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Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Accessory - Cufflink, 1939-1945
... coins ...Else Oertel was a German internee in Camp 3A from 1940-1945. The Internment Camp currency was manufactured for use in the camps by the internees. It is an example of the ingenuity of the internees in making use of anything at hand & repurposing it for much more than originally intended. Else's daughter, Else-Lore Hukins donated the items. Penny with small metal bar soldered to back ("one penny" side). For use as a cufflink.coin has "Internment Camps" on the face & the denomination ("penny" or "threepence") on the reverse.tatura, ww2, camp 3, internment, internee camps, numismatics, coins, else oertel, else lore hukins, internment camp currency -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Accessory - Cufflink, Camp Penny Cufflink, 1939-1945
... coins ...Else Oertel was a German internee in Camp 3A from 1940-1945. The Internment Camp currency was manufactured for use in the camps by the internees. It is an example of the ingenuity of the internees in making use of anything at hand & repurposing it for much more than originally intended. Else's daughter, Else-Lore Hukins donated the items.Penny with small metal bar soldered to back ("one penny" side). For use as a cufflink.coin has "Internment Camps" on the face & the denomination ("penny" or "threepence") on the reverse.tatura, ww2, camp 3, internment, internee camps, numismatics, coins, else oertel, else lore hukins, internment camp currency -
Greensborough Historical Society
Collection Tin, Spastic Children's Society Home Bank, 1960c
These small collection tins were distributed to homes to encourage the 'banking' of small coins which would then be donated to assist the work of the Spastic Society of Victoria. Founded in 1948, and now known as "Scope" this is a not-for-profit organisation providing disability services throughout Victoria to thousands of children and adults with physical and multiple disabilities An example of mid 20th century fund raising.Cardboard cylinder with metal ends. Top has slot for coins. Cream coloured outer with red writing.On label "Spastic Children need your help" "Home Bank"spastic society of victoria, home bank, fundraising -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Coin, Three Pence Coin, 1940's
... coins ...Used by internees at Internment Camp 3, Tatura as Camp currencyCircular bronze coin, three pence piece with small hole in centreInternment campscoin, three pence, camp 3, tatura, ww2 camp 3, numismatics, coins, internment camp currency, camp coin, gerd aberle -
Bendigo Military Museum
Currency - COINS, JAPANESE, est 1930's-1945
The coins were souveniered by VX65555 GNR R.J Lee MM. Refer 1734 for service history also 1814.3. .1) Coin, small, metal, silver colour. One side depicts a volcano with Japanese wording underneath. Other side has a small scroll arrangement with Japanese writing circled around. .2) Coin, medium sized, round metal, silverish colour. One side has centre circular arrangement, floral and Japanese writing. Other side has a 5 pointed arrangement in centre with Japanese writing around it.numismatics-coins, military history - japanese -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Numismatics, Coin Collection
These coins were in use in Australia during the 20th century up to 1965. The coinage was based on the imperial system with the basic currency unit being the pound. In February 1966 decimal coinage was introduced in Australia with the basic currency unit being the dollar (equivalent in value to half a pound or ten shillings). This collection of coins shows what coins looked like in Australia before the introduction of decimal currency. It is a very useful display item. This is a collection of coins in a wooden box. The wood is polished and has brass hinges on the lid and a brass lock and keyhole on the box’s side. The lid is lined with blue felt and on the top of the lid is a much-scratched brass shield (intended for inscribing a name). Inside the box there is a clear piece of glass over the coins which are pasted onto a piece of buff-coloured paper. There are 40 coins in the box. The heading is hand written (calligraphy) in black ink and the other information is type-written. ‘Australian Pre-Decimal Coinage’ ‘Edward V11, Threepence & Sixpence, 1910’ ‘George V, Halfpenny, Penny, Threepence, Sixpence, Shilling, Florin, 1911-1936’ ‘George V1, Halfpenny, Penny, Threepence, Sixpence, Shilling, Florin, 1938-1952’ ‘Elizabeth 11, Halfpenny, Penny, Threepence, Sixpence, Shilling, Florin. 1963-1963’ decimal currency in australia, pre-decimal currency in australia, history of warrnambool -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Envelope, Bank envelope ANZ, Mid 20th century
