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Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Weapon - Cannon Ball, Late 18th to 19th centuries
This cannon ball could have been made as ammunition to be shot from a 24-pounder gun, perhaps a deck cannon or Carronade on a sailing ship. It is similar to those used by both British and French navies from the late 18th and 19th centuries. The iron cannon ball shows the casting mark around its circumference made by the mould during the casting process. The cannon ball is an example of ammunition used during naval conflicts in the late 18th and 19th centuries. It was made for cannon or Carronade similar to those in the collection of cannon at Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum.Cannon ball; a heavy black iron ball with a casting seam around its circumference. The surface is shiny with many pits and has slight corrosion. There are several chips including one large deep chip and a small, crescent shaped chip. The cannon ball’s size is similar to a cast iron 24-pounder shot.flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, warrnambool, great ocean road, shipwreck coast, artillery, ammunition, cannon ball, shot, 24-pounder, 24 pdr, deck cannon, ship cannon, military, cannon, gun, iron ball, moulded ball, naval gun, deck gun, navy, carronade, war, maritime weapon, cast iron, mould -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Weapon - Carronade, Unknown (Replica)
This deck cannon is believed to be a replica Carronade as it has no foundry mark, year of manufacture, proof marks or weight of carronade on it. However, its design matches the design of Carronades used in the early to mid 19th century. History: The carronade was designed as a short-range naval weapon with a low muzzle velocity for merchant ships, but it also found a niche role on warships. It was produced by the Carron iron works and was at first sold as a complete system with the gun, mounting, and shot altogether. Carronades initially became popular on British merchant ships during the American Revolutionary War. A lightweight gun that needed only a small gun crew and was devastating at short range was well suited to defending merchant ships against French and American privateers. Its invention is variously attributed to Lieutenant General Robert Melville in 1759, or to Charles Gascoigne, manager of the Carron Company from 1769 to 1779. In its early years, the weapon was sometimes called a "mellvinade" or a "gasconade". The carronade can be seen as the culmination of a development of naval guns reducing the barrel length and thereby the gunpowder charge. The Carron Company was already selling a "new light-constructed" gun, two-thirds of the weight of the standard naval gun and charged with one-sixth of the weight of the ball in powder before it introduced the carronade, which further halved the gunpowder charge. The theory of its design was to use less powder and had other advantages that were advertised in the company's sales pamphlet of the time, state. The smaller gunpowder charge reduced the barrel heating in action, also reduced the recoil. The mounting, attached to the side of the ship on a pivot, took the recoil on a slider, without altering the alignment of the gun. The pamphlet advocated the use of woolen cartridges, which eliminated the need for wadding and worming, although they were more expensive. Carronades also simplified gunnery for comparatively untrained merchant seamen in both aiming and reloading that was part of the rationale for adopting the gun. Other advantages promoted by the company were. The replacement of trunnions by a bolt underneath, to connect the gun to the mounting, reduced the width of the carriage that enhanced the wide angle of fire. A merchant ship would almost always be running away from an enemy, so a wide-angle of fire was much more important than on a warship. A carronade weighed a quarter as much as a standard cannon and used a quarter to a third of the gunpowder charge. This reduced charge allowed Carronades to have a shorter length and much lighter weight than long guns. Increasing the size of the bore and ball reduces the required length of the barrel. The force acting on the ball is proportional to the square of the diameter, while the mass of the ball rises by the cube, so acceleration is slower; thus, the barrel can be shorter and therefore lighter. Long guns were also much heavier than Carronades because they were over-specified to be capable of being double-shotted,(to load cannons with twice the shot, for increased damage at the expense of range). Whereas it was dangerous to do this in a carronade. A ship could carry more carronades, or carronades of a larger caliber, than long guns, and carronades could be mounted on the upper