Navigators use parallel rule with maps and charts for plotting a specific course on a chart. One long edge is used with the compass rose on the chart, aligning the centre of the rose with the desired direction around the edge of the rose. The compass bars are then ‘walked’ in and out across the map to the desired location so that lines can be plotted to represent the direction to be travelled. Kelvin Company History: The origins of the company lie in the highly successful and strictly informal relationship between William Thomson (1824-1907), Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow University from 1846-1899 and James White, a Glasgow optical maker. James White (1824-1884) founded the firm of James White, an optical instrument maker in Glasgow in 1850 and was involved in supplying and mending apparatus for Thomson university laboratory and working with him on experimental constructions. White was declared bankrupt in August 1861 and released several months later. In 1870, White was largely responsible for equipping William Thomson laboratory in the new University premises at Gilmore hill. From 1876, he was producing accurate compasses for metal ships to Thomson design during this period and this became an important part of his business in the last years of his life. He was also involved in the production of sophisticated sounding machinery that Thomson had designed to address problems encountered laying cables at sea, helping to make possible the first transatlantic cable connection. At the same time, he continued to make a whole range of more conventional instruments such as telescopes, microscopes and surveying equipment. White's association with Thomson continued until he died. After his death, his business continued under the same name, being administered by Matthew Edwards until 1891 when he left to set up his own company. Thomson who became Sir William Thomson and then Baron Kelvin of Largs in 1892, continued to maintain his interest in the business after James White's death in 1884, raising most of the capital needed to construct and equip new workshops in Cambridge Street, Glasgow. At these premises, the company continued to make the compass Thomson had designed during the 1870s and to supply it in some quantity, especially to the Admiralty. At the same time, the firm became increasingly involved in the design, production and sale of electrical apparatus. In 1899, Lord Kelvin resigned from his University chair and became, in 1900, a director in the newly formed limited liability company Kelvin & James White Ltd which had acquired the business of James White. At the same time Kelvin's nephew, James Thomson Bottomley (1845-1926), joined the firm. In 1904, a London branch office was opened which by 1915 had become known as Kelvin, White & Hutton Ltd. Kelvin & James White Ltd underwent a further change of name in 1913, becoming Kelvin Bottomley & Baird Ltd. Hughes Company History: Henry Hughes & Sons were founded in 1838 in London as a maker of chronographic and scientific instruments. The firm was incorporated as “Henry Hughes & Sons Ltd” in 1903. In 1923, the company produced its first recording echo sounder and in 1935 a controlling interest in the company was acquired by S Smith & Son Ltd resulting in the development and production of marine and aircraft instruments. Following the London office's destruction in the Blitz of 1941, a collaboration was entered into with Kelvin, Bottomley & Baird Ltd resulting in the establishing “Marine Instruments Ltd”. Following the formal amalgamation of Kelvin, Bottomley & Baird Ltd and Henry Hughes & Sons Ltd in 1947 to form Kelvin & Hughes Ltd. Marine Instruments Ltd then acted as regional agents in the UK for Kelvin & Hughes Ltd who were essentially now a part of Smith's Industries Ltd founded in 1944 and the successors of S Smith & Son Ltd. Kelvin & Hughes Ltd went on to develop various marine radar and echo sounders supplying the Ministry of Transport, and later the Ministry of Defence. The firm was liquidated in 1966 but the name was continued as Kelvin Hughes, a division of the Smiths Group. In 2002, Kelvin Hughes continues to produce and develop marine instruments for commercial and military. This model parallel map ruler is a good example of the commercial diversity of navigational instruments made by Kelvin & Hughes after World War II. It was made in numbers for use by shipping after the second world war and is not particularly rare or significant for it's type. Also it was made no earlier than 1947 as the firms of Kelvin, Bottomley & Baird Ltd and Henry Hughes & Sons Ltd who took over from Smith & Sons were not amalgamated until 1947. It can therefor be assumed that this ruler was made during the company's transitional period to Kelvin & Hughes from Smith Industries Ltd.Brass parallel rule in wooden box with blue felt lining.Rule inscribed on front "Kelvin & Hughes Ltd" " Made in Great Britain"flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, parallel rule, kelvin & hughes ltd, map ruler, plot direction, navigation, maps, echo sounder, kelvin & james white, lord kelvin, baron kelvin of largs, scientific instrument

