Showing 160 items
matching tram controllers
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Ballarat Tramway Museum
Ephemera, Wal Jack, "Bendigo Tramways", 1950's
Yields information about Bendigo and Ballarat tramcars and tramways - personal notes.Notebook titled "Bendigo Tramways" formed from a larger note book - with other pages torn from the centre as well, ruled paper. Each page that had been written on has been imaged. Cover - title 1 & 2 - notes re Bendigo tramcars, original No. 1, use of white discs 3 & 4 - notes re Bendigo routes 5 & 6 - Notes re Bendigo tramcars, trucks, controllers and the summer cars. 7 - note re tram 123 ex Melbourne and first public run - 17/12/1945 10 - notes ret original Ballarat electric tramcars 20 - Ask MrNaught re dates cars sold, C class and Birney trams in Bendigo 27 & 28 - notes re tram stops in Ballarat 29 - ditto rear cover - Office Manager in Ballarat - Mr. E. C. Kirton, since 15/7/1953. Contained originally within Reg Item 5623 at the front of this note book. For items see btm5623 loose items list.pdf. trams, tramways, bendigo, ballarat, tramcars -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - List, "Rolling stock data list of the Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board, as at 10th Jan. 1927", 1950's
Typed two page list - one foolscap and one quarto sheet, titled "Rolling stock data list of the Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board, as at 10th Jan. 1927", listing each class, car numbers, type, seating capacity, truck, wheelbase, motors, Horsepower, Tare Tons, Controllers, Compressors and Length. Extends to X1 class tram - typo - 469 instead of 468. Includes cable cars. Has some depot allocation notes. Similar style to 5673, possibly re-typed by Keith Kings, from a MMTB data sheet.Has a pencil note against "469" - bogie?mmtb, tramcars, melbourne, lists -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - List, Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB), "M&MTB Rolling Stock Data - 1/10/38 with additions:- bringing data up to 27/4/1940", Apr. 1940
Three page hand written list titled "M&MTB Rolling Stock Data - 1/10/38 with additions:- bringing data up to 27/4/1940" , listing each class, car numbers, number in service, type, seating capacity - seats, crush, truck, wheelbase, motors, Horsepower, Tare Tons, Controllers, Compressors and Length over bumpers. Author lined foolscap paper in landscape format, carbon copy Extends to SW5 889, includes cable trams. Author unknown, written in CapitalsIndividual captions for each photo.mmtb, tramcars, melbourne, lists -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Book, Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB), "Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways /Electric System /Instructions to Drivers in Electric Car Operation", 1966
Forty Eight page, side staple book within blue Rexene covers. Titled "Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways /Electric System /Instructions to Drivers in Electric Car Operation" Dated 1966. Printed by Regent Press Pty Ltd, 457 Plenty Road, Preston. Provides in a Q & A format, instructions to drivers in electric car operation, photos of various types of controllers, an A.B.C. for tramways drivers - "always" points to remember and has a reference index. has the numbers 139 and 140 circled on inside of front cover. Has name "McCalee B" as the driver's name the document issued to and "5570" and the driver's number.trams, tramways, mmtb, drivers, training, instructions, motormen -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - Instruction, Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB), "RC2 and EE RC1 Controller Maintenance - electrical mechanic's procedure", May. 1970
... Controllers fitted to Melbourne trams. Provides the instructions...-in service of Remote Control Controllers fitted to Melbourne trams ...Three page photocopy of MMTB May 1970 document titled "RC2 and EE RC1 Controller Maintenance - electrical mechanic's procedure", for the rostered day-in service of Remote Control Controllers fitted to Melbourne trams. Provides the instructions for inspection and replacement of parts if needed. trams, tramways, tramcars, controllers, general electric, english electric -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - Instruction, Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB), "RC1 and RC2 Control Unit boxes Maintenance - electrical mechanic's procedure", May. 1970
... Parade Ballarat Ballarat goldfields Trams tramways Tramcars ...Three page photocopy of MMTB May 1970 document titled "RC1 and RC2 Control Unit boxes Maintenance - electrical mechanic's procedure" for the rostered day-in service of Remote Control Relay boxes fitted to Melbourne trams. Provides the instructions for inspection and replacement of parts if needed. trams, tramways, tramcars, controllers, general electric, english electric -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - Instruction, State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV), "Special Order to Motormen (49/1)", late 1960's?
