Historical property that sits beside Watsons Creek. In 1903 a Miners Right of one acre in area was granted to Edwin Samuel Birch. In 1907 Birch applied to purchase this land but was unable to because it was part of the creek reserve. The house existed at that time. Birch died in 1932 and his daughter Honor Mary Birch was granted a permit to occupy the residence. The future of the cottage remains precarious because of its location on Crown land. In 2007 the Andrew Ross Museum began a campaign to ensure its preservation - NL18235mm colour positive transparency (1 of 28) Mount - Kodak KodachromeProcess Date MAR 89Mbirch cottage, christmas hills, smiths gully, watson's creek, yarra glen road

Historical property that sits beside Watsons Creek. In 1903 a Miners Right of one acre in area was granted to Edwin Samuel Birch. In 1907 Birch applied to purchase this land but was unable to because it was part of the creek reserve. The house existed at that time. Birch died in 1932 and his daughter Honor Mary Birch was granted a permit to occupy the residence. The future of the cottage remains precarious because of its location on Crown land. In 2007 the Andrew Ross Museum began a campaign to ensure its preservation - NL18235mm colour positive transparency (1 of 28) Mount - Kodak KodachromeProcess Date MAR 89Mbirch cottage, christmas hills, smiths gully, watson's creek, yarra glen road

Heamostop is a haemostatic agent, prescribed for the management of blood loss in menorrhagia, and after surgery. It reduces bleeding from very small blood vessels (capillaries). The chemical in this vial is in a powder form. This product is now supplied in the form of tablets and injections. The text on the vial reads "Haemostop stops bleeding. After swabbing the wound, Haemostop should be sprinkled or sprayed on as quickly as possible. Enough should be used to leave a definite dry residue on the wound. Where the blood oozes through the powder, more powder should be applied."This vial is an example of chemicals used with surgery and excessive bleeding in the early 20th century. It is also an example of pharmaceutical manufacturing and packaging.Glass vial with cork stopper and printed paper label that includes instructions. Vial contains Haemostop, a chemical powder used to stop bleeding. This vial was produced by Pharma Chemical Laboratories, NSW. Haemostop. Stops Bleeding. "PHARMA" CHEMICAL LABORATORIES, Drs. G. Bock & H. Goldhammer NSW. (Includes instructions for use.)flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, medicine, pharmacy, chemist, haemostatic agent, blood loss management, surgury medication, pharma chemical laboratories nsw, drs g book & h. goldhammer, haemostop

An Awl is used to make indentations in wood or other materials in order to ease the insertion of a nail or screw. The blade is placed across the fibers of the wood, cutting them when pressure is applied. The Awl is then twisted through 90 degrees which displaces the fibers creating a hole. This then gives a start to the nail or screw being inserted into the work piece. There is a difference between an Awl and a Bradawl, the Awl is a small hand-held tool with a sharpened point and a Bradawl is similar but is flattened at its tip to produce a sharp chisel edge.An everyday tool used in carpentry, the subject item at this time cannot be associated with an historical event, person or place, provenance is unknown, item assessed as believed to have been produced during the 20th century.Awl with wooden handle with brass ferrule & steel pointed shaftStamped on handle J McArthur (owner)flagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, awl, j mcarthur, carpenders tools, woodworking tools, nail starter

The ear punch is used to create a hole in the ears of domestic livestock such as cows and sheep so an identification tag can be applied. The variety of tags available these days are very important for identifying, monitoring, and managing individual animals and herds. Livestock ear tags were initially developed in England in 1799 under the supervision of Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, for helping to manage the Merino sheep in the flock established for King George III. They have been in widespread use all over the world ever since.Steel. Two handled. Return spring missing. Apple shaped punchcattle, ear punch, farm, tool, churchill island

Tennysons Hotel Sackville Street Port Fairy Patrick Tennyson leased the Farmers Inn in 1882 and applied to change the name to Tennysons Hotel. In 1885 he bought the freehold in the Great Land Sale for 780 pounds.12 shillings and 8 pence and then carried out extensive renovations. The double storied addition was added in 1893. The hotel continued under various licensees until it burned down in 1977 under the name "Fishermen's Arms". This photograph was taken during the licencee W J Wright; the single story was the Farmers InnBlack and white photograph of facade of Hearn’s hotel with two advertising signs for beerhotel, sackville street, tennysons hotel, farmers inn, fishermen’s arms, inn, w.j.wright, patrick tennyson

