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Federation University Historical Collection
Photograph - Photograph - Colour, Dr Meg Tasker, 1990
Associate Professor Meg Tasker was employed at Federation University Australia (formerly University of Ballarat) from July 1989 to September 2018 where she lectured in literary and cultural studies. She supervised one of the first PhDs in the University, and was one of the first University of Ballarat staff to be awarded an ARC Discovery Large Grant for on Australian Writers in Britain 2003-2006. Meg Tasker served as the General Editor of the Australasian Victorian Studies Association Journal from 2014 to 2018. She published a critical biography of Francis W.L. Adams, and is recognised as an authority in the field of 19th century Australian cultural studies. Copy of a photographic portrait of Dr Meg Tasker at her graduation in 1990 where she was awarded a PhD (English) from Monash University. Thesis: Multiple Voices in the Poetry of A.H. Clough meg tasker, doctorate, floppy hat, graduation, phd, federation university, university women -
Federation University Historical Collection
Document, Pharmacy Board of Victoria Exam Regulations, 1915
.1) Request for report from Dr Gutheil .2) Pharmacy Board of Victoria Examination Regulationsgutheil, pharmacy board of victoria, examinations, regulations, emil gutheil, latin, arithmetic, english, algebra, euclid, lancelot austin, c.l. butchers -
Federation University Historical Collection
Tool, Handshears
Hand shears needed to be very sharp and often had a leather strap or ‘driver’ which passed over the hand. Others had sheepskin bound around the grip. Blades had to be regularly sharpened on a grinding stone. Most hand shears were made in Sheffield, England, with various models produced offering wide or narrow blades, sharp or rounded points, and various grips and bows. The technique of Australian hand shearing gradually developed from the 1830s using the old English method of cutting the flank with hand shears in a series of circular cuts from the sheep’s neck to the tail. In the early 1930s the Ballarat School of Mines introduced a wide-ranging Wool Classing Course as jobs were in extremely short supply during the Great Depression. Metal handshears used for shearing sheep.ballarat school of mines, shearing, woolclassing, sheep -
Federation University Historical Collection
Book, Touching the Full Redemption of Mankind by the Death and Blood of Christ Jesus (human skin cover), 1599
Anthropodermic Bibliopegy is the name given to the use of human leather to bind books. The name stems from the combination of the Greek root words, human (Anthropos), skin (derma), book (biblion), and fasten (pegia). The practice of creating anthropodermic books was popular throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Most commonly, anthropodermic books are medical tomes, with the human leather taken from medical cadavers. Others were produced after criminal trials, with the criminal’s skin used to enclose the record of their own death sentences, creating a form of punishment that would surpass death. Other anthropodermic books contain poems or are religious texts. This book was written and printed in 1599 but most probably was rebound later when creation of anthropodermic books became more predominant. The book is a small tome of a religious nature containing the work of Bishop Thomas Bilson, who in a puritanical voice states that the primary argument articulated in this book is that “the metaphorical Calvinist interpretation of Hell as an exclusion from God was accurate then Christ's descent into hell after his crucifixion must refer to an actual existent hell as Christ was neither subject to sin nor able to be separated from the Divine.” The unusual cover of the book has led to many questions, the main being whether the book is covered with human skin. It was confirmed as such in 2014 with DNA testing undertaken by honours student Talanna Buckley at Federation University finding an 100% match to human DNA on the outside cover of the book. This is one of only two confirmed anthropodermic books in Australia, the other is housed at the National Library of Australia. Other forms of testing the leather of books have been found to be more accurate than DNA testing. For example, before DNA testing or PMF (Peptide Mass Fingerprinting) are undertaken many books have been identified as made from human skin through the close examination of the skins patterning. Hair follicles are the focus of the examination as certain patterns and sizes lend themselves to being human. However, many of these books have been proven to not be bound in human skin, the same can be said of books with inscriptions claiming them as anthropodermic. Peptide Mass Fingerprinting (PMF) testing has been found to be the most reliable way of confirming a leather bindings origin. This process involves the sampling of collagen-based materials, cutting the