Yields information about the instructions about tram operations, safety instructions and leaving trams.Two foolscap duplicated sheets titled "Special Order to Motormen (49/1)" giving instructions regarding 1) Responsibility (for trams), 2) Relief on the road, 3) Controller key, 4) Air brake handle, 5) leaving tram unattended with definition, general precautions, special precautions - such as parking the tram at Lydiard St North, parking trams at City Loop and 6) an explanation on the braking system at either end of the tram. Undated. Printed from wax stencil and stapled along the top edge. Signed by F. K. White Manager. See Reg Item 261 for 9-1961 issue and Reg item 3459 for a Jan. 1961 issue. trams, tramways, braking, instructions, sec, emergency, driver training -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Colour Photograph/s - set of 8, Lloyd Rogers, Mar. 1984
Yields information about the operation by the Begonia Festival and in particular when 661 was repainted.Set of 8 colour prints of BTPS trams during the 1984 Begonia Festival, just after the repainting of 661 has been completed. Each print has two small copies of the main photo on the right hand side. Printed on Sakuracolor paper. .1 - 661, 27 and 38 at the depot .2 - 661 at St Aidans drive with the parking fee collectors in the view. Interior cab view showing controller, brake handle and pressure gauge. .3 - crossing 14 at the loop. .4 - 661 and 27 at the depot .5 - interior view of No. 14 .6 - interior view of depot with 28 and 26 being rebuilt in the view. .7. - interior view of 661 .8 - interior view of 661 with the tram being swept out. trams, tramways, begonia festival, btm, depot, wendouree parade, tram 661, tram 27, tram 38, tram 14, tram 28, tram 26 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Digital image, 1970s
... the driver's tram controller in a single trucker or four wheel tram ...Yields information about the driver's tram controller in a single trucker or four wheel tram.Digital image looking out of the cab from the drivers seat across a WH T1F controller with water on the windscreen. Photo taken by Peter Bruce 1970's and 1971, prior to the closure of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image: "A thing of beauty"trams, tramways, ballarat, controllers, drivers -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Digital image, 1970s
... controller. Trams tramways Tramcars Drivers Motormen Controllers ...Yields information about the way trams were driven in relation to the use of the tram controller.Digital image of a Motorman or driver's hand on the controller of a single truck car, or WH T1F controller, with the air gauge in the view as well. Photo taken by Peter Bruce 1970's and 1971, prior to the closure of the Ballarat tramway system. Peter's Title of image: "Motorman's Hand"trams, tramways, tramcars, drivers, motormen, controllers -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - Instruction, Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co, "Parts of Westinghouse Canopy Switch for Tramway Equipments", 10/1906
Westinghouse part catalogue B6008 for the "Parts of Westinghouse Canopy Switch for Tramway Equipments" - used for Westinghouse T1F controllers - style Nos. 5437 and 5409, manufactured by Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co. of London and Manchester. Dated Oct. 1906. Lists parts with images and prices. It was used to turn on or off the power to a tram. It is not a circuit breaker of the type that are fitted to the Museum's trams.Yields information about the Westinghouse UK products.Manual or document 8 printed pages centre stapled within card covers.tramways, tramcars, equipment, westinghouse, switches -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - List, State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV), "Numbers and Particulars of Trams" - Ballarat, 27/3/1952