An hourglass or sandglass is an instrument for measuring a defined time and can be used perpetually by simply turning it over immediately the top bulb empties. The clear blown glass is shaped into two equal sized bulbs with a narrow passage in the centre and contains uniform sized sand or glass particles in the lower bulb. The width of the neck regulates the constant flow of the particles. The glass is held in a stand with top and bottom of equal shape and size. Hourglasses can measure an infinite variety of time by gauging the size of the particles, the shape and size of the bulbs and the size of the passage between the bulbs, thus measuring hours or minutes or even seconds. Generally an hourglass sits between discs of wood at the ends, which are joined by long wooden spindles between the ends and tightened by screw caps. The length of time can be adjusted by adding or removing sand particles. The use of the marine sandglass (or hourglass) has been recorded in the 14th century in European shipping. A one minute sandglass was used in conjunction with the ship’s log for ‘dead reckoning’, (see below) that is, for measuring the ship’s speed through the water. They were also used to regulate ringing the ship’s timetable; for example a 4 hour sandglass was used for the length of the sailors’ watch, and a half hour timer for taking of readings for the ship’s log; the ship’s bell would be rung every half hour. It was usually the role of the cabin boy to watch and turn the sandglasses over at the exact time of them emptying their upper chambers and to ring the ship’s bell. Hourglasses have been used historically for many hundreds of years. Some have been used for timing church sermons, in cooking, in industry and at sea. Even today they are used for measuring the cooking time of eggs and timing a player’s turn in games such as Boggle and Pictionary. The sandglasses at sea were gradually replaced in the late 1700’s to early 1800’s by the more accurate chronometers (marine clocks) when they became reliable instruments. DEAD RECKONING (or Deduced Reckoning) Dead reckoning is the term used to describe the method of calculating the ship’s position from its speed and direction, used in early maritime travel, mostly in European waters. Both the (1) speed and the (2) direction of travel were recorded on a Traverse Board at half-hourly intervals during a helmsman’s watch of 4 hours. The navigator would record the readings in his ship’s log, plot them on his navigational chart and give his updated course directions to the next helmsman on watch, along with the cleared Traverse Board. This was a very approximate, but none-the-less helpful, method of navigation. The wooden Traverse Board was a simple pegboard with a diagram of a compass with eight peg holes along the radius to each of the compass points, plus a grid with ascending half hours in the left column and increasing ship’s speed in knots in a row across the column headings, with a peg hole in each of the intersecting cells. A number of wooden pegs were attached to strings on the board. By placing one peg consecutively in the direction’s radius hole, starting from the centre, and the speed holes when the half hourly reading was taken, a picture of speed and direction for the whole 4 hour watch was created. (1) To measure the ship’s speed a one minute hourglass timer was usually used to measure the ship’s speed through the water and help to calculate its longitude. A rope, with knots at regular standard intervals and a weight such as a log at the end, would be thrown overboard at the stern of the ship. At the same time the hourglass would be turned over and a seaman would start counting the number of knots on the rope that passed freely through his hands as the ship travelled. When the timer ran out the counting would be stopped. A timer of one minute (one-sixtieth of an hour), knots spaced one-sixtieth of a nautical mile apart, and simple arithmetic easily gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour ("knots"). This would be recorded every half hour. The speed could however be inaccurate to the travel being affected by ocean currents and wind. (2) To calculate the ship’s direction a compass sighting would be recorded each half hour.Marine hourglasses or sandglasses were used from around the 14th to 19th century during the time of sailing ships. This hourglass is representative of that era, which is during the time of the colonisation of Australia. Hourglass or sandglass; an instrument used to measure time. Two equal sized clear glass bulbs joined with a narrow passage between them, containing equal sized particles of sand grains in lower bulb. Glass sits in a brass collar at each end, in a frame comprising 3 decorative brass columns or posts, each attached top and bottom, using round screw-on feet, to round brass discs. Disc have Roman numerals for the numbers 1 - 12 pressed into their inner surfaces and hieroglyphics on the outer surfaces. Roman numerals on inner surface of discs " I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII " Hieroglyphics impressed on outer surface of discsflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, horology, hourglass, hour glass, sandglass, sand glass, timing instrument, dead reckoning, deduced reckoning, finding latitude at sea, sandglass with hieroglyphics and roman numerals, hourglass with hieroglyphics and roman numerals, brass hourglass

This case was donated along with the contents of over 60 navigational charts for locations all over the world. The narrow box is built to keep the charts in order and easily accessible on board a vessel. The chart case is a rare example of a container used on board a vessel for the storage and protection of navigational charts. It represents the type of equipment used by the navigator of a seafaring vessel. The charts within the case represent the places to which the vessel travelled.Chart case (or map case), wooden, has hinged opening at top. Front of case folds down and has a hook closure. It contained 65 British Admiralty navigational charts, which are listed and stored separately. (See separate items 2928.2 to 2928.66)There is a hand written name on the back of the case.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, map case, chart case, map box, chart box, british admiralty charts, navigational charts, hydrographer charts, navigation, ship equipment

This clothing was worn by Merv while flying as navigator in B24 bombers from northern Australia in 1945Cotton khaki colour overall style flying suit with four large buttons and map pouch. Black leather flying boots with lamb skin lining and leather strap and buckle at top. Leather flying helmet and goggles.