decks, where heavy long guns could cause the ship to be top-heavy and unstable. Carronades also required a smaller gun crew, which was very important for merchant ships, and they were faster to reload. Additional notes: Cannon cast in England, Wales and Scotland had their imperial weight chiselled or engraved in the format of 4-2-0 on the bottom of the cascabel, indicating the weight of the cannon as 4 hundredweight, 2 quarters and 0 pounds. Since a hundredweight equals 112 pounds and a quarter weight is 28 pounds the total weight is 504 pounds or about 228 kilograms. The small bore replica carronade and carriage is part of a collection of nineteenth Century Flagstaff Hill Guns and cannons, and is a representation of carronades used from the early 18th up to the 1850s on merchant and military ships particularly the British Royal Navy until 1850. This example is not significant in the historic sense but demonstrates the type of artillery used aboard vessels of the time for protection & offensive military actions. Cannon, cast iron, small smooth bore cannon on the stepped wooden carriage with wooden wheels. It appears to fire a 12-pound cannonball. The Cannon barrel can have its elevation adjusted via a sliding sloped block at the rear of the cannon. Gun carriage has loops for locating and holding the carriage in position with the use of ropes. It is believed this carronade is a replica of a mid-to-late 19th-century Carronade cannon.Cast into metal; [Royal emblem of Queen Victoria (VR "Victoria Regina")]warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, cannon, naval cannon, cannon on carriage, 19th century cannon, fortifications, smooth bore cannon, 12 pounder, carronade, artillery, replica, deck cannon, cannon in carriage, ship cannon -
Churchill Island Heritage Farm
Photograph - Photograph of two men loading the cannon
Churchill Island has a significant photograph collection dating from the nineteenth century. This photograph shows former Premier of Victoria, Sir Rupert Hamer, and was taken on his visit to Churchill Island.Black and white photograph of two men - one holding a cannon ball and the other loading another ball into the barrel of the cannon. Negative attachedCatalogue number written in pencil on reversecannon, churchill island, rupert hamer -
Clunes Museum
Photograph, Apr-71
THE CANNON HAS BEEN RESTORED AND IS EXHIBITED IN THIS MUSEUM IN RIVETT H. BLAND ROOMBLACK & WHITE PHOTOGRAPH THE OLD CANNON GUN DATED 1847 HAS CROWN STAMPED ON IT - PROBABLY BRITISH SAID MR.J.R. BLAIR WHO PRESENTED THE PHOTOGRAPH OF THE CANNON. THE CANNON HAS BEEN PHOTOGRAPHED IN A SHADOW AND IS INDISTINCT. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FROM GUN OVERLOOKING THE SPORTS FIELD.local history, photography, photographs, civic mementos -
Churchill Island Heritage Farm
Photograph - Photograph of Churchill Island cannon, c.1939
Churchill Island Heritage Farm has a large photograph collection dating from the mid-nineteenth century to the last decade. This series of photographs show candid pictures taken by previous residents of the Island.Black and white closeup view of the Churchill Island cannon. Catalogue number written on reverse in pencil Handwritten in pencil on reverse 'Churchill Island cannon c.1939.' Stamped on reverse 'X 123' churchill island, photograph -
Tarnagulla History Archive
Book: Victoria's Guns, A Field Guide, Victoria's Guns, A Field Guide, 1994
David Gordon Collection. A book with title 'Victoria's Guns, A Field Guide' by Major Bill Billett. Tarnagulla's cannon is discussed on page 57.cannon -
Greensborough Historical Society
Book, Jack Cannon, My War: more than 150 epic events of World War 2, 1990
A collection of newspaper headlines gathered to commemorate 50 years since the outbreak of World War II.228 p., illus., newspaper facsimilesnon-fictionA collection of newspaper headlines gathered to commemorate 50 years since the outbreak of World War II.world war ii, newspapers - melbourne, facsimiles -
Greensborough Historical Society
Book, Michael Cannon, Historical Records of Victoria. Volume Three: The Early development of Melbourne, 1836-1839
Contains all official documents that could be located on important aspects of the founding of Melbourne during the years 1836 to 1839.670 p., black & white and col. illus.melbourne, melbourne history -
City of Moorabbin Historical Society (Operating the Box Cottage Museum)
Book, Cannon, Michael, The roaring days : How Australia grew into a Nation like no other, 1998
bk. 1. Who's master, who's man? -- bk. 2. Life in the country. -- bk. 3. Life in the cities.928 p. : ill. (some col.), ports. : book in dust covernon-fictionbk. 1. Who's master, who's man? -- bk. 2. Life in the country. -- bk. 3. Life in the cities.city and town life, 19th cent. history, country life, australia, australian social life and customs -