List titled "Numbers and Particulars of Trams", copied 27 March 1952. Gives details of where purchased from, date of purchase, type, body builder, seating capacity, overall length, overall height, overall width, condition of tram, trolley base, Lightning arrester, controller make and type, Truck Maker and type, type of truck, axle type, wheelbase, axle diameter, motors type and maker, Motor horsepower, Armature bearings, suspension bearings, gear teeth, Air compressor make and type, Brake Valves make and type, Governor make and type, Weight in tons and details of advertising space in racks. See also 8721 and 8722 for other versions - different dates and 8690 for a Bendigo list. Note: Framed copies of both Ballarat and Bendigo are held in the depot. Notes the renumbering of trams 15 and 22.Yields information about the dimensions and equiipment on Ballarat Tramcars operated by the SEC.Typed List of tramcars and their details for Ballarat.handwritten note regarding tram 37 "not in service" and "41, 42, 43" added to top right hand side.tramcars, ballarat, equipment, lists, data -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - List, State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV), "Numbers and Particulars of Trams" - Ballarat, 28/9/1970
List titled "Numbers and Particulars of Trams", dated 28/9/1970, split into separate sheets for single truck and bogie trams which includes the Scrubber tram. Tram 20 has been deleted following its demolition on 17/9/1970 (see item 1088). Gives details of where purchased from, date of purchase, type, body builder, seating capacity, overall length, overall height, overall width, Lightning arrester, controller make and type, Truck Maker and type, type of truck, axle type, wheelbase, axle diameter, motors type and maker, Motor horsepower, Armature bearings, suspension bearings, gear teeth, Air compressor make and type, Brake Valves make and type, Governor make and type, Weight in tons. Has a list of abbreviations on the base of each sheet. See also 8721 and 8722 for other versions - different dates and 8690 for a Bendigo list. Note: Framed copies of both Ballarat and Bendigo are held in the depot. Yields information about the dimensions and equiipment on Ballarat Tramcars operated by the SEC.Typed List of tramcars and their details for Ballarat - carbon copy two double foolscap sheets.tramcars, ballarat, equipment, lists, data -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Series of 5 black and white photographs of tram 42, Ellen Butland, 21-8-1971
.1 - No. 42 crossing Lydiard St level crossing - running Special - with the Provincial Hotel in the background. .2 - side on view of part of No. 42 showing the Maximum Traction Truck, Brill 22E .3 - Interior view of a Maximum Traction Tram (probably No. 42), showing controller and air gauge. .4 - Interior view of No. 42, with a note "Almost a W2 style, but more cramped" .5 - ditto showing the PMTT logo. Has a strong association with a Melbourne tram driver who assembled the scrap book and series of photos of Ballarat trams at the time of closure. Yields information about the tram operations.Set of five black and white photographs contained with Reg item 5988, a Stamford Kiwi School Scrap Book - card covers, 23 sheets, spiral bound, titled "Ballarat", prepared by Ellen Butland of Auckland following the closure of the SEC Ballarat Tramway system.closure, trams, tramways, ballarat, tram 42, interiors, lydiard st nth, level crossings, brill trucks, pmtt -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - List, State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV), "Numbers and Particulars of Trams" - Bendigo, c1964
Gives details for each tram at that time, where from, date of purchase, New or second hand (all ), Straight or drop sill or drop centre, Body builder, Seating capacity, overall length, overall height, overall width, Lightning arrester, controller make and type, Truck Maker and type, type of truck, axle type, wheel diameters, wheel base, axle diameter, motors type and maker, Motor horsepower, Gear Teeth, Air compressor make and type, Brake Valves make and type, Governor make and type, Weight in tons and whether suitable for one man operation. Side list gives details of abbreviations, list of tram types and note on Birney 15. List of trams include "Cleaner Car". Undated. See item 3430 for Ballarat version and 8721 and 8722.Yields detailed information about Bendigo trams -c1964Dyeline print from a typed list.2nd copy has in ink "BTPS 613" in the top right hand corner.tramcars, bendigo, equipment, lists, data -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Functional Object - Tramcar, Duncan and Fraser, SECV Tram No. 32, Body 1917, completed 1920