These enveloped have been used by the A.N.Z. Bank as a convenient way of storing coins. The one containing threepences is pre-decimal currency (1966) and other (five cents) is post 1966. The envelopes would have been used in all ANZ banks. The ANZ Bank was formed in 1951 when the Bank of Australasia merged with the Union Bank. The Bank of Australasia was established in Warrnambool in 1854 and in 1953 the Bank of Australasia and the Union Bank closed and the ANZ bank opened in Timor Street. Today a branch of the ANZ bank is in Liebig Street. These envelopes are of minor interest as examples of the currencies and banking procedures of yesteryear. These are two paper envelopes, glued at the ends, one for holding five cent coins and the other for threepenny coins. They are buff-coloured, with the larger envelope having blue printing and the smaller one having red printing. Larger envelope: ANZ Bank, 5c, value $2, 957-10/76 Smaller envelope: 3d. A.N.Z. Bank anz bank, threepences, warrnambool -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Coin, British Mint or another mint, All 1885
... Coins ...Three "copper" pennies and three half pennies of the mid 1880's; all made 1885. Made in Britain?, the type of coin that would have been used in Melbourne on the cable trams. Each of the coin has Britannia on one side and Queen Victoria on the other side. .1 - Three pennies and one halfpenny, all 1885 added to the collection 13/7/2015.trams, tramways, coins, pennies, fares -
Federation University Art Collection
Work on paper - Bookplate, 'Ex Libris John Gartner'
John Gartner was a fine printer and publisher, an author, a noted philatelist, and also collector of Australian banknotes and coins. He was born on 16 July 1914 and was largely self-educated, leaving school at fourteen for work following the death of his father. Gartner developed a strong interest in the history of typography and printing and was apprenticed at the Advocate where his father had been a linotype operator. Aged 17, Gartner bought a hand press and some fonts of type, and in 1937 acquired a platen press from which he set and printed his private press books, published under the imprint of The Hawthorn Press. Gartner had a strong collection of Australian bookplates. He also looked at the work of artists overseas and commissioned personal plates. He subsequently built an international collection with preference for artists who printed from wood. His initial searches were in Belgium and Holland.(http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-84/t1-g-t7.html) Book plate depicts a series of coinsVery small signature bottom right cornerbookplate, printmaking, australian bookplate design award, keith wingrove memorial trust -
Bendigo Tramways (managed by the Bendigo Heritage Attractions)
Coin Holder, unknown
Coin Holder used by staff on the Bendigo Tramways.A pre-decimal, spring-loaded coin holder constructed using three various size brass tubes that are braise welded together. A red painted support bracket enables the holder to slide onto a belt. Designed to house threepences, sixpences and shillings.coin holder, tram -
Running Rabbits Military Museum operated by the Upwey Belgrave RSL Sub Branch
Coin Set
Coin Set Centenary Coin Set 4 coinsephemera, 2015, general -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Coin, English Penny Victoria Det Gratia 1854, 1854
English currency before decimalisation in the 1970's consisted of pounds, shillings and pence with twelve pennies to the shilling and twenty shillings to the pound.Coins ranged from farthings which were one quarter of a penny through to pennies, threepence, sixpence, shillings ,half crowns and crowns. Most coins had a variety of common names such as a " bob" for a shilling a "quid for a pound and a tanner for a sixpence. This coin is the equivalent of five shillings and is known as a crown. The text around the obverse, "Victoria Dei Gratia 1844". On the reverse the text of Reg Fid Def"Britanniar translates as Queen of Britain and defender of the faith. This coin is one of the smaller denominations.A common currency coin which has social and historical significance.Round copper coin with flat edge. The The obverse has an image of the young Victoria with text around the edge.The reverse has an image of Brittania in a chariot.Dotted edge around the inside rim of both sides.BRITTANNIAR REG FID DEFon the reverse and Victoria Dei gratia on the obverse.english penny, 1854 penny -
Federation University Art Collection
Bookplate, ‘Ex Numis- Maticis John Gartner’