Black and tan cover with off colour pages, black print and photos and front side and elevation view. 98 pagesaircraft recognition, book,

The booklet is Pilots and Flight Engineers. Part of the collection re Reginald Charles Allardice No 418557 RAAF. Refer Cat No 3627.5 for his service details.Booklet, cardboard cover, 42 pages, “Air publication No 1566E PPN”, rear page has a fold out section on the fuel system of the Sunderland Flying Boat, item held together by a large staple on the top RH corner.sunderlands, pilots and flight navigators, raaf

Pocket booknon-fictionMore than four hundred years after his death, Sir Francis Drake remains one of the legendary figures of history. His career is one of the most colourful on record. The most daring of the corsairs who raided the West Indies and Spanish Main, he led the English into the Pacific, and circumnavigated the world to bring home the Golden Hind laden with Spanish treasure. His attacks on Spanish cities and ships transformed his private war into a struggle for survival between Protestant England and Catholic Spain, in which he became Elizabeth I's most prominent admiral. His exploits marked the emergence of England as a major maritime nation.sea exploration, navigators, francis drake, explorators

The caravel type ship with the cross represents the Santa Maria of Christopher Columbus. It is one of the symbols of the great sea explorers. A similar vase on sale on Ebay (April 2023) suggesting it was mass produced.One of the many decorative furnishings which date from the intense service periods of the Mission from the 1930s through to the 1960s. White painted ceramic vase on shallow circular foot with relief design of a stylised sailing ship (caravel) on one side. Original colour appears to have been green.The foremost sail of the ship bears a cross; small chip on rim.vase, ship, caravel, santa maria, sea exploration, great navigators

The first voyage of Lieutenant James Cook was a combined Royal Navy and Royal Society expedition to the south Pacific Ocean aboard HMS Endeavour, from 1768 to 1771. The aims of this first expedition were to observe the transit of Venus across the Sun (3–4 of June 1769). Departing from Plymouth in August 1768, the expedition crossed the Atlantic, rounded Cape Horn and reached Tahiti in time to observe the transit of Venus. In September 1769 the expedition reached New Zealand. In April 1770 they became the first known Europeans to reach the east coast of Australia, making landfall near present-day Point Hicks, and then proceeding north to Botany Bay. The expedition continued northward along the Australian coastline. In October 1770 they reached the port of Batavia in the Dutch East Indies. They resumed their journey on 26 December, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 13 March 1771, and reached the English port of Deal on 12 July. The voyage lasted almost three years. Voyage 1 (1768–1771): ship Endeavour Route: London – Madiera – Rio de Janeiro – Cape Horn – Tuamotu Island – Tahiti – Society Islands – New Zealand – New Holland (Australia) – East Timor – Java – Batavia – Cape of Good Hope – St Helena – Ascension – LondonCook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755.Colour reproduction of portrait of Captain Cook by Nathaniel Dance (1735-1811)Captain James Cook - The First Voyage 1768-1771captain james cook, nathaniel dance (1735-1811), endeavour, navigators, sea voyage

non-fictionkeith oliver, donation, navigators, dampier

Photograph of Charles Treleaven ob the cover, 372 pagesnon-fictionThere's no doubt that Charles has had an interesting life. Born in England during the Depression, he experienced the Blitz on London, the Flying Bombs, and then the V2 rockets. From the age of sixteen Charles spent the next 24 years travelling the world aboard British, New Zealand, Fijian, and Australian ships, then settled ashore in Melbourne to start his own packaging business. He was later asked to work with the U.N. in Jordan, based in Amman for some time. On his return to Melbourne, he was appointed CEO for the continued restoration of the award winning sailing ship Polly Woodside, now the pride of our City. Whilst there, Charles initiated the construction of the ship "Enterprize" replica. Finally, he used his knowledge as a navigator to excite over 800,000 Victorian school children with the basics of Science and Astronomy. Charles decided to retire after teaching for 23 years, at the tender age of 82. It is quite a Lifetime. It is quite a story !charles treleaven, polly woodside, seamen, ww2, entreprize, melbourne, britain, merchant navy, cosmodome, maritime heritage association of victoria, mhav, starlab, blitz, saint gregory, interest group