Single truck, (4 wheels), drop ends, modified California Combination, panelled sides, 4 external doors, 2 internal doors (1 missing), longitudinal seats, no controllers, air braking gear removed. See Destination City, Destination Eaglehawktrams, tram 32 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - SEC Instruction Sheet, State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV), Special order to Motormen, 49/1, Jul. 1961
Significant in being a detailed set of instructions for parking trams, hand overs, relief, responsibility for the security of the tram, including leaving the tram unattended. Regrettable incidents have happened. Issued 1961. Reg item 3459 has a more detailed set of instructions.Single foolscap sheet titled "Special Order to Motormen (49/1)" giving instructions regarding 1) Responsibility (for trams), 2) Relief on the road, 3) Controller key, 4) Air brake handle, 5) leaving tram unattended. Dated 20 July 1961. Printed from wax stencil. See Reg Item 3459 for 25-1-1965 issue and 5371 for an undated issue. Image of item added 20/10/2013.trams, tramways, ballarat, trams, secv, instructions, operations, braking -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Document - Instruction, M.Drew and Senior Driver Trainer and South Melb. Depot, "Instruction re Blind cars, W class", 1/03/1996 12:00:00 AM
Demonstrates documentation necessary when Melbourne W4 671 returned for operations in Melbourne.A4 sheet prepared for the use of W class trams fitted with blinds, ex Sth Melb. Depot, particularly for BTM No. 671, during visit of 3 & 4/96, covers controllers, safety, motor cut outs etc. 303.1 - found in tram upon return to Ballarat - 13/5/1996 303.2 - good condition copy ex Peter Winspur. Check on box contents 25/8/01 showed that 303.2 has been removed elsewhere or is missing. Item 303.1 has been changed to 303 by rubbing out the .1 Image added 16-11-2013 trams, tramways, w4 class, instructions, south melbourne depot, w class -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - ESCo Bendigo tram 9 - set of 2, Peter Duckett, c1945
Photograph of Bendigo ESCo No. 9, at the Depot, during the 1940's following "modernisation" scheme. Tram has the destination of "Depot". See page 28 of Destination Eaglehawk for the same photograph and page 30 for notes regarding the "modernisation", undertaken in 1945, but not liked by the Union and subsequently scrapped in 1947. See Reg Item 4341 and 9110 for photographs of the same tram before modernization Peter Duckett Collection. 4342.1 - Black and White print contained within the Wal Jack Bendigo and Geelong Album, see Reg Item 5003 for more details. Added 2/7/2013. See Destination Eaglehawk.Yields information about the appearance of Bendigo's ESCo bogie trams during the 1940's.Black and White photograph with notes on the rear.On the front, top left hand corner of the print "27" in ink within a circle. On rear, stamped in black ink "Photo supplied from P.W. Duckett Collection, All Rights Reserved, 69 Howitt Rd. Nth Caulfield 3161." In the bottom right hand corner, a "William F Scott" address label in the bottom left hand corner. 4342.1 - Bendigo - No. 9 as rebuilt @ bard. Mr. McNaught (Manager) at Master Controller.trams, tramways, bendigo, depot, secv, unions, esco, tram 9 -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - BASIL MILLER COLLECTION: TRAMS, c1950s
Newspaper clipping. Clipping possibly from 1958. Policemen On Eaglehawk Trams. In the Good Old Days. A man who retired yesterday after almost half a century connected with the Bendigo's trams, recalled the time when a policeman had to travel on the last tram to Eaglehawk to maintain order. He was Mr Evans, began in 1910 as a conductor, became a motorman, then traffic inspector, appointed tramways superintendent in May, 1928. When he retires he will be in his 48th year of service.. Received callers wishing him well in his retirement, was besieged with telephone calls and telegrams in his office the S.E.C. buildings, received a presentation of a framed photograph of himself at work from the tramway inspectors and a presentation from the staff and employees. Complimentary dinner at the Hotel Shamrock. Wages for conductors in 1910, 1 pound 2/6 for 60 hours, Motormen received 1 pound 10. No windscreen in trams. No sick pay.Tram drivers had to attend broken trolley wires, repairs or replacements in controllers and general equipment, to rerail trams when derailed, adjust brakes. Welsh, Cornish and Irish miners often sang on the trams. Policemen had to travel on the last tram at night to maintain order. Tram ticket obtained from conductors. 