This medal commemorates performance in the Australian Cross Country Ski Championships and was awarded to Diana Patterson. Diana Patterson was born in Tasmania and originally pursued a career as a physical education teacher. After making a major career change, she applied to join the Australian Antarctic Division. She applied four times before she was accepted. Diana first travelled to the Antarctic in October 1987. By this time only ten Australian women had spent a winter there. She first worked at Casey Station, before becoming leader at Mawson Station therein becoming the first female leader of an Antarctic base of any nation. After retiring Diana guided tourist expeditions to the Antarctic for many years, as well as continuing work in research and conservation. In 2012 she published her story “The Ice Beneath My Feet: My Year In Antarctica”. Diana Patterson was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for "service to conservation and the environment”. As well as these outstanding career achievements, Diana has been a Board Member of both the Mt. Buller Alpine Resort Management Board, including a period as Chairman, and also the Falls Creek Resort Management Board. She was also a founding member of Falls Creek Historical Society.This medal recognises the performance of a highly recognised member of the Falls Creek community.Hexagon shaped medal with a skier and Nordic figure on the front and snowflake design on the reverse side.Below image: AUSTRALIAN SKI FEDERATIONx country skiing cbampionships, australian ski federation

This medal commemorates the Nordic Ski Club and belonged to Diana Patterson. Diana Patterson was born in Tasmania and originally pursued a career as a physical education teacher. After making a major career change, she applied to join the Australian Antarctic Division. She applied four times before she was accepted. Diana first travelled to the Antarctic in October 1987. By this time only ten Australian women had spent a winter there. She first worked at Casey Station, before becoming leader at Mawson Station therein becoming the first female leader of an Antarctic base of any nation. After retiring Diana guided tourist expeditions to the Antarctic for many years, as well as continuing work in research and conservation. In 2012 she published her story “The Ice Beneath My Feet: My Year In Antarctica”. Diana Patterson was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for "service to conservation and the environment”. As well as these outstanding career achievements, Diana has been a Board Member of both the Mt. Buller Alpine Resort Management Board, including a period as Chairman, and also the Falls Creek Resort Management Board. She was also a founding member of Falls Creek Historical Society.This medal belonged to a highly recognised Australian and founding member of the Falls Creek Historical Society.A triangle shaped medal with a red, white and blue lanyard attached. It bears an embossed figure of a Nordic Skier and text.On front, around edges: 1972 TELEMARK NORDIC SKI CLUB AUSTRALIA On back: Rocky Valley Rush W40 1991nordic ski club, australian skiing, diana patterson, falls creek, telemark skiing

This Kuraburn Bottle is part of a Sanax First Aid Case which was used at the the former Carnegie Senior Citizens' Centre. The centre was located at 314 Neerim Road, Carnegie. When the Neerim Road facility closed, its activities were moved to the Carnegie Library and Community Centre. For Occupational Health and Safety reasons, Council no longer maintains first aid kits at senior citizens' centres. Clear glass bottle with two paper labels on narrow side. One red, green, white and black label with Sanax branding, one red and white label at base of bottle with address and contact details. Black plastic screw-top lid with a section missing. Bottle has been decanted however some residue remains. Small cork stopper contained within bottle."Sanax" KURABURN / FOR THE TREATMENT / OF BURNS / SCALDS AND / SUNBURN / THE SANAX CO. / 849-51 NEPEAN HIGHWAY / MOORABIN / TEL XU 2651 / Left side of label: Directions: Dab on lightly, and repeat in two hours if necessary. Applied early, it prevents blistering. Right side of label: Allow to dry on the skin before putting on wearing apparel, to avoid staining the clothes. 223-5 BAY ROAD, / SANDRINGHAM, S.8 / VICTORIA / Phone: 98-1604