City of Moorabbin Historical Society (Operating the Box Cottage Museum)
Book, Cannon, Michael, Perilous voyages to the new land, 1997
272 p. : ill. (some col.), ports. : Includes bibliography (p. 261-264) and index.non-fictionbritish, immigrants, voyages, emigration, immigration -
Robin Boyd Foundation
Book, Michael Cannon, The Land Boomers, 1966
Hardcover w/ Dust Jacketwalsh st library -
Robin Boyd Foundation
Book, Michael Cannon, Australia: Spirit of a Nation, 1985
Hardcover w/ Dust JacketSticker inside cover: "With compliments National Australia Bank"australia, history, patriotism, nationalism, walsh st library -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
Book, Michael Cannon, Historical records of Victoria : foundation series : volume 5 : surveyors? problems and achievements 1836-1839, 1988
Reproductions of various transactions and reports dealing with the surveying history of Port Phillip, including letters, maps, illustrations, tables, and a detailed history of the surveying of Victoria.maps, b&w illustrations, b&w photographs, tablesvictorian history, port phillip, robert hoddle, monee monee creek, geelong, barwon river, werribee river -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
Book, Michael Cannon, Historical records of Victoria : foundation series : volume 6 : the crown, the land and the squatter 1835-1840, 1991
Reproductions of various transactions and reports dealing with squatting, land tenure and agricultural production in Port Phillip in the years 1835-1840. A history of land grants, surveying, squatters? life and land use during this period.maps, b&w illustrations, colour illustrationsvictorian history -
Lakes Entrance Regional Historical Society (operating as Lakes Entrance History Centre & Museum)
Book, Cannon, Arthur, Gippsland Time Line, 1985
Contains articles on management of bullock teamsagriculture, transport -
Clunes Museum
Postcard, CANNON & CO. ARARAT. PRINTED IN GERMANY
POSTCARD SENT TO TOT TREMBATH FROM GEO HALL.POSTCARD SENT FROM NHILL, VIC. 9TH. MAYTHE LAKE, ALEXANDRA PARK, ARARAT.local history, photography, photographs, trembath, perry -
Unions Ballarat
That damned democrat: John Norton, an Australian populist, 1858-1916 (Don Woodward Collection), Cannon, Michael, 1981
Biography of John Norton (1858-1916) and examples of his journalistic works. Norton was a journalist and a propagandist for the labor movement. He was a delegate to the trades union congresses in London and Paris. He was a representative of for the Phillip and Flinders wards on Sydney Municipal Council. Norton's personal history includes accusations of violent behaviour, moral turpitude, fraud and deception, blackmail, theft and murder. Trade unions - NSW. Politics - municipal councils. Media - journalism.Book; 178 pages. Dustjacket: pink background; illustration of Norton wielding a stick and a woman; picture of jury testimonials about Norton; photo of Norton's grave (back); black lettering; author's name and title. Cover: brown background; gold lettering; author's name and title. In blue ink, "CM7486".btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, norton, john (1858-1916), media - australia, labor movement, biography, trades union congress - paris, trades union congress - britain -
RMIT GSBL Justice Smith Collection
Book, International Conference on Therapeutic Jurisprudence. 2006, Perth, Australia, 3rd International Conference on Therapeutic Jurisprudence : transforming legal processes in court and beyond, 2007
therapeutic jurisprudence -- australia -- congresses, therapeutic jurisprudence -- congresses -
The Celtic Club
Book, John Chandler, Forty years in the wilderness, 1990
A biography of an English migrant family who arrived during the nineteenth century. Soon after arrival their 11 year old son and author was orphaned leaving him provider for his family. He eventually rose to be a prominent merchant always supported by faith and hard labour.Index, p.216.non-fictionA biography of an English migrant family who arrived during the nineteenth century. Soon after arrival their 11 year old son and author was orphaned leaving him provider for his family. He eventually rose to be a prominent merchant always supported by faith and hard labour.victoria - social life and customs., baptists - victoria - biography -
Melbourne Legacy
Postcard, World War 1 soldiers, c.1915