'Passengers could travel between Eaglehawk and Quarry Hill, a distance of almost 11 miles, at a charge of sixpence return,' said Mr Evans. Combination tickets included return tram fares and admission to the theatre. The prices varied according to the theatre seats.bendigo trams, ram, policeman, conductor, superintendent 1928, motorman, began 1910, telegrams, sec buildings, repairs, ticket prices, singing miners, tram prices, sick pay -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Document - Instruction, Yarra Trams, "Yarra Trams "W" class Tram Drivers Training Course", Feb. 2004
Instruction or Training or Manual - 16 A4 pages, stapled in the top left hand corner, titled "Yarra Trams "W" class Tram Drivers Training Course" dated 16/2/2004. Gives introduction, description, trolley poles or pantographs, boarding and alighting, pre-inspection, run out, controller, data logger/event recorder, braking, auto points, fault finding, braking, city circle trams.trams, tramways, instructions, w class, city circle, drivers, manual -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Book, Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB), Electric System /Instructions to Drivers in Electric Car Operation", 1948
Book - 52 pages, side stapled book within grey Rexene covers. Titled "Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board /Electric System /Instructions to Drivers in Electric Car Operation" Dated 1948. Printed by Regent Press Pty Ltd, 457 Plenty Road, Preston. Provides in a Q & A format, instructions to drivers in electric car operation, sketches of various types of controllers, braking system description, emergency braking, safety cars, manual lap valves, the air system, an addendum page 26A dated 22/10/1952 about emergency braking for four motor cars, hand braking, lighting system and general duties, and what to do if the tram breaks down. On pages 44 to 48 - a long list of don'ts, notes regarding the traffic code and reference index for defects. Pages 1 and 2 have been removed along a perforated line - would have been an acknowledgement sheet. Book has No. 4727 on top of page 3. See Reg Item 6115 for another copy.Has pencil notes on inside cover and pages for controllers on inside of rear page. Some questions have been highlighted by a red pencil.trams, tramways, mmtb, drivers, training, instructions, motormen -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Book, The Electrical Review Limited, "The Electric Tramcar Handbook", 1920
Book titled "The Electric Tramcar Handbook" written by W.A. Agnew. Book has dark red cloth covers, gold block titled on front only, with tipped in end papers, title page, contents pages, three introductory pages by author, 127 pages of text, five index pages and six folded sheets interspersed in book with wiring or controller diagrams. Book finished with red tinted edging. Book published by The Electrical Review Limited, London in 1920, 8th edition. On the inside front cover has the stamp of the Australian Electric Traction Association and office stamp of "The Melbourne Electric Supply Company Limited" which has been crossed out. Primary contents chapters include: The Electric Circuit Electric Tramways Electric Tramcars Controllers Brakes On the Road Faults and Breakdowns.See images i2 and i3 showing notes and AETA stamp and MESCo stamp.trams, tramways, tramcars, tramways, technical books, handbooks, mesco -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Document - List, Ian Stanley, "MMTB Rolling Stock Data - cars", c1970
Photocopy of a list of MMTB Rolling stock data or tram cars, titled "MMTB Rolling Stock Data - cars", dated 8-2-45 in the bottom left hand corner. Details the class, car numbers, number in service, type, capacity, trucks, motors, Tare tons, Controllers, Compressors and length over bumpers. 2nd copy added 11/1/2019.Has "8-2-45" written in ink in bottom left hand corner., 2nd copy has "workshops 6542 R-6660 8/2/45" written in blue ink in the bottom right hand corner.trams, tramways, lists, tramcars, melbourne, mmtb -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Document - Personal Papers, Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB), "Principle Dimensions of Tram Body Work" and "ASEA Truck", 1975
