 division of the Mining District of Ballaarat, have this eleventh day pf February 1862 registered Willia Fittall for a residence claim, 66 feet by 82 1/2 feet situated east of Peel Steeet near Black Hill Gully (signed) William Fittall on 28 January 1862sailor, immigration, thomas paterson, greenock, george dempster, chevalier

This flyer was modelled upon the "Monster Meeting" notice that was held at the time of the Eureka Stockade. The Save TAFE flyer was produced to advertise a meeting regarding Victorian State government cuts to the TAFE education system in 2012. The group remains a subcommittee of Ballarat Trades Hall. The initial meeting (monster meeting) was produced to encourage community engagement in the Save TAFE campaign. The writing on the flyer reads thus: "No taxation without education! Education is anathema to conservatism! For an educated person will not be a slave! ON Sunday July 8th At Two o'clock A MONSTER MEETING Of the Ballarat Community & all who will attend at the People's Trades Hall Camp St, Ballaarat To form a committee of interested and passionate persons to advocate for affordable and equal access to quality education and training. Down with the attack on Public Education and Training TAFE Cuts, VET Cuts, VCAL cuts, EMA cuts and attacks on students and teachers. Authorised by: Jeremy Smith, NTEU UB Branch President and Brett Edgington, BTLC President The reduction of TAFE courses and change in fee structure had particular impact upon the Ballarat community in terms of training, employment and future services available. There were several successful rallies in the Ballarat CBD, showing a great demonstration of community and union organising. The group played a pivotal role in the demise of the Ballieu/Napthine government.Jpeg copy of flyer.btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, tafe (victoria), baillieu, ted, premier (victoria), education - tafe, national tertiary education union, australian education union, union campaigns, political campaigns