The trough pictured was erected outside of Tim Kennedy's La Belle guest house in Emerald, from at least the 1930s. It allowed travellers at the guest house to water their horses, with water pumped from underground with a hand pump. It was likely installed by Charles A'Vard. The photograph itself was produced in the 21st century.Water troughs like the one pictured were once available everywhere; the memory of this one is a memory of the time when much transport still occurred under horsepower.This item is a colour photograph of a concrete water trough, standing on dry flat ground with a fence and then trees in the background. The trough stands on six concrete legs, with a metal pipe emerging from the ground to follow the rightmost foreground leg to a semicircular upper concrete section at the rightmost end of the trough. Some elements of the trough have chipped away but it is mostly intact. The reverse of the printed photograph features regular FujiFilm logos and a section of annotation, handwritten in blue pen.Handwritten annotation: "Water trough © 1930. / Was situated out side "la Belle" guest house / Main Rd. Emerald"kennedy family, la belle guest house, 1930s, emerald, transport

Tim Kennedy built 'La Belle' Guest House circa 1890 - 1920. It became 'The Grange' sometime after 1942. The guest house was on Belgrave/Gembrook Road between IGA and the Shell Petrol Station. Unfortunately the guest house was demolished around 1983.Guest houses of the DandenongsSepia postcard, Rose Series depicting early guest house in EmeraldFront: The Rose Series Postcard, 'La Belle' Guest House, Emerald Vic. Back:: (handwritten) Dear Miss Hartnell, Just to wish you a Happy Xmas and bright new year I hope and trust that your health is better it was just twelve months yesterday since I returned from Olinda how time flies Doesent it, with all good wishes yours sincerely B George'la belle', the grange, tim kennedy

The trough pictured was erected outside of Tim Kennedy's La Belle guest house in Emerald, from at least the 1930s. It allowed travellers at the guest house to water their horses, with water pumped from underground with a hand pump. It was likely installed by Charles A'Vard. The photograph itself was produced in the 21st century.Water troughs like the one pictured were once available everywhere; the memory of this one is a memory of the time when much transport still occurred under horsepower.This item is a colour photograph of a concrete water trough, standing on dry flat ground with a fence and then a paved road in the background. The trough stands on six concrete legs, with a metal pipe emerging from the ground to follow the leftmost background leg to a semicircular upper concrete section at the leftmost end of the trough. Some elements of the trough have chipped away but it is mostly intact. The reverse of the printed photograph features regular FujiFilm logos and extensive annotation, handwritten in blue pen.Handwritten, reverse: "Original trough from outside "La Belle" guest / house owned by Tim Kennedy. He was a carrier / he had horses and lorry. / This trough was used by travellers to water their horses. There was also one at / Hermon's Corner Menzies Creek. (Main Rd & / Grantulla Rd.) / Charlie A'Vard worked on installing these for / Ard [?] Franklin who had a plumbers business in / Belgrave. / The trough legs were buried well into the ground. / Water was pumped from underground by a hand / pump. / © 1930."kennedy family, la belle guest house, transport, emerald, 1930s

Handwritten notes (typed copy) in table format on New Chum Production Statistics. Notes include name, depth of shaft, years, tons of ore, ounces of gold and remarks. Names are: Ellenborough, Durham & Cumberland, Belmont Co (Trib), North St Mungo, Saxby's Devonshire (Trib), Saxby Co, No 1 Trib (Saxby), La Belle Trib Co, La Belle Co, York & Durham Co, Nelson Trib, Belmont & Saxby, West Ellenborough, York & Durham Trib. Albert Richardson Collection.document, gold, new chum syncline mine, new chum syncline mine, new chum production statistics, ellenborough, durham & cumberland, belmont co (trib), north st mungo(about), saxby's devonshire (trib), saxby co, no 1 trib (saxby), la belle trib co, la belle co, york & durham co, nelson trib, belmont & saxby, west ellenborough, york & durham trib, new chum

This book was given in 1928 as a prize by the Dennington Presbyterian Sabbath (Sunday) School to Clive Cust. The Dennington Presbyterian Church was originally established in Drummond Street in 1918. In 1951 it was moved to Lindsay Street and demolished in 1968. The Cust families have been prominent in Warrnambool’s history since its foundation days. Clive Cyril Cust was born in Warrnambool in 1914 to Alex and Annie Cust. This book is of minor interest as an example of the type of book given to a teenage boy as a Sunday School prize in 1928. It is also of interest because of its connection to a member of the Cust family. This is a hard cover book of 216 pages. It has a brown cover with black lettering and ornamental borders on the front cover and spine and a coloured sketch of several military men on horseback on the front cover. The same coloured sketch forms the frontispiece and there are three other black and white sketches scattered throughout the text. The inscriptions are hand-printed and hand-written in black ink. ‘Presbyterian Sabbath School Dennington, Prize Awarded to Clive Cust, January 1928, F. Jones Superintendent’. ‘Presented to Mr Clive Cust of Dennington’ dennington presbyterian church, clive cust, dennington sabbath school

WW1 photos and drawings.Grey cardboard cover with black and red writing on cover.Minnie Dunn of Waldon Hill dated 23/21918 and the name David Kelly is printed in pen inside the front cover. Australian Commonwealth Military Forces Rising Sun badge printed on rear. Interior is mainly of photos and drawings.ww1, photograph, drawing

Handwritten extract from the Belmont & Saxby Mine Manager, T. Hall's Report, dated Aug. 23rd, 1884. Report mentions sinking and timbering the shaft, the average cost per foot, The La Belle Coy paying one third of the labor and fixed skids in both shafts and starting to cut the Chamber and timbered complete.document, gold, mining reports, belmont & saxby mine manager's report, t hall, the la belle company

Six pages titled New Chum Reef. No number on the first page, the others are 109 to 113. Mentions location of the reef and some of the rich mines. The mines are mentioned in a table with the Name of Mine; Depth; Production; Dates; Plant, Machinery, Comments and Position. Ballerstedt, Ashley and Noy, and Grant were three of the successful miners. Mines mentioned are: South Goldfields, New Chum Goldfields, South New Chum, Lansell's 616, South Bellevue, Eureka, Eureka Extended, New Chum Bellevue