In 1860, Charles Herold of Ballarat, a gold miner applied to be naturalized. He was born in Kitzinger Bavaria and at the age of thirty-five arrived by the ship "Mary Ross" in Tasmania in 1854 from Hamburg. He then came to the Colony of Victoria by the SS "Queen" in 1857. He wished to purchase land and settle in the Colony for life. This was granted but he first needed to swear an Oath before one of the Judges of the Supreme Court. The Certificate was signed by Henry Barkly. Charles Herold took the Oath before Robert Molesworth, Judge of the Supreme Court on 18 July 1860.Thick cream paper, hand written in ink. Official seal - red and gold - between two pieces of light blue paper and dark blue ribbonSeal Signature of I Moore Date 13 June 1860 Signature of Governor of Victoria, Sir Henry Barklyballarat, naturalize, colony of victoria, judge of the supreme court, charles herold, kitzinger, bavaria, gold miner, henry barkly, robert molesworth

This bottle holds one imperial pint. The manufacturer John Sutherland & Sons began production in Melbourne in 1885 and ended production in the 1970s. This bottle was made with a 3 piece mould. 2 pieces for the bottle proper and a third for the base. The side mould seams extend right through the lip, so this was not applied separately. The type of A G M mark on the bottom indicates it was made during the 1929 to 1933 period. It displays some stretching in the glass on the neck as it was taken from the moulds whilst still somewhat plastic, not having cooled enough. Overall the bottle in excellent condition.Clear glass bottle, embossed inscription, AGM mark on base.Embossed inscription: "John Sutherland & Sons Pty Ltd Melbourne Pickles"glass bottles, john sutherland & sons, pickle bottles

The Point Hicks cancel was used 8,269 times on the commemorative covers dated 20th April 1970. The first day cover commemorates the bicentenary of Cook's sighting of Point Hicks.When sailing along the coast of what is today southern Victoria, Cook recorded in his journal in April 1770 that he had named "‘The Southernmost Point of land we had in sight’ as Point Hicks, ‘because Leiut Hicks, was the first who discover’d this land’." This was the first European name recorded during that Endeavour voyage to be applied to a feature on the east coast of Australia. There is no longer a post office at Point Hicks and was possibly a temporary one used only for this issue.A first day issue envelope with stamps. Produced to commemorate the sighting of Point Hicks by Captain James Cook 0n 20 April 1770. It is a large cover with a strip of 5x 5c & a single 30c stamps. first-day-cover cook-james stamps philately point-hicks

Designed to create an impression on paper, the stylus allows users to create Braille through the applied use of pressure that creates a depression on one size of the paper and a raised dot on the alternative side. Used in combination with a slate to guide placement, this was the primary source of Braille books in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century before Braille typewriters were commonly used. In this example the handle is made of Vulcanite (according to the RNIB Illustrated Catalogue of Apparatus and Games, 1968), and the metal tip can be shielded by rotating the rounded section near the tip, which loosens and drops down.1 stylus with metal tipbraille equipment, royal victorian institute for the blind

This book is the 1835 second edition of John Harrison Curtis' 1833 'A Treatise on the Physiology and Diseases of the Eye, containing a new mode of curing cataract without an operation, experiments and observations on vision, also on the inflection, reflection and colours of light together with remarks on the preservation of sight, and on spectacles, reading glasses etc'. The title page describes J H Curtis (1778-1860) as an oculist and also as an expert on the ear. His knowledge of eye pathology and surgery was poor but this was typical of the medical profession until the middle of the 19th century. He was 'aurist in ordinary' to His Majesty and other members of the royal family and his hospital and teaching appointments had more to do with the ear rather than the eye. The last pages of the book list his other publications most of which concern the ear and the deaf. He was the first person, in 1803, to apply speaking tubes to assist the deaf. He established the Royal Ear Hospital in Soho, UK in 1816.This book is of historic significance as it shows contemporary understanding of ocular pathology in the early nineteenth century. It is quite rare as no other copies of the second edition are known in Australia.'A Treatise on the Physiology and the Diseases of the Eye' by J H Curtis is book of 1835 bound in its original boards, in very good condition, 230 x 140 mm, 242 pages, second edition. There is a coloured plate facing the title page with three figures featuring an ingenious lift up section of a woman's face to show the blood vessels and nerves underneath. There is a philosophical introduction, a chapter on ocular anatomy, two chapters on diseases and their treatment, one on the nature of light and one on the preservation of vision. Cataract is treated by withdrawal of blood from behind the ear and the application of an ointment to an induced blister on the neck, with potash applied to the cornea daily.optics, ocular anatomy, ocular disease, physiology, cataract