A postcard depicts five soldiers standing near a cannon in winter time. They are wearing jackets and hats to protect them from the cold as freshly fallen snow rests on the surrounding foliage. Postcards were a common form of souvenirs for soldiers who were travelling around Europe either during World War 1 or just after, before returning to Australia. The link to Legacy is not known but there are many postcards are in the collection.Postcards were a very common form of communication in the first World War. This postcard also records the war for those who didn't have cameras. This type of souvenir would have been familiar to the first Legatees as they had served in World War 1.The postcard's image depicts five soldiers standing near a cannon. They are wearing jackets and hats to protect them from the cold as freshly fallen snow rests on the surrounding foliage. A small hole can be seen at the top centre of the card, most likely from a thumb tack.world war one, souvenir, cannon, soldiers -
Churchill Island Heritage Farm
Photograph of tractor lifting cannon, <1975
Churchill Island Heritage Farm has a large photograph collection dating from the mid-nineteenth century to the last decade. This series of photographs show the restoration and building of the Churchill Island precinct and the enormous amount of collaboration and work that went into the development of the heritage area.Black and White photograph of a tractor lifting a cannon barrel suspended on chains over a ute.Catalogue number in pencil on reversechurchill island, cannon -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Award - Document, 21/1/1893
The name on the letterhead, “Canning Pierhead North” is the name of the Liverpool Pilot Authority, which was situated in 1883 at Cannon Pier on the River Mersey where ships entered to travel to Liverpool. The logo on the letterhead belongs to the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society. The letter is addressed to “Mr Peter Carmody, Port Campbell, south coast of Australia”, and reads as follows: “January 21st 1893, Dear Sir, I have the pleasure to forward to you by post herewith a Silver Medal and a Certificate of Thanks, voted to you by the Committee of the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society for your courage and humanity in going out into the surf to rescue the survivors of the crew of the barque “Newfield” which vessel was wrecked near Port Campbell on the 29th of August last. Be kind enough to send a few lines acknowledging receipt of the testimonials. I am Dear Sir, Yours Faithfully, Robert P. J. Simpson, Secretary.” The medal accompanying the letter is the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society’s “Bramley-Moore medal for saving life at sea 1872”. The Society was formed in 1839. In 1872 Mr John Bramley-Moore donated £500 on condition that the medal have the specific inscription above on its reverse. The Bramley Morre medal was first awarded in 1874 and records show that since that time only one gold medal has been awarded, twenty-two silver medals and seventeen bronze medals, the last being in 1945. This Bromley-Moore medal was awarded to Peter Carmody for his bravery in saving lives on the Newfield shipwreck. The Newfield was a three-masted iron and steel barque, built in Dundee, Scotland, in 1889 by Alexander Stephen and Sons. It was owned by the Newfield Ship Company in 1890 and later that year It was registered in Liverpool to owners Brownells and Co. The Newfield left Sharpness, Scotland, on 28th May 1892 with a crew of 25 under the command of Captain George Scott and on 1st June left Liverpool. She was bound for Brisbane, Australia, with a cargo of 1850 tons of fine rock salt, the main export product of Sharpness. At about 9pm on 28th August 1892, in heavy weather, Captain Scott sighted, between heavy squalls, the Cape Otway light on the mainland of Victoria but, due to a navigational error (the ship’s chronometers were wrong), he assumed it to be the Cape Wickham light on King Island, some 40 miles south. He altered his course to the north, expecting to enter Bass Strait. The ship was now heading straight for the south west Victorian coast. At about 1:30am the Newfield ran aground on a reef about 100 yards from shore and one mile east of Curdie’s Inlet, Peterborough. The ship struck heavily three times before grounding on an inner shoal with 6 feet of water in the holds. Rough sea made the job of launching lifeboats very difficult. The first two lifeboats launched by the crew were smashed against the side of the ship and some men were crushed or swept away. The third lifeboat brought eight men to shore. It capsized when the crew tried to return it to the ship for further rescue The rescue was a difficult operation. The Port Campbell Rocket Crew arrived and fired four rocket lines, none of which connected with the ship. Peter Carmody, a local man, volunteered to swim about one mile off shore to the ship with a line to guide the fourth and final lifeboat safely to shore. He was assisted by James McKenzie and Gerard Irvine. Seventeen men survived the shipwreck but the captain and eight of his crew perished. The Newfield remained upright on the reef with sails set for a considerable time as the wind slowly ripped the canvas to shreds and the sea battered the hull to pieces. The Marine Board inquiry found the wreck was caused by a "one man style of navigation" and that the Captain had not heeded the advice of his crew. According to Jack Loney ‘… when the drama was over . . the Newfield was deserted except for the Captain’s dog and two pigs.’ Peter Carmody was awarded the Bramley-Moore medal by the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society for Saving Life at Ssea, which he received by mail on January 21st 1893. The medal and letter of congratulations were donated to Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum by Peter Carmody’s grand-daughter Norma Bracken and her son Stuart Bracken on 25th May 2006. The Medal and Letter of Congratulations join other items in the Newfield collectionlFlagstaff Hill’s collection of artefacts from the Newfield is significant for its association with the shipwreck Newfield, which is listed on the Victorian Heritage Registry. The collection is significant because of the relationship between the objects. The Newfield collection is archaeologically significant as the remains of an international cargo ship. The Newfield collection is historically significant for representing aspects of Victoria’s shipping history and its association with the shipwreck. The Letter accompanying the Medal for Bravery awarded to Peter Carmody is significant because the attempt to save lives is associated with the shipwreck Newfield.A copy of a letter from the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society to Peter Carmody in reference to the bravery of Peter Carmody over the wreck of the "Newfield". The letter is divided into 2 columns and is written in longhand using black ink on both columns. There is a letterhead in the centre of the left hand page and a round logo printed or stamped on the top of left of the left hand page. The centre of the logo shows a design of a man kneeling on a floating part of a wreck. He is rescuing a child from the sea. On the top of the circle of the logo a design shows a long-legged hen cormorant with extended wings holding an olive branch in its beak. There is also the name of a city printed onto the page under the letterhead. The letter has been folded into half along its long side, then in half again along its long side then into thirds. The letter is dated January 21st 1893. “CANNING, PIERHEAD, NORTH” and “LIVERPOOL” are printed on the top left hand page. The logo “LIVERPOOL SHIPWRECK AND HUMANE SOCIETY” is printed or embossed on the paper.28 august 1892, bramley moore, carmody, certificate of thanks, curdie's river, flagstaff hill, flagstaff hill maritime museum, gerard irvine, james mckenzie, liverpool shipwreck and humane society, maritime museum, medal, newfield, nineteenth century, norma bracken, peter carmody, port campbell, rescue, robert simpson,, shipwreck, ship wreck, stuart bracken, victorian shipwrecks -
Clunes Museum
Weapon - NAVAL CANNON, 1847
IT IS ON PERMAMENT LOAN FROM HEPBURN SHIRE THE CANNON WAS ORIGINALLY ON THE BRITISH NAVAL SHIP "NELSON" IN FEBRUARY 1867. "NELSON" WAS HANDED OVER TO THE VICTORIAN NAVAL FORCES, ON LOAN FROM THE ROYAL NAVY. "NELSON" WAS SOLD 1898, IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE GUNS WERE THEN OFFERED FOR SALE TO COUNCILS. IT WAS DISPLAYED ON A SITE NEAR THE SCENIC ROAD, CLUNES, UNTIL THE WOODEN UNDERCARRIAGE WAS DESTROYED BY THE BUSHFIRES IN 1944. IT WAS LATER RETRIEVED AND KEPT IN THE CLUNES BOROUGH COUNCIL YARD UNTIL IT WAS RESTORED BY THE APPRENTICES AT THE BENDIGO ORDNANCE WORKSHOPS IN 1895. THE TIMBER USED FOR THE RESTORATION WAS TAKEN FROM AN ELM TREE NEAR THE CREEK IN CLUNES..1 NAVAL CANNON MOUNTED ON A WOODEN UNDERCARRIAGE. .2 CANNON BALLlocal history, military history, navy, military -
Glenelg Shire Council Cultural Collection
Photograph - Photograph - Cannon Firing, Portland Victoria, 19/11/1984
Coloured photo. Firing of the cannon, Battery Point, Portland's 150th Anniversary celebrationscannon, portland battery, portland 150th anniversary -
Churchill Island Heritage Farm
Photograph - Photograph of Amess House and Cannon
Churchill Island has a significant photograph collection dating from the nineteenth century.Black and white photograph of Amess House, the cannon, and the Norfolk Pine taken from the north-eastern side of the houseCatalogue number written in pen on reverse. 'Early 1950's' written on reverse in pencannon, churchill island -
Churchill Island Heritage Farm
Photograph - Photograph of group standing around the cannon