John Gartner was a fine printer and publisher, an author, a noted philatelist, and also collector of Australian banknotes and coins. He was born on 16 July 1914 and was largely self-educated, leaving school at fourteen for work following the death of his father. Gartner developed a strong interest in the history of typography and printing and was apprenticed at the Advocate where his father had been a linotype operator. Aged 17, Gartner bought a hand press and some fonts of type, and in 1937 acquired a platen press from which he set and printed his private press books, published under the imprint of The Hawthorn Press. Gartner had a strong collection of Australian bookplates. He also looked at the work of artists overseas and commissioned personal plates. He subsequently built an international collection with preference for artists who printed from wood. His initial searches were in Belgium and Holland.(http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-84/t1-g-t7.html) A black and white coin is drawn above the titlebookplate, printmaking, australian bookplate design award, keith wingrove memorial trust -
Federation University Art Collection
Bookplate, 'Ex Libris G'
John Gartner was a fine printer and publisher, an author, a noted philatelist, and also collector of Australian banknotes and coins. He was born on 16 July 1914 and was largely self-educated, leaving school at fourteen for work following the death of his father. Gartner developed a strong interest in the history of typography and printing and was apprenticed at the Advocate where his father had been a linotype operator. Aged 17, Gartner bought a hand press and some fonts of type, and in 1937 acquired a platen press from which he set and printed his private press books, published under the imprint of The Hawthorn Press. Gartner had a strong collection of Australian bookplates. He also looked at the work of artists overseas and commissioned personal plates. He subsequently built an international collection with preference for artists who printed from wood. His initial searches were in Belgium and Holland.(http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-84/t1-g-t7.html) A broken pot inscribed with the letter G holds foliage anchored by coins which spill from the broken side. One coin is marked with the number 917.Nonekeith wingrove memorial trust, australian bookplate design awards, printmaking -
Seaworks Maritime Museum
Coin Collection, A Klein
Collection of five Israeli coins one is missing. In wooden case with metal hinges with images of menorah and Hebrew lettering"PMA 0286/1" "PMA 0286/2" "PMA 0286/3" "PMA 0286/5" "PMA 0286/6" "PMA 0286/7" Hebrew writing. Arabic writing on each coin says " إسرائيل" (Israel) Sticker on box "A. Klein/ Jerusalem/ Hand Made/ Olive Wood" -
Clunes Museum
Award - TROPHY
TIMBER AND GLASS CASE CONTAINING A GOLD COIN PLACED INTO A PIECE OF RED VELVET WHICH IS AFFICED TO A PIECE OF GREEN VELVETON TIMBER ABOVE GLASS CASE IN GOLD LETTERING: C.S.C.C. INDOOR CARPET BOWLS ON TIMBER BELOW GLASS CASE IN GOLD LETTERING: WINNING RINK: M RYAN, L LEASK, L KING, M FREEMAN ON GOLD COIN: VICTORIA 150 GROWING TOGETHER 1964-1965victoria 150, senior citizens, carpet bowls -
Brighton Historical Society
Purse, Coin purse, circa 1966
Australia converted to decimal currency on 14 February 1966. This coin purse is printed with a simple conversion table to help the user navigate the switch from pounds, shillings and pence to the new dollars and cents.Cream vinyl coin purse with conversion table for pre-decimal and decimal currency printed in black on each side. Hinged silver metal opening and kiss clasp. Unlined.coin purse, decimal currency, 1960s -
Anglesea and District Historical Society
Coin, 'Cartwheel' Twopence, 1797
... coins ...COIN, "CARTWHEEL" TWOPENCE, GEORGE III (1760-1820), copper alloy, struck at the Soho Mint, Birminghm, England, 1797. Round twopence coin, plain edge. On the obverse is a central effigy of George III with olive crown facing right, surrounding legend 'GEORGIUS III. D. G. REX". On the reverse is the central effigy of a draped female figure in helmet and carrying a trident (Britannia) seated on a shield facing left. She sits above waves and a ship is to the left in the background. The legend is '"BRITANNIA/179".See abovecoins, cartwheel twopence, soho mint, matthew boulton -
Federation University Art Collection
Bookplate, 'Ex Libris John Gartner'