Falls Creek is a ski resort in the north east of Victoria on the Bogong High Plains. Members of business's (accommodation & restaurants) formed the Falls Creek Chamber of Commerce to promote tourism 'under' the Falls Creek Tourist Area Management Committee. The Falls Creek Tourist Area Management Committee under the direction of the State Electric Commission of Victoria came into effect in 1959 and from then on building sites were leased and building and sewerage controls were applied. In 1979 the Victorian State Government had established the Ski Industry of Victoria working party with a brief report on its operation. These papers give an insight into the business of the Falls Creek Chamber of Commerce in 1984 eg. car parking, noise, closure of the resort due to heavy snow falls, the media and general development of the resort. Local business people are named as attending the meeting indicating many non English surnames. 4 yellowed papers typed on both sides of the first 3 pages. irst paper has 6 items listed re Falls Creek Chamber of Commerce / Sub Committee on General Booking Conditions.Dated 15th August 1984 Next 3 papers dated 13th August 1984 Falls Creek Chamber of Commerce / Minutes of General Meetingfalls creek, ski resort, bogong high plains, falls creek chamber of commerce, snow, ski lodges,

The Melbourne Olympic games were mainly conducted at the Melbourne Cricket Ground and were one of the most successful in terms of medals for Australia. Among the medal winners were Shirley Strickland, Betty Cuthbert in Athletics and Dawn Fraser and Murray rose in swimming. The games commenced in November 1956. The games were noted for the 19 Hungarian athletes who applied for asylum with their home country undergoing upheaval at the time. The Melbourne games also enjoyed the advent of television with the technology having recently been introduced to the country. These badges note ten of the many athletes who competed for Australia in 1956. These items are of social significance and interest. Among the names listed, Dawn Fraser and Shirley Strickland were two of Australia’s best known athletes.001042.1 Dawn Fraser Swimming 001042.2 Dawn Fraser Swimming 001042.3Gary Chapman Swimming 001042.4Gary Chapman Swimming 001042.5Gary Chapman Swimming 001042.6Jim Bailey Athletics 001042.7 Winsome Cripps Athletics 001042.8 Lionel Cox cycling 001042.9 Hector Hogan Athletics 001042.10 Kevin O’Halloran Swimming 001042.11 Shirley Strickland Athletics 001042.12 Merv Wood Sculling 001042.13 Jon Henricks Swimming Items 001042.1-001042.13 are white background with green wreath , black text on yellow background and have B & W photo of Olympian in centre. 001042.14 Melbourne Olympics Souvenir dark blue text, pale green with wattle 001042.15 Melbourne Olympic Games 1956 with red text Straight pin at the back. Patrick Pty Ltd on edge.1956 olympics, melbourne olympics, souvenir badges, dawn fraser, gary chapman, jim bailey, winsome cripps, lionel cox, kevin o'halloran, hector hogan, shirley strickland, jon hendricks, merv woods, melbourne olympic games

Grave of Victor Bonsak (died 11/04/1891) and Mary Bonsak (b1878 died 24/03/1938) in Plot# N3 Greensborough Cemetery. Johann George Bonzak arrived at Port Phillip on December 19th 1849, from Germany. Mary Bonzak, of German birth, applied for a Certificate of Naturalization in Eltham on 13th April 1905. She had 10 children (4 boys and 6 daughters) . Her sister (maybe) Sarah Jane Bonsak (1881-1978) married George Arthur Iredale in 1908. A Bonzak Family lived near the Partington Family of Willis Vale.Greensborough Cemetery was created when land was given for the cemetery by Mr William Poulter, a local settler, about 1864. The cemetery holds the graves of many early settlers in the district. Digital copy of colour photograph of Greensborough Cemeteryvictor bonsak, mary bonsak

Drivers were highly skilled enginemen. Taking a train from Beech Forest to down to Gellibrand required the train to be controlled at 10 mph (16 km) without running out of air. When a brake application was made the brakes on the locomotive were applied harder than the train brakes. The brakes locked up and the engine would just slide along. Drivers used a retention valve on the loco, then released the loco brakes so as not to wear out the brake shoes. So the train pulled into Gellibrand ready to pull out again after refilling the loco with water.At Gellibrand, a Down goods train is about to depart the station on 14 December 1955. The train consists of the locomotive G42, a louvre van NO, two NQ wagons and a guard's or brake van NC. B/W.gellibrand; colac; beech forest; railway;