protein to gain specific amino acid combinations which form individual peptide sequences. Each mammal has an individual amino acid sequence in its collagen therefore its peptide mass combination is unique. This form of test can provide a more accurate outcome as collagen will be preserved for longer after the tanning process and will not be damaged in the same way DNA can be by the tanning process. DNA testing can also provide false positives as trace DNA from someone touching the book could be amplified and provide the reading instead of that of the leather itself. However, this book was tested with many controls as well as specific decontamination procedures in order to ensure that it was not trace DNA being tested. This book is historically and spiritually significant because it is a rare example of an early printed English Christian religious tract produced in Old English and Latin.. Its association with Thomas Bilson, who oversaw the final printing and publication of the King James Bible, is important. The covering of this book has been tested for human dna. Findings prove the book is covered with human skin, increasing the rarity of the object.420 page book with unusual leather cover. The book is written in Old English with passages in latin. There is a pressed petal between p.68 and 69. The covering of this book is made of human skin. The practice of binding books in human skin, also known as anthropodermic bibliopegy.Inside cover - James Hendy No 17 (Fu)gends Road Palmers Village Westminster. The gift of his mother Mrs Thomas Hendy. Some notes made through text eg p.112, and a passage written on the last page.religion, bible, edward lowe, edward lotos, thomas bilson, anthropodermic bibliopegy, james hendy, full redemption, religious, leather, wilson, winchester, jesus, puritanical, puritans, bungey, bilson, human skin, skin, human skin cover, human skin binding -
Federation University Historical Collection
Postcard - photographic, Nouza Gardens, Egypt, c1916
The photograph is associated with Harry Holmes who was a member of the Australian Imperial Force based in Egypt at the time. Egypt was a major base for the AIF from December 1914. A number of campaigns were fought in this theatre. There were two campaigns involving the AIF. Note that not all the fighting was actually geographically in Egypt. (http://www.aif.adfa.edu.au:8888/about3.html) Four postcards of Nouza Gardens, alexandria, Eygpt. .1) Two English soldiers walk down a tree lined avenue at Nouza gardens .2) Garden setting with fernery building on the right. .3) Gardens with towered building in the centre of the photograph .4) Three Egyptian boys who acted as guide to Australian Soldiers Harry Holmes and his friends sit on a seat in front of a fernery building. .1) Aveue at entrance to Nouza gardens, Two tommies in the foreground. .2) View at gardens. Nouza .3) View taken at Nouza Gardens, Alexandria. .4) The fernery at Nouza Gardens. Very pretty inside. the three boys we picked up and they acted as our guides. chatham family archive, chatham, holmes, world war, world war 1, world war i, world war one, harry holmes, nouza gardens, alexandria, egypt -
Federation University Historical Collection
Book, Royal Victoria Pilgrimage Committee et al, Never Forget Australia: Australia and Villers-Bretonneux 1918-1993, 1994
Yellow soft covered book with the cover featuring a carved timber memorial.non-fictionvillers-brettonneux, world war 1, world war one, french, amiens, charles rosenthal, keith murdoch, henry rawlinson, hobbsm pompey elliott, ferdinand foch, john monash, red baron, von richthofen, tanks, 5th australia division, harold elliott, sadlier, marshall, aboriginal diggers, bill egan, australian armt band, ypres, robinvale, robin cuttle, frederick birks, gas, 58th battalion, tom brain, dick bowman, william james -
Federation University Historical Collection
Booklet, University of Ballarat Application to Become an IELTS TEst Administration Centre, c2009
University of Ballarat was renamed Federation University Australia. When the book was published the University of Ballarat had 7,500 international students from approximately 40 countriesA spiral bound 50 page booklet outlining a plan to establish an International English Language Testing System (IELTS) eAdministration Centre at the University of Ballarat.university of ballarat, international english language testing system, david battersby, letterhead, loddon campaspe multicultural services, city of ballarat, ballarat regional multicultural council inc, ethnic council of shepparton and district inc, english language project administrator -
Federation University Historical Collection
Yellow Booklet, Graduate Grapevine Newsletter, November 1992