Set of two personal papers hand written on approx. A5 sheets, ,1 - "Principle Dimensions of Tram Body Work" - lists various dimension including ceiling clearance height, door sizes, step for Z class trams, 1041 and the W7. .2 - "ASEA Truck" - 8 sheets stapled in the top left hand corner, describing the various dimensions, systems, mass, braking, motor, gear boxes, wheels, suspension systems, motor alternators, trolley pole head, foot controllers and the ASEA Tramiac unit.trams, tramways, z class, new trams, w7 class, 1041, prototype tramcar, bogies, trucks, asea, brakes, tram 1, tram 1041 -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Document - Report, Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB), "Performance of PCC Car No. 980", 31/08/1951 12:00:00 AM
Report on PCC type tramcar No. 980, 6 pages + blue print graph of acceleration compared with SW6 886 contained within one bound document titled "Performance of PCC Car No. 980". Dated 31/8/1951. Report looks at some safety concerns of the tramcar - rollback when starting on a steep positive grade, bucking of the car, high rate of acceleration and controller settings. Documents stapled on left hand side and bound with adhesive tape. Two copies held. Copy 2 is an original, Copy 1 is a carbon copy.trams, tramways, preston workshops, reports, tramcars, pcc, braking, tram 980, tram 886 -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Document - Instruction, Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB), "Safety Precautions in Workshop", May. 1970
... procedures, controllers, pitmen, jacking of tram bodies, safety rules... and safety procedures, controllers, pitmen, jacking of tram bodies ...Instruction - 7 pages - duplicated foolscap sheets - headed "MMTB Engineering Department - Workshops and Running Shed Branch" - titled "Safety Precautions in Workshop" Details driving of tramcars in depot, procedures, in yards, tradesmen and safety procedures, controllers, pitmen, jacking of tram bodies, safety rules, safety equipment, general safety precautions, cleaning of depot. Dated May 1970.trams, tramways, depot, safety, workshops, pitmen, instructions, procedures -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Document - Instruction, Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB), "Duties of Electrical Mechanics - Runningsheds", May. 1970
Instruction - 5 pages - duplicated foolscap sheets - headed "MMTB Engineering Department - Workshops and Running Shed Branch" - titled "Duties of Electrical Mechanics - Runningsheds" Details electrical work to be done on tramcars at the 100 hours service; trolley pole, electrical equipment, controllers, switches, resistance boxes, line breakers, RC units, motors, governor, compressor, lighting, buzzers, door engines, wipers, brake cylinders and general body eg handrails. Dated May 1970.trams, tramways, depot, safety, workshops, electrical equipment, instructions, procedures -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Document - Instruction, Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB), "RC2 and EE RC1 Controller Maintenance - Electrical Mechanics Procedure", May. 1970
Instruction - 3 pages - duplicated foolscap sheets - headed "MMTB Engineering Department - Workshops and Running Shed Branch" - titled ""RC2 and EE RC1 Controller Maintenance - Electrical Mechanics Procedure" Details electrical work to be done on the rostered day in for RC1 and EE.RC1 controllers, safety, checking, when to replaced and additional work to be done on the 4th rostered day-in service. Dated May 1970.trams, tramways, depot, safety, workshops, electrical equipment, instructions, procedures, controllers -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Document - Instruction, Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB), "K35 JJ, K35 AA2 Controller Maintenance - Electrical Mechanics Procedure", May. 1970
Instruction - 3 pages - duplicated foolscap sheets - headed "MMTB Engineering Department - Workshops and Running Shed Branch" - titled "K35 JJ, K35 AA2 Controller Maintenance - Electrical Mechanics Procedure". Details electrical work to be done on the rostered day in for K35 JJ and K35 AA controllers, safety, checking, when to replaced and additional work to be done on the 4th rostered day-in service. Dated May 1970.trams, tramways, depot, safety, workshops, electrical equipment, instructions, procedures, controllers