This round, bronze memorial plaque was presented to the family of Private Richard Evans Harkness, service number 3426, of the 37th Battalion, (8th Reinforcements) who was killed in action at Villers-Bretonneux on 12th August, 1918. Colloquially known as 'Dead Man's Penny' or 'King's Penny', this plaque was given to the next of kin of service personnel who died on active service in WW1. 1914-1918 Memorial Plaque In early 1920 it was announced that the next-of-kin of all Australian servicemen and women whose deaths were attributable to the First World War would receive a memorial plaque and scroll "as a solace for bereavement and as a memento". The memorial plaques were not uniquely Australian. In fact they were designed and produced in Britain and issued to commemorate all those who died as a result of war service from within the British Commonwealth. The idea for the plaques was originally conceived mid-way through the war. In 1917 a competition was announced to obtain a suitable design and 800 entries were eventually received. The winner, Mr. E. Carter Preston of Liverpool, England, was chosen in 1918. He was awarded a prize of 250 pounds. Mr Manning Pike directed the manufacture of the memorial plaques at the Memorial Plaque Factory set up at Acton, London. Some later plaques were also made at the Woolwich Arsenal. The cost of manufacturing so many plaques must have been considerable. Each plaque had the name of the soldier commemorated individually embossed (some were engraved) as part of the design. The full name was given without any indication of rank or honours to show the equality of sacrifice of all those who had lost their lives. The scroll designed to accompany the plaques was of thick paper, headed by the royal coat-of-arms, and bore the following message: "He whom this scroll commemorates was numbered among those who, at the call of King and Country, left all that was dear to them, endured hardness, faced danger, and finally passed out of the sight of men by the path of duty and self-sacrifice, giving up their own lives that others might live in freedom. Let those that come after see that his name is not forgotten". Underneath the message the serviceman or woman’s name, rank, honours and unit were written by hand in red ink. Because of the late arrival in Australia of the plaques many scrolls were sent out separately. A message from the King, "I join with my grateful people in sending you this memorial of a brave life given for others in the Great War", was included with the scroll. The first plaques were distributed in Australia in 1922. Each plaque was sent out from Base Records Office at Victoria Barracks in Melbourne by second-class mail. Approximately 60,000 plaques were issued in Australia. Families of deceased members of the Royal Australian Navy and the Australian Army Nursing Service also received plaques and scrolls This plaque is significant because it commemorates the death of an Australian soldier on active service in World War 1. It is representative of some 60,000 issued to next of kin of soldiers killed in World War 1. Although Richard Harness was living at 52 Victoria Street, Abbotsford when enlisted, together with a scroll from the King, it was donated by a Frankston Family.This round, bronze memorial plaque was presented to the family of Australian Army private Richard Evans Harkness, service number 03426, of the 37th battalion, 8th re-inforcement. Harkness was killed in action on 12th August, 1918, near the French village of Proyart, during the 3rd Division's advance along the Somme Valley. further details can be found here: https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51477 Colloquially known as 'Dead Man's Penny' or 'King's Penny', these plaques were awarded to the next of kin of service personnel who died on active service during WW1. refer to link for further information : http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/memorial_scroll/plaque.aspAround the edge are the words 'HE DIED FOR FREEDOM AND HONOUR' On the righthand side of the plaque is the name of the soldier, in this case Richard Evans Harkness.commemorative, memorial, plaque, dead, man s, penny, king s, richard, evans, harkness

Most badges would have been collected during WWIBadges, varying in size from diam 2.2cm to diam 3.2cm. Total 31 badges. Each has a picture on the front and a plain metal back slightly rusting, with a sharp metal pin fastener. ANZAC DAY (2); Hospital Day; British/Red Cross; King George's Day (Copyright); Allies for Freedom and Life; Australian Red/Cross Appeal/1918; I will help until the war is won (2); Hospital/Day/1918; Our fighting men/Australian Comforts Fund; Same 3.2cm diam; Wattle Day (3); Hospital Day/for charity; Discharged Soldiers' Fund/For our Returned Soldiers; French Red Cross; For/Our Own (2); Red Triangle/King/God/Country; Our/Day/Nation/& Honour; Servia/Syria/Armenia; Our Sailors' Day (2); Italian/Red Cross; For Our Fighting Men; ANZAC/Remembrance Day; Our/Day/Nation/& Honor; Three enamel badges:; 1. Red Cross/'Australian Red Cross Society'. Red Cross on white surrounded by annular blue enamel. Crown on top. Diam 1.7cm.; 2. 'Fathers'. Centre of badge brass on red enamel background. Reg No 20169 over 494. Diam 2.6cm.; 3. ARP 'Victoria/ARP/AG121/WARDEN. Crown on top. On rear: 'Issued by State Emergency Council'. H 3.0cm x W 2.6cm.Refer photograph.

The bugle was most likely used in the First World War for ceremonial and military operational functions. Bugles were an effective means of passing fixed messages and times over the noise and distance of battles and battlefields. Henry Potter & Co was a well known manufacturer of military bugles for the First World War. Copper bugle with brass trim, mouthpiece and brass retaining chain. inscribed "ANZACS" "The Great War, 1914 - 1918"world war one, ww1, brass, musical instrument, bugle, henry potter