Roselia Isabell Welch was an actress born 16 November 1838, probably in England. Father John Murrell Welch, mother Angela Towsey. Dress has been worn by her descendants.|This decorative day dress was worn by Roselia Welch to the 1872 Melbourne Cup. Roselia made her Cup Day dress by hand - she may have used a published dress pattern but her skill as a needlewoman is evident as the entire surface is decorated with narrow hand beaded black braid applied in a fern-like motif over the blue cotton fabric of the dress creating a lace-like effect.Dress worn by Roselia Isabel Welch to the 1872 Melbourne Cup. White lining inside dress, blue lining inside train. V neck, front hook and eye opening. Handmade hook holes down centre front. Set in sleeves with black piped armhole seams. Fitted bodice with black piped seams Flat front skirt, full bustle area at back with centre back opening. Floor length train. Blue printed label on lining of centre back panel, right side. Upper case letters 'SUP' visible. Brown tape at waist with hook. Two pairs of tapes either side of back opening for bustle. Black lace around neck, sleeve, train and back opening edges. Black cotton loop in centre of train. Inset pockets right side at hip level and very small one left side at waist level. Entire surface of dress decorated with black braid hand stitched in a fern-like pattern.

An address delivered by P.W. Powell (the first Secretary of the Club) in October 1923 to the newly formed Legacy Club. In it he notes that "The most important thing in the development of this Club is to formulate a sound constructive policy that will draw in the best type of member and make the Club a live force in the advancement of this country." The comradeship and cooperation developed by the troops during wartime should be applied in civilian life to the development of Australia. He finishes by calling for the Club to be named the Legacy Club "in token of the heritage that has been bequeathed to us by those who so nobly commended the work that is left to us to carry on."An insight into corporate and political thinking of the 1920s as the country transitioned from wartime to peacetime, and an insight into the thinking of one of the founder members of Melbourne Legacy.4 sheets of white copy paper, black typing.'H45' (see Item 00937)in blue ink on first pagehistory, founding legatee

Bronze-gold circular metal "film canister" with the word "convergence" applied to lid using "Colour Ease" system available at university at the time. This was essentially a way for Ballarat design students to produce their own transferable graphics and was often applied to packaging. The metal canister is filled with coffee beans (a theme continued on the accompanying CD Rom). Some invitees received gold-bronze canisters, some received silver. A silver plastic sleeve, printed one colour white, holds a Macintosh and Windows compatible (at the time) CD Rom, itself printed two colours (white and black). Also in the plastic sleeve is a ten page roll-fold brochure, printed in two colours (black and a metallic silver-blue). Refer item 29164.2 for screen captures from CD Rom. In addition, the canister contains a coaster, printed in single colour brown, with the appearance of a coffee cup stain, and the word "convergence". This provides the actual exhibition details, including sponsors. Also included is an exhibition poster, single colour (black) offset print on newsprint. Opening held Thursday 12 November 1998, 6.00pm at Chapel Off Chapel, 12 Little Chapel Street, Prahran (Melbourne). Exhibition was then open daily until 23 November 1998. The exhibition was opened by Jonathan Barnbrook, UK type designer, who was also external assessor for the graduating students that year.Limited run, complete pack sent as invitation to graphic design community to attend the opening of the third year Graphic Design graduate exhibition, 1998. Bronze-gold metal film canister containing invitation coaster, event poster, CD Rom catalogue of student work, brochure and coffee beans.university of ballarat, federation university, graphic design, helmut stenzel

These badges and emblems were issued by the Winter Olympic committees for the Games in Lillehammer, Norway in 1994 and Salt Lake City, USA in 2002 to commemorate the holding of the games in their respective cities. The badges were owned and donated by Diana Patterson who was a talented cross country skier. She was born in Tasmania and originally pursued a career as a physical education teacher. After making a major career change, she applied to join the Australian Antarctic Division. She applied four times before she was accepted. Diana first travelled to the Antarctic in October 1987. By this time only ten Australian women had spent a winter there. She first worked at Casey Station, before becoming leader at Mawson Station therein becoming the first female leader of an Antarctic base of any nation. After retiring Diana guided tourist expeditions to the Antarctic for many years, as well as continuing work in research and conservation. In 2012 she published her story “The Ice Beneath My Feet: My Year In Antarctica”. Diana Patterson was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for "service to conservation and the environment”. As well as these outstanding career achievements, Diana has been a Board Member of both the Mt. Buller Alpine Resort Management Board, including a period as Chairman, and also the Falls Creek Resort Management Board. She was also a founding member of Falls Creek Historical Society.These badges belonged to a highly recognised Australian and founding member of the Falls Creek Historical Society.Two badges issued to represent the Olympic cities of Lillehammer in 1994 and Park City, Salt Lake 2002, The badge for 1994 is rectangular and has a stylised figure of a skier in the centre. It has a chain attached at the top, so may have been part of a keychain. The 2002 badge for Park City is round and bears the emblem adopted for the Olympic Games held in Salt Lake as well as the Olympic rings.Badge 1: Lillehammer 1994 Badge 2: Olympic Venue City, Park City, Olympic Winter Games, Salt Lake 2002diana patterson, falls creek, lillehammer winter games, salt lake city winter games