Graduate newsletter for Ballarat University College, Graduate Diploma of Librarianship students, 1992Yellow booklet, Graduate Grapevine Newsletter, Vol 2 (No 2) November 1992. All pages yellow with black border and black printKaren K handwritten on front covergraduate diploma of librarianship, ballarat university college, graduate grapevine newsletter, jean goh, kaye cleary, lindon marks, liz widdop, anne beggs sunter, barry golding, paul frood, mark english, andrew shiells, library, librarian -
Federation University Historical Collection
Gazette, Education Gazette and Teachers' Aid. General Course of Study for Elementary Schools 1934, 1934
Relates to the history of the Ballarat Teachers CollegeGazette is made of ink on white paper with some yellowing, revised sections spelling out elementary school grades and subjects for 1934 M Bennett, Ballaratvictoria education gazette and teachers' aid, minister of public instruction, elementary school, english, mathematics, social studies, science, health education, art, music, domestic science, courses of study -
Federation University Historical Collection
Book, The Riverside Press, Silent and Oral Reading
Mary Egan who died on April 4th, 1981, spent 23 years as a greatly-respected lecturer in English curriculum at the Ballarat Teachers College, State College of Victoria and Ballarat College of Advanced Education. 306 page red covered book used by teachers when teaching reading.Stamps on first page - Ballarat Teachers' College and This book is the property of Ballarat Teachers' College. Any persons in unauthorised possession is liable to prosecution. Every borrowed book must be recorded.mary egan, ballarat teachers college, state college of victoria, ballarat college of advanced education, education department victoria, george g. harrup, clarence stone -
Federation University Historical Collection
Book, W. & R. Chambers, Silver Bells, 1952
Mary Egan who died on April 4th, 1981, spent 23 years as a greatly-respected lecturer in English curriculum at the Ballarat Teachers College, State College of Victoria and Ballarat College of Advanced Education. Orange and blue covered 48 page book of poems for use in the teaching of reading Book Plate, M.Egan on sticker on front cover that some one has tried to remove.mary egan, ballarat teachers college, state college of victoria, ballarat college of advanced education, education department victoria, a. stamp, t.c. collocott, l.m dufty, w & r chambers, t and a. constable -
Federation University Historical Collection
Book, University of Melbourne Matriculation and Junior Commercial Examinations, 1905, 12/1905
University of Melbourne Archives, ref No: 1979.0018, University of Melbourne, Public Examinations Branch, 137 Volumes, Matriculation Examination entries 1855-1903, results and returns 1856-1905, Historical Note describing Matriculation Principal Dates for 1905 from Melbourne University including matriculation.Brown buff paperback book, 106 pages, fold out typewriting exam on page 60. Examinations include Greek, Geometry, Algebra, English, History, French, Grammar, German, Arithmetic, Geography, Chemistry, Physics, Botany, Drawing, Commercial, Bookkeeping, Music, Latin, Physics.university of melbourne, matriculation, examination -
Federation University Historical Collection
Booklet, Ballarat School of Mines Diploma Course, 1947
Typed list of diploma courses at the Ballarat School of Mines.ballarat school of mines, courses, diplomas, mathematics, physics, english, applied mechanics, engineering drawing, chemistry, assaying, metallurgy, graphics, heat engines, machine shop practice, geology, ore dressing -
Federation University Historical Collection
Document, Education Department, Victoria, Education Department Victoria Merit Certificate Examination for English, 2017, 20/11/2017
Double sided printed English Merit Certificate Examination.examination, victorian education department, english examination, merit certificate -
Federation University Historical Collection
Book, Victoria Education Department Course of Study: Primary Schools, 1954-1967
Handcovered folder holding a number of Primary School courses of study.Signed on front "G. Powell"ballarat teachers' college, garry powell, social studies, english, nature study, music, needlework, school library, art and craft, health, mathematics, handwriting, science -
Federation University Historical Collection
Document - Article, A Profile of Bella Guerin, Australia's first woman graduate, 1987
Bella Guerin matriculated from the University of Melbourne in 1878, passing in Latin, English, French, Arithmatic, Algebra, Euclif and History She enrolled into the Faculty of Arts at Melbourne University in 1881, the first year women could do so, and graduated in 1883. From January 1887 to June 1891 Bella Guerin taught at the Ballarat School of Mines, during a period of affiliation with the University of Melbourne.Eleven page article from the Victorian Historical Journal (May-August 1987, Vol 53, No 2&3) on Bella Guerin.bella geurin, bella lavendar, bella halloran, henry halloran, women's movement, woman's suffrage, women's political association, anti-conscription -
Federation University Historical Collection