Ill, p.244.non-fictionDon Charlwood was born in Melbourne in 1915. Accepted as a RAF navigator in 1940, he was posted to 103 Squadron at Elsham Wolds in the winter of 1942. There he crewed up with a pilot from Western Australia and a British crew to fly a Lancaster bomber. In No Moon Tonight he gives a profound insight into the inner lives of the men of Bomber Command and their hopes and fears in the face of mounting losses. He depicts the appalling human cost of the air war in an account which has been favorably compared to other enduring memoirs of the 1st World War, namely Sassoon's Memoirs of an Infantry Officer and Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front. A memorable first hand account of the air war over Germany.world war 1939-1945 - aerial operations - britain, world war 1939-1945 - personal narratives - australia

RAAF Manual navigation aircraft calculator(early computer)General issue to allied pilots and navigators for airspeed,altitude,air temperature and drift calculations.Black metal box with SS flap-top cover, moulding and straps for knee attachment.Engraving No. 19, Ident.No. G6B/145. I.C.A.N. Serial No. WG/1716*. Computer Navigational Mk.IIID

Monograph on Captain James Cook written by Neil S Smith.16 page typed and reproduced monograph on Capn James Cook, written by Neil S. Smith. The monograph has stapled brown paper covers with photographs attached. Inside cover (handwritten): "Kew Historical Society / a token of appreciation for a / pleasant vistit. / Neil S. Smith"captain james cook, british navigators

8vo; pp. x, 285; frontispiece, numerous b/w illustrations, plans and maps two of which are folding, index, appendices including "List of Purchasers at original land sale", "First Election List", "Subscription lists for both First Church of England and First Presbyterian Church", original blue cloth, title in gilt on spinenon-fictionAboriginal resistance to settlement, Native Police Force, G.A. Robinsons proposal to re-settle Flinders Island people and extracts fom his 1841 expedition report. Contents I. The early navigators and explorers II. Sealers and whalers and tales of the sea III. The Hentys and Victoria's first permanent settlement IV. Early incidents and personalities V. Under government control Vi. Social life and activities VII. The story of the press VIII. Business, professions and industry IX. Hotels and roads X. Sport XI. Environs of Portland XII. Miscellaneous historical items.robinson, george augustus, 1791-1866., government policy - initial period and protectionism - 1788-1850., government policy - state and territory - victoria., law enforcement - police - native police., race relations - violent - massacres, murders, poisonings etc. - to 1900., sport., pioneers -- victoria -- portland., portland (w vic sj54-11), portland (vic.) -- history., book

Ill, maps, p.412.non-fictionReproduces journals and first-hand accounts of explorers & navigators, including Torres, Quiros, Tasman, Pelsart, Dampier, Cook, Bligh, La Perouse, Bass,and Flinders.australia - history, australia - discovery and exploration

Ill, maps, p.422.non-fictionReproduces journals and first-hand accounts of explorers & navigators, including, Blaxland, Evans, Oxley, Cunningham, Hume & Hovell, Lockyer, Sturt, Mitchell, Eyre, Burke & Wills, Stuart. Many brief references to meetings with Aboriginal peoples.australia - history, australia - discovery and exploration

Ill, p.87non-fictionHere in brief compass is the thrilling tale of air crew adventure told by its navigator, who was one of three Australian in a crew of six manning a Marauder aircraft operating from Africa over the Mediterranean. The aircraft becomes involved in combat, in which two enemy fighters are drive off, one emitting clouds of smoke; but the Marauder, too, is crippled, and comes down in the Mediterranean near the Italian Island of Ustica. Rescue from the sea is followed by the rigours of captivity in Fascist barracks and compounds, of travel through Italy, of sharing British air raids with their captors, assuming careless ease while their musical comedy soldier captors cannot conceal their unease. An ingeniously planned escape is successful; five prisoners break from the compound, and this party, with intrepidity and endurance, gain a liberty which is also a life of great hardship. Italian peasant life provides great interest, and friendly folk protect the adventurous band from the Fascists, while they meet at the coast a mysterious English Captain, who later proves to be a Commando officer on a mission; when this mission is accomplished, and not before, he helps the several groups of escapees to liberty. A motor torpedo boat calls at midnight and, within six months, home in Australiaworld war 1939-1945 - aerial operations - australia, world war 1939-1945 - prisoners of war