John Gartner was a fine printer and publisher, an author, a noted philatelist, and also collector of Australian banknotes and coins. He was born on 16 July 1914 and was largely self-educated, leaving school at fourteen for work following the death of his father. Gartner developed a strong interest in the history of typography and printing and was apprenticed at the Advocate where his father had been a linotype operator. Aged 17, Gartner bought a hand press and some fonts of type, and in 1937 acquired a platen press from which he set and printed his private press books, published under the imprint of The Hawthorn Press. Gartner had a strong collection of Australian bookplates. He also looked at the work of artists overseas and commissioned personal plates. He subsequently built an international collection with preference for artists who printed from wood. His initial searches were in Belgium and Holland.(http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-84/t1-g-t7.html) Upturned basket or urn spilling coins onto a surfacebookplate, australian bookplate design award, keith wingrove memorial trust, printmaking -
Ballarat Clarendon College
Leather coin purse
Coin purse possibly the property of Marion Boyd Wanliss (1896 - 1984), daughter of old collegian Newton Wanliss or Newton's second wife, Margaret Hannah Bannister. . Marion Wanliss attended the University of Melbourne (MB BS 1920; MD 1929); after research into cancer as a postgraduate in Vienna, she practised as a physician at the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital. She was also a prominent conservationist. Leather coin purse envelope style with metal fixtures; shield shaped clasp at front; three sections of concertina design. Engraved on metal border of purse flap: M Wanliss, Ballaratmarion-wanliss, newton-wanliss -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Numismatic, Token coin of WW Jamieson. Issued in W'bool 1862, 1862
This is a token made for William Jamieson of Warrnambool in 1862. Tokens were coins made in the mid 1850s to alleviate the shortage of currency coins in Australia. They usually had the value of one penny and could only be used in the store or business designated on the coin. Two Warrnambool businesses had tokens made – those of William Jamieson and William Bateman, Junior. Born in Scotland, William Wilson Jamieson completed an apprenticeship in the ironmongery trade in that country. He worked in the ironmongery business in Melbourne before establishing ironmongery stores in Koroit and Warrnambool (Liebig Street). He was a Warrnambool Councillor (1862 to1874 & 1877 to1880) and Mayor (1866 to 1868 & 1872 to 1873). He was active in many local organizations including the Warrnambool Hospital, the Fire Brigade, the Mechanics Institute, the Villiers Building Society, the Bowling Club and the Caledonian Society. He died in 1882. This token is of great importance as it is an Australian token issued by William Jamieson and Co. of Warrnambool and so is part of the fiscal history of Australia. It is also important as it comes from one of only two businesses in Warrnambool to issue tokens. It is today a rare token. This is a round metal coin (token) with, on one side, an image of a woman holding the scales of justice in one hand and a cornucopia in the other. The other side has lettering. There is a small dent on one side of the token. Side One: ‘Australia 1862’ Side Two: ‘Liebeg Street W.W. Jamieson & Co. Storekeepers Warrnambool’ (N.B. Note the Warrnambool 1860s spelling of ‘Liebig Street’) william jamieson, australian tokens, history of warrnambool -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Photograph - MTT (Adelaide?) ticket machine box, Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB), c1973
... Coins ...Series of 2 black and white photographs of the MTT (Adelaide?) ticket machine box (No. 272) and a coin dispenser that was considered for the Z class tram. Has a rack of tickets alongside. See Reg Item 4618 for the coin dispenser and 4619 for the ticket holder. Yields information about ticket boxes and coin dispensers.Set of two black and white photographs.trams, tramways, tickets, conductors, ticket machines, coins -
Federation University Art Collection
Bookplate, 'Ex Libris John Gartner'
John Gartner was a fine printer and publisher, an author, a noted philatelist, and also collector of Australian banknotes and coins. He was born on 16 July 1914 and was largely self-educated, leaving school at fourteen for work following the death of his father. Gartner developed a strong interest in the history of typography and printing and was apprenticed at the Advocate where his father had been a linotype operator. Aged 17, Gartner bought a hand press and some fonts of type, and in 1937 acquired a platen press from which he set and printed his private press books, published under the imprint of The Hawthorn Press. Gartner had a strong collection of Australian bookplates. He also looked at the work of artists overseas and commissioned personal plates. He subsequently built an international collection with preference for artists who printed from wood. His initial searches were in Belgium and Holland.(http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-84/t1-g-t7.html) Round coin with crowned king inscribed surrounded by the words Friderikis Signature and number 568keith wingrove memorial trust, australian bookplate design awards, bookplate, printmaking -