The post World War II migration of European "snow skiiers" into Australia combined with the construction of Hydo Electricity Schemes in both the N.S.W.and Victorian Alps regions, opened up these winter snow areas to a greater influx of tourists and holiday adventurers interested in "winter" sports. The ability to project, on a global scale, skiing facilities of international standards to those in the northern hemisphere during their summer has opened up the Australia ski resorts and their facilities to a much greater winter sport orientated population. These cross country skis were purchased by a member of the Bogong Ski Club and were part of a bulk ski stock consignment from Finland in 1966/67. They were introduced into the Victorian Alps to encourage skiers to take up cross country skiing both at Falls Creek and Mount Buller. This initiative spurred on the now annual 42 kilometre cross country "Kangaroo Hoppet" race at Falls Creek. This race is currently the biggest cross country snow skiing race in Australia. These snow skis were made in Finland. They are wooden (hickory) skis and made from four strips (glued and shaped) pieces of wood that are not laminated. There is a painted blue flash on the top of the skis that extends the full length of the skis. The face of the underside of the skis is flat and is coated in black Stockholm tar. Glider or grip wax was applied onto this base. The top body of the skis is tapered from shoe position to both front and back tips.Tapered curvatures from foot radiating to all sides provides the required aerodynamics. Metal boot bindings consisting of a toe plate with adjustable toe clip and a heel plate, both of which are screwed onto the skis. "KILPA, KARHU URHEILUTARPEITA SPORTART1KLAR, Karhu-Valtz Finland. Hickorypohjin"snow skiing, cross country skiing, falls creek winter tourism