Programme, SMB Laboratory Theatre Group - Us & Them, 24/10/1980
SMB Laboratory Theatre Group is associated with School of Mines Ballarat which is a predecessor of Federation University Programme for SMB Laboratory Theatre Group - Us & Them By David Crompton 24.10.80 written on the front smb laboratory theatre group, david crompton, karen westlake, vanessa english, michelle mckenzie, john nicholls, john mitchell, kim bellingham, barry hall, chris sanders, maryanna radikovic, randal smith, matthew heenan, sharyn kierl, jan sharrock, joanne ware, wendy hart, rhonda coad, stephanie kors, debbie pitman, cathy lund, liz frazer, maureen johnson, david brown, john morrell, julie-anne welsh, val d'angri, jenny williams -
Federation University Historical Collection
Document - Document - Letter, Ballarat Junior Technical School: Letter from Mr Garner to Head Master re Kevin Maxwell Onn, 1958
Letter from Mr Garner to the Head Master of school Kevin Maxwell Onn if transferring to before the end of the year. Lists subjects he has been studying while at Ballarat Junior Technical School for Form I JTS - English, Social Studies, Mathematics, Science, Solid Geometry, Modelling, Free Drawing, Woodwork, Sheetmetal Work and Music.1 cream coloured page, typedballarat junior technical school, head master, l garner, kevin maxwell onn, transferring, english, social studies, mathematics, science, solid geometry, modelling, free drawing, woodwork, sheetmetal, music -
Federation University Historical Collection
Document - Document - Letter, Ballarat Junior Technical School: Reference letter for Kyra Sandra Trotter for her new school, 1958
Letter from Mr Garner outlining the character and academic ability of Kyra Sandra Trotter. This provided for school she would be attending when the family move to the West. Subjects covered in her first year of secondary school and courses available in the girl's section of the Junior Technical School outlined. Cream page, typed. ballarat junior technical school, head master, l garner, kyra sandra trotter, character highly regarded, ability excellent, first year, english, social studies, arithmetic, science, art, craft, decorative needlework, dressmaking, home management, music -
Federation University Historical Collection
Document - Document - Letter, Ballarat Junior Technical School: Letter from The Metropolitan Technical Men's Branch of the V.T.U. re class sizes, 1952
Letter from the Secretary of the Metropolitan Technical Men's Branch of the Victorian Teachers' Union, Findlay Masson, outlining the problem of class sizes in Technical Schools. Classes of 48 students are regular in English, Mathematics and Social Studies. In practical classes the size has been set. Asking Technical Schools to submit details of extra accommodation required to allow for reduction of class size to 40 students or less. These needs to be incorporated into a proposed plan to be submitted to the Education Department through the V.T.U. Cream sheet of paper, typed Headmaster Ballarat Junior hand written in red pen Answered 23/10 in pencil Signature of Findlay C Masson, Secretary in red penballarat junior technical school, headmaster, l garner, victorian teachers' union, v.t.u., findlay masson, secretary, metropolitan technical men's branch, class sizes, reduction in number, extra accommodation, proposed plan, education department -
Federation University Historical Collection
Award, Stokes, Peter Alexander's Junior Techncial School Athletics Medallion, 1958
Stokes was established in 1856 by a young English die-sinker named Thomas Stokes, who had arrived from England duringthe gold rush of that era. Disappointment in the fields led him to Melbourne where he setup business as a diesinker producing medals, tokens, buttons and silverware, a skill he acquired over five dedicated years of apprenticeship which he had completed in Birmingham, England. A merger with G.F Martin in 1867 saw the firm introduce electroplated nickel silver to Australia. The banking crisis of the 1890’s saw a split with Martin and the gradual joining of Thomas Stokes’ three sons, and by 1911 the company was called Thomas Stokes and Sons. A double sided medallion featuring a runner on one side and engraved information on verso.Engraved into the medallion J.T.S. Under 15 Athletics P. Alexander 1958ballarat junior technical school, athletics, numismatics -
Federation University Historical Collection
Award, Stokes, Peter Alexander's Junior Techncial School Basketball Medallion, 1960, 1958