Federation University Art Collection
Bookplate, 'Ex Libris John Gartner'
John Gartner was a fine printer and publisher, an author, a noted philatelist, and also collector of Australian banknotes and coins. He was born on 16 July 1914 and was largely self-educated, leaving school at fourteen for work following the death of his father. Gartner developed a strong interest in the history of typography and printing and was apprenticed at the Advocate where his father had been a linotype operator. Aged 17, Gartner bought a hand press and some fonts of type, and in 1937 acquired a platen press from which he set and printed his private press books, published under the imprint of The Hawthorn Press. Gartner had a strong collection of Australian bookplates. He also looked at the work of artists overseas and commissioned personal plates. He subsequently built an international collection with preference for artists who printed from wood. His initial searches were in Belgium and Holland.(http://www3.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-84/t1-g-t7.html) Resting above a sign inscribed with the words 'John Gartner', a coin depicts a knight holding an upright sword and standing behind a shield. A sailing ship and castle are shown between the sign and the coin.. Signature bottom right hand corner.keith wingrove memorial trust, australian bookplate design awards, printmaking -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Scale, 1920
Inventor Biography: Percival Everitt was a Norfolk-born engineer and regarded as the father of the coin-op industry. in 1884 he patented one of his many inventions the coin-operated scales. For many people, it was their first exposure to coin-operated machines. As a young man in 1877, Everitt invented a hay and corn pitcher, a turnip thinner in 1878 and an “Automatic Travelling Anchor” in 1880. But he hit his stride in 1883 with the first postcard-vending machine over a hundred of which he distributed around London. Everitt went on to invent the one penny scale which prompted the formation of the Weighing Machine Company in 1885. Further inventions followed a blow tester in 1887 also the machine for testing a person grip in 1888 and the dispensing machine that opera glasses could be hired from in 1889 also the fortune-telling machine in 1890. He also invented a mechanism to shut coin slots when vending machines were empty, but then as now vandals posed a problem by jamming paper into the slot. Everitt sadly did not make his fortune he died suddenly in February 1893, in his late forties with £71 to his name. Penny Slot Weighing Machine: When the Australian colonies federated to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 their post and telegraph departments were merged to form the national Postmaster General's (PMG) Department. The subject scale is an automatic public weighing machine, No.387, made in England by George Salter and Co. of West Bromwich. The Australasian Automatic Weighing Machine Co. Ltd in 1923 tendered for the right to place Automatic Weighing Machines on railway and tram premises throughout New South Wales subsequently for five-year terms in return for a fixed payment per machine and a portion of the revenue to the NSW Government. The company also made arrangements with the Postmaster General's Department to place machines outside post offices across the country. Weights were measured in stones and pound's up to 20 stone (127 kg) and average weights were shown separately for men, women, boys and girls by various heights in feet and inches. The subject item has had its scale change by the Eastern Scale Company to metric and it is believed to have occurred shortly after April 2000 as the company was first registered and began trading on this date. This weighing machine was originally installed by the Australasian Automatic Weighing Machine Co. Ltd at Warrnambool Post Office and was made by the firm, George Salter and Company, in West Bromwich, England to the Percival Everitt patent. Salter advertised that these machines were suitable for hotels, pleasure gardens, theaters, exhibition halls, clubs, baths and places of public resort. The company had been established in 1760 by the brothers, Richard and William