Churchill Island Heritage Farm has a large collection of photographs dating from the nineteenth century. This series shows photographs taken from around the Heritage Precinct.Photograph of a group of people including four women in period costume, standing with former Premier Rupert 'Dick' Hamer gathered around the Churchill Island Cannon. PAGE 6/"FIRING" OF/CANNON[written on reverse in pen] catalogue number written on reverse in pencilchurchill island, photograph -
Churchill Island Heritage Farm
Photograph - Photograph of group standing around the cannon
Churchill Island Heritage Farm has a large collection of photographs dating from the nineteenth century. This series shows photographs taken from around the Heritage Precinct.Photograph of a group of people including four women in period costume, standing with former Premier Rupert 'Dick' Hamer gathered around the Churchill Island Cannon. PAGE 5/FIRING OF/THE CANNON[written on reverse in pen] catalogue number written on reverse in pencilchurchill island, photograph -
Churchill Island Heritage Farm
Photograph of tractor and cannon barrel, <1975
Churchill Island Heritage Farm has a large photograph collection dating from the mid-nineteenth century to the last decade. This series of photographs show the restoration and building of the Churchill Island precinct and the enormous amount of collaboration and work that went into the development of the heritage area.Black and White portrait photograph showing a tractor in the background and a cannon barrel n the middle of the photographCatalogue number in pencil on reversechurchill island, tractor, cannon -
Churchill Island Heritage Farm
Photograph - Photograph of a cannon
Churchill Island Heritage Farm has a large photographic collection dating from the nineteenth century. This series shows more contemporary photographs taken from around VictoriaPhotograph of a cannon standing on contemporary wooden wheels on a brick path in front of white aluminium fence.catalogue number written on reverse in pencil photograph, churchill island, cannon -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Ceramic - Chamber Pot, 1912
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, J. & G. Meakin were important, large-scale producers of good quality, ironstone tableware (‘White Granite’ ware) that met a ready market in the United States, South America, Australia, and other traditional British markets. By the 1890s the company was one of the world’s largest earthenware manufacturers. Although export teaware and tableware was the factory’s staple commodity, Meakin also manufactured toilet ware, kitchen ware and a wide range of fancy earthenware. The company was amongst the first British pottery firms to experiment with modernist designs associated with the art deco period. The Moderne' range was introduced in 1929 consisting of an angular shape decorated design with geometric patterns and often highlighted with silver or gold. This range remained in production through the 1930s. Post 1945 the company introduced the streamlined Studio shape (1953) and Horizon shape (1955) both heavily influenced by the Russell Wright ‘American Modern’ tableware. In 1964 a new Studio shape was released with tall streamlined coffee pots used as the background for many contemporary patterns now associated with the 1950s and 1960s. Designs by Jessie Tate and Eve Midwinter, some originally found on Midwinter shapes, also appear on 1970s Studio ware. The Studio range was one of Meakin’s most successful and continued in production until the late-1970s. The enormous range of floral, geometric, and abstract designs make Studio Ware collectible in its own right. In the 1970s and 1980s as part of the Wedgwood Group Meakin produced contemporary products under the ‘Bull in a China Shop’ and ‘Creative Tableware’ names. ‘Sol’ (c.1912-1963), ‘Studio’ (1953 on) and ‘Royal Staffordshire’ (post 1968) were important J. & G. Meakin Ltd trade names. Meakin marks are numerous, but all include the J. & G. Meakin name. The significance of this item and pottery generally is that often earthenware is portrayed as being a landmark in the evolution of humanity. This is because these items are the few things from the past that have survived in a tangible form. Pottery is an important functional part of society and it has a critical role to play as it helps archaeologists to date other artefacts of the same time period. Also, the decorations on pottery have told much about the beliefs, lifestyles and lives of the people who bought them and used them. In other words it gives us today a snapshot of society from the past and how people used these items in their daily lives, their likes as well as societal and design trends. Earthenware white glazed ironstoneJ & G Meakin Hanley England stamped to base, with white flora designwarrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, pottery, earthenware, iron stone, alfred meakin, james meakin, george meakin, earthenware manufactures, chamber pot