This design of the bottle is sometimes called a ‘cottage’ or ‘boat’ shape. The Caldwell’s handmade glass ink bottle was mouth-blown into a three-piece mould, a method often used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the maker's name engraved into the mould section for the base. The glass blower would cut the bottle off the end of his blowpipe with a tool and join a mouth onto the top, rolling the lip. The bottle was then filled with ink and sealed with a cork. This method of manufacture was more time-consuming and costly to produce than those made in a simple two-piece mould and 'cracked' off the blowpipe. The capacity for a bottle such as this was about 3 ½ oz (ounces) equal to about 100 ml. This particular bottle is unusual as it has four sloping indents at the corners of the shoulder, most likely for resting a pen with its nib upwards and the handle resting on a flat surface. Most of the bottles made during this era had horizontal pen rests that were indented into both of the long sides of the shoulder. Pen and ink have been in use for handwriting since about the seventh century. A quill pen made from a bird’s feather was used up until around the mid-19th century. In the 1850s a steel point nib for the dip pen was invented and could be manufactured on machines in large quantities. This only held a small amount of ink so users had to frequently dip the nib into an ink well for more ink. Handwriting left wet ink on the paper, so the blotting paper was carefully used to absorb the excess ink and prevent smudging. Ink could be purchased as a ready-to-use liquid or in powdered form, which needed to be mixed with water. In the 1880s a successful, portable fountain pen gave smooth-flowing ink and was easy to use. In the mid-20th century, the modern ballpoint pen was readily available and inexpensive, so the fountain pen lost its popularity. However, artisans continue to use nib pens to create beautiful calligraphy. Caldwell’s Ink Co. – F.R. Caldwell established Caldwell’s Ink Company in Australia around 1902. In Victoria, he operated from a factory at Victoria Avenue, Albert Park, until about 1911, then from Yarra Bank Road in South Melbourne. Newspaper offices were appointed as agencies to sell his inks, for example, in 1904 the New Zealand Evening Star sold Caldwell’s Flo-Eesi blue black ink in various bottle sizes, and Murchison Advocate (Victoria) stocked Caldwell’s ink in crimson, green, blue black, violet, and blue. Caldwell’s ink was stated to be “non-corrosive and unaffected by steel pens”. A motto used in advertising in 1904-1908 reads ‘Makes Writing a Pleasure’. Stationers stocked Caldwell’s products and hawkers sold Caldwell’s ink stands from door to door in Sydney in the 1910s and 1920s. In 1911 Caldwell promised cash for returned ink bottles and warned of prosecution for anyone found refilling his bottles. Caldwell’s Ink Stands were given as gifts. The company encouraged all forms of writing with their Australian-made Flo-Eesi writing inks and bottles at their impressive booth in the ‘All Australian Exhibition’ in 1913. It advertised its other products, which included Caldwell’s Gum, Caldwell’s Stencil Ink (copy ink) and Caldwell’s Quicksticker as well as Caldwell’s ‘Zac’ Cough Mixture. Caldwell stated in a 1920 article that his inks were made from a formula that was over a century old, and were scientifically tested and quality controlled. The formula included gallic and tannic acids and high-quality dyes to ensure that they did not fade. They were “free from all injurious chemicals”. The permanent quality of the ink was important for legal reasons, particularly to banks, accountants, commerce, municipal councils and lawyers. The Caldwell’s Ink Company also exported crates of its ink bottles and ink stands overseas. Newspaper advertisements can be found for Caldwell’s Ink Company up until 1934 when the company said they were the Best in the business for 40 years.This hand-blown bottle is significant for being the only bottle in our collection with the unusual sloping pen rests on its shoulder. It is also significant for being made in a less common three-piece mould. The method of manufacture is representative of a 19th-century handcraft industry that is now been largely replaced by mass production. The bottle is of state significance for being produced by an early Melbourne industry and exported overseas. This ink bottle is historically significant as it represents methods of handwritten communication that were still common up until the mid-20th century when fountain pens and modern ballpoint pens became popular and convenient and typewriters were becoming part of standard office equipment.Ink bottle; rectangular base, hand-blown clear glass bottle with its own cork. The bottle has side seams from the base to the mouth, an indented base and an applied lip. The corners of the shoulder sides have unusual diagonal grooves that slope down and outwards that may have been used as pen rests. Inside the bottle are remnants of dried blue-black ink. The glass has imperfections and some ripples on the surface. The bottle has an attached oval black label label with gold-brown printed text and border. The base has an embossed inscription. The bottles once contained Caldwell’s blend of blue black ink.Printed on label; “CALDWELL's BLUE BLACK INK” Embossed on the base "CALDWELLS"flagstaff hill, warrnambool, maritime village, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, great ocean road, ink, nib pen, writing ink, writing, copying, banks, lawyers, commerce, student, permanent ink, blue black ink, stationery, record keeping, handwriting, writing equipment, writing accessory, office supply, cottage bottle, boat bottle, mouth-blown bottle, cork seal, f r caldwell, caldwell’s ink company, albert park, south melbourne, inkstands, stencil ink, copy ink, quicksticker, zac cough mixture, three part mould, cauldwells, cauldwell's

From its beginnings in 1958, the Society has mounted exhibitions and/or displays, in early days in shop window and in community spaces located in the Kew City Hall (later Kew Library), and since 2010 at the Kew Court House. Exhibitions typically coincided with the annual Kew Community Festival in March, but after 2013 evolved into three new exhibitions yearly at the Kew Court House. Smaller displays continue to be mounted in the Kew Library.Very faded photographic colour positive of a christening gown and four Victorian-era dresses displayed at the 1976 Festival of Kew exhibition mounted by the Kew Historical Society. This picture is one of the earliest showing items from the Coombs Collection on display. The collection had been donated to the Society in 1961. Dresses displayed: L-R blue silk 2-piece fitted day day dress with long train; cream satin parasol; gold taffeta wedding dress with long train; blue silk 2-piece day dress with applied later lace at neck and waist; duck egg blue quilted afternoon dress with buttons at front. Inscribed verso: Kew Historical exhibition 1976festival of kew 1976, kew historical society -- exhibitions, coombs collection