Stokes was established in 1856 by a young English die-sinker named Thomas Stokes, who had arrived from England duringthe gold rush of that era. Disappointment in the fields led him to Melbourne where he setup business as a diesinker producing medals, tokens, buttons and silverware, a skill he acquired over five dedicated years of apprenticeship which he had completed in Birmingham, England. A merger with G.F Martin in 1867 saw the firm introduce electroplated nickel silver to Australia. The banking crisis of the 1890’s saw a split with Martin and the gradual joining of Thomas Stokes’ three sons, and by 1911 the company was called Thomas Stokes and Sons. A double sided medallion featuring a basketballer and the word 'basketball' on one side and engraved information on verso.Engraved into the medallion Ballarat Junior Technical School 1960 Basketball P. Alexander 1958ballarat junior technical school, athletics, numismatics -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Domestic object - Spoon
The teaspoon is a European invention. Small spoons were common in Europe since at least the 13th century; the special spoons were introduced almost simultaneously with tea and coffee. (Pettigrew points to its use in the mid-17th century.) Originally the teaspoons were exotic items, precious and small, resembling the demitasse spoons of later times. Also used for coffee, these spoons were usually made of gilt silver, and were available with a variety of handle shapes: plain, twisted, or decorated with knobs, also known as knops, hence the knop-top name for such spoons. Widespread use and the modern size dates back to the Georgian era. The teaspoon is first mentioned in an advertisement in a 1686 edition of the London Gazette. Teaspoons, probably of English origin, are present in the 1700 Dutch painting by Nicholas Verkolje, "A Tea Party". An 1825 cartoon makes fun of a Frenchman unfamiliar with the British etiquette. The guest did not place his spoon into the cup and is thus being offered his thirteenth cup of tea! A special dish for resting the teaspoons, a "spoon boat", was a part of the tea set in the 18th century. At that time, the spoons played an important role in tea drinking etiquette: a spoon laid "across" the teacup indicated that the guest did not need any more tea, otherwise, the hostess was obligated to offer a fresh cup of tea, and it was considered impolite to refuse the offering. Pettigrew reports that sometimes the spoons were numbered to make it easier to match the cups with the guests after a refill. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaspoon#:~:text=Teaspoon%20is%20a%20European%20invention,the%20mid%2D17th%20century).A history of the teaspoon.Metal teaspoon, badly corrodedNoneflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Container - Cocoa Tin, First half of 20th Century
The history of metal packaging began in Bohemia in the 1200s. Metal has been produced for a very long time. But the first metal used for packaging was tin. In particular, it was the process of tin plating that was invented in Bohemia. Before this no other metal was economically able to be used for packaging. Later, in 1667 Andrew Yarranton, and English engineer, and Ambrose Crowley brought the method to England. Here it was improved by ironmasters including Philip Foley. Then by 1697, John Hanbury had a rolling mill at Pontypool in South Wales. The method they developed involved rolling iron plates using cylinders. This process enabled more uniform blank plates to be produced than was possible by just hammering the tin. https://www.shilohplastics.com.au/history-of-metal-packaging/The use of tin to protect and store food and other items, revolutionised the world.Tin base and external tin lid, with round internal lid .Colour printed. Used for cocoa. Caption of a woman drinking cocoa, red Australian flag and British flag on other faces. Top embossed "H". Marked - "Old Dutch Cocoa", "Net Weight 8 ozs," (Display side) "Manufactured by Hoadley's Chocolates Ltd, Australia.Top embossed "H". Marked - "Old Dutch Cocoa", "Net Weight 8 ozs," "Manufactured by Hoadley's Chocolates Ltd, Australia.warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, shipwrecked-artefact, tin, tin plating, food containers -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Furniture - Arm Chair, Later half of the 19th to early 20th century
A gentleman's chair, gent's chair or grandfather chair is a term usually applied in Australia to a deep upholstered Victorian easy chair, often button-backed and with upholstered arms. The chair generally stood on short cabriole legs and had a 'spoon' or a wide balloon back. The 'show wood', that is, the polished frame, was usually mahogany or walnut, although many examples in Australian red cedar have survived. There are Australian versions of the gentleman's chair, ladies chair and matching settees, usually made from cedar, and occasionally from blackwood. As cedar is a softer timber than walnut, mahogany and rosewood, from which the English versions were made, the carving is usually not as crisp as in the imported version. However the Australian blackwood gentleman's chair is often difficult to distinguish from a good quality English walnut example. The Edwardian form of the gentleman's chair is much squarer in outline, with short turned legs and the arms are often supported by spindles. There was sometimes a row of spindles, like a gallery, beneath the top rail. The chairs were frequently upholstered in leather.An item probably made in Australia during the latter half of the Victorian era and is significant as it was made in Australia at a time when furniture and many other household items were imported from either America or England.Cedar Gentleman's armchair, upholstered and buttoned in brown leather, scalloped and carved with Prince of Wales Feather on back, arms are scrolled and carved with Acanthus leaf design and finished on tulip turned legs with brass and porcelain castors. circa 1870 Australian made. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, furniture, chair, armchair -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Domestic object - Ornament, Early 20th Century
Staffordshire dog figurines are matching pairs of pottery spaniel dogs, standing guard, which were habitually placed on mantelpieces in 19th-century homes. Mainly produced by Staffordshire pottery factories, these earthenware figures were also made in other English counties and Scotland. They are also known as hearth spaniels or fireplace dogs as they were positioned on top of the mantelpiece. Many other breeds were produced, particularly the greyhound, though the spaniels were especially popular and this is attributed to royalty favouring the King Charles Spaniel breed. In Scotland, they have colloquially been termed 'Wally dugs.' and were manufactured in bulk at potteries in places such as Pollokshaws in Glasgow and Portobello near Edinburgh. Though the most popular, the dogs were only one of many types of Staffordshire figures; other animals and human figures of various kinds were also popular. Staffordshire dogs are nowadays collectors’ items and since the 1720s, spaniels had been produced by various pottery factories in Staffordshire. The quality of the modelling and painting of the Staffordshire dogs may differ from factory to factory. As the popularity of the figurines increased towards the end of the 19th century, the quality began to decline. Thousands were manufactured but originals in good condition and their correct pairs are now uncommon. These figures continued to be made until the 1920s and early models are of better quality. However, reproductions were still being manufactured in 2009.Early 19th century pair of Staffordshire dogs used as a mantle place display however given their damaged condition and being of a later provenance have little historic or monetary value. Ceramic white dog, figurine one of a pair, with painted face and collar. Both are nearly identical except one sits to the left while the other sits to the right.Noneflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, ornament, ceramic ornament, dog ornament -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Functional object - Bottle, c. 1850's - 1900's
This is one of four bottles in our Collection that were recovered by a local diver from the quarantine area just inside the Port Phillip Heads. Ships were required to pull into this area to check for diseases etc before they could head up to Melbourne. Quite often they would drink and throw the bottles overboard. Handmade glass bottle, manufactured in 1850's - 1900's. Glass bottles and glass jars are in many households around the world. The first glass bottles were produced in south-east Asia around 100 B.C. and the Roman Empire around 1 AD. America's glass bottle and glass jar industry were born in the early 1600s when settlers in Jamestown built the first glass-melting furnace. The invention of the automatic glass bottle blowing machine in 1880 industrialized the process of making bottles. In 2019, plans were made to re-introduce milk glass bottle deliveries to Auckland in early 2020 The earliest bottles or vessels were made by ancient man. Ingredients were melted to make glass and then clay forms were dipped into the molten liquid. When the glass cooled off, the clay was chipped out of the inside leaving just the hollow glass vessel. This glass was very thin as the fire was not as hot as modern-day furnaces. The blowpipe was invented around 1 B.C. This allowed molten glass to be gathered at the end of the blowpipe and blown into the other end to create a hollow vessel. Eventually, the use of moulding was introduced, followed by the invention of the semi-automatic machine called the Press and Blow. In 1904 Michael Owens invented the automatic bottle machine. Before this time most glass bottles in England were hand blown. This is one of four bottles in our Collection that were recovered by a local diver from the quarantine area just inside the Port Phillip Heads. Ships were required to pull into this area to check for diseases etc before they could head up to Melbourne. Quite often they would drink and throw the bottles overboard. Handmade glass bottle, manufactured in the 1850s-1900s. The bottle gives a snapshot into history and a social life that occurred during the early days of Melbourne's development and the sea trade that visited the port in those days. Bottle, opaque brown glass, concave base, tapering slightly wider towards shoulder then inwards towards neck; ring of glass just below opening. Base is blown glass; pontil mark on base. "STUBBY 1850-1900 SMALL SIZE", ENGLISH 3 PIECE MOULD, HAND MADE TOP", "PAPER LABEL, CORK & WIRE SEAL $6flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, brown glass bottle, handmade glass bottle, handmade beer bottle, handmade late 19th century bottle -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Container - Bottle, c. 1905