Salter, manufacturing springs and pocket steelyards (spring balances). After several generations, the company was taken over by a nephew, George, and in 1884 the Salter trademark was registered to show a Staffordshire knot pierced by an arrow. The company's expanded range of products included the first coin-operated public weighing machines in the 1880s and in 1895 the first English made typewriter. When the last George Salter died in 1917, the company passed into the hands of other relatives but continued to grow before being bought out by Staveley Industries in 1973. Despite several subsequent mergers, the Salter name continues today on home ware products such as digital scales.A very rare example of a penny in the slot weighing machine imported into Australia and used in public places the item is significant as it gives a snapshot into community life at the time where the public could go and get weighed given there were no personal weighing machines or equipment that people could use at home. So if they needed to post a letter or go on a train journey they could use a machine to check their weight. Whats interesting is that this patent by Percival Everitt was the worlds first slot machine and the start of casino, arcade and other types of slot machines. Personal weighing scale metal large silver painted penny coin operated. Weight measurements are in stones and pounds. Australian Automatic Weighing Machine 60 lb Everitt Patent. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Currency - Japanese Occupational notes and New Guinea coins
... coins ...Purchased in 1973 in Mount Hagen, Territory of New Guinea while working for the Commonwelth Bank. Photocopied notes accquired at same time as above.3 x original one shilling Japanese Occupational currency notes 2 x original one shilling coins - Territory of New Guinea 1936, 1938 2 x copies of one pound occupational currencycurrency, japanese occupation, new guinea, coins, notes -
Bendigo Military Museum
Currency - COINS VIETNAMESE, 1964-1968
Coins brought home by Anthony Robert Cornelius from Vietnam. Refer Cat No 1874.2 for his service history.Vietnamese coins. .1) .2) 20 Dong. 12 sided, silver coloured .3) .4) 10 Dong. Round, silver coloured. .5) .6) 5 Dong. 8 rounded points, brass coloured. .7) .8) 1 Dong. Round, brass coloured.numismatics-coins, metalcraft, currency vietnam -
Orbost & District Historical Society
coin, 1943
This coin with frozen year 1943 was restruck in 1951 three years after Ceylon's independence in 1948.Between 1948 and 1972, Ceylon was an independent country in the Commonwealth of Nations that shared a monarch with the United Kingdom. In 1948, the British Colony of Ceylon was granted independence as Ceylon. In 1972, the country became a republic its name was changed to Sri Lanka. This coin was minted in the period before Ceylon's name was changed to Sri Lanka.A small nickel-brass round coin. On the obverse side is a crowned head facing left. The lettering is: GEORGE VI KING AND EMPEROR OF INDIA. On the reverse there is a crown at top dividing the 1943 date with the denomination below: 25 CENTS CEYLON. Reverse Crown at top divides date, denomination below coin 25-cent-ceylon -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Accessory - Purse, ca late 19th century
This purse or coin bag is in pristine condition. It has been handmade from soft brown leather. A strong leather loop has bee added to the top side edge, perhaps for attaching a tie or hook. The ring is used as a closure by folding the edges of the opening together and sliding the loop over the top. It is believed to be a handmade one-off item for domestic use. This purse or money bag is representative of an everyday item similar to those used through the centuries for the convenience of carrying coins and other small, personal effects. Similar items were used by both men and women. The leather fabric is a readily available, strong and long lasting material.Coin purse or bag; brown leather, rectangular shape, with metal ring closure and leather loop near the top. Part of the Chamberlain Dale Less collection.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, purse, leather, money bag, coin purse, pouch, money, change purse -
Wangaratta RSL Sub Branch
Coin, Royal Mint, circa 1711
Circa 1711 Queen Anne silver shilling coin Round silver coin with bust of woman - ANNA DEI GRATIA - silver chain attached Reverse side - Crowned shields - with arms of England and Scotland impaled at top and bottom, Ireland at left and France at right, forming a cross shape with the badge of the Star of the Garter at the centre; around, MAG BRI FR ET HIB REG 1711, the date being divided by a crown.coin, queen anne