This bottle once contained John Fletcher’s ginger cordial. It was found in August 2014 in the sand dunes at Levy's Point, near McKinnon's quarry, Warrnambool. ABOUT JOHN FLETCHER of WARRNAMBOOL John Fletcher Cordial (or Beverage) Co . Warrnambool, supplied cordial and aerated drinks to the Western district of Victoria. John Fletcher was named as a cordial manufacturer in the Warrnambool Standard of June 13th 1895, when he attended a Publican’s Association meeting. Mr John Fletcher, aerated water and cordial manufacturer of Koroit Street Warrnambool, had a summary of his factory printed in a short article in the Advocate, Melbourne, in February 1901. The article said “one of the most complete plants outside the metropolis … spacious … well appointed …old-established business … noted for the excellence of the quality … a trial [of the beverage] is solicited.” John Fletcher and Harold Caffin, trading as J.S. Rowley & co cordial manufacturers in 1903; were prosecuted in September 1903 when the Board of Health found an analysed sample of Raspberry Vinegar to contain coal tar colouring, which could be injurious to health, particularly to the kidneys. The factory was still in operation in December 1924, when sadly, Mr S. Fletcher, who was carrying bottles of aerated water at Mr John Fletcher’s cordial factory, sustained an eye injury when one of the bottles burst. Later the eye had to be removed at the Warrnambool Base Hospital. ABOUT CODD BOTTLES During the mid-to-late 1800s there were many inventions to keep the fizz in carbonated drinks such as ginger ale, soda water and fruit drinks. Hiram Codd, an English engineer invented a successful process that he patented as “Codd’s patented globe stopper bottle” in 1872. The Codd-neck bottle (commonly called Codd or marble bottle) is manufactured in two parts. The body of the bottle is cast in two sections. At the time of joining the sections a glass marble and rubber seal are inserted into the neck section. The lip is then applied to the top of the bottle. The Codd bottle is filled upside down as the pressure of the gas from the carbonated liquid holds the marble up and out of the way. When the bottle stands upright the gas pushes the marble up against the washer, creating a firm seal to keep the fizz inside. The bottle is opened by pushing the marble down firmly to allow some of the gas to escape. The marble drops down and is caught in a depression formed in the neck. When the bottle is tilted to pour or drink the liquid the marble rests in a dimple. Some have said that the bottle as a character, the shape having a face with its mouth keeping the marble out of the drink and eyes that catch the marble so that it doesn’t roll into the mouth of the drinker. The Codd bottle was expensive to produce and children loved to destroy the marbles to play with the marbles inside. Many shops and factories added a deposit to the cost of buying the drink to encourage children to return the bottles rather than break it for the marble. Codd bottles are still being produced in India and Japan for soft drinks. A Codd bottle with the same markings as this one is valued on today’s Australian auction sites from $35 - $75 AUD. Bottle, aqua/green glass, with glass marble inside. John Fletcher's Ginger Ale, Warrnambool. Container is often called a "Codd neck bottle", “marble bottle” or “Codd’s patent bottle”. Bottle made by Dobson. Inscription on bottle and base. c. 1905Marks moulded into glass; "JOHN FLETCHER / GINGER ALE / WARRNAMBOOL" and “DOBSON” and on base “G”. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, codd bottle, codd neck bottle, marble bottle, ginger beer bottle, john fletcher soft drinks, warrnambool soft drinks and cordials, john fletcher cordial (or beverage) co ., codd neck bottle, glass stopper bottle, hiram codd, antique bottle, harold caffin, john fletcher -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Bottle
Bottle, Medium size Sauce bottle, 8 sided, English, 2 piece mould, handmade top, cork still inside, c 1880 - 1900. H 23cm x W 7.2cm x D 5cm.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, bottle -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Bottle
Bottle, Large, English Ale, dark glass, cork and wire seal (missing), handmade 3 piece mould, c 1850's, some encrustation on top. H 27cm x Dia 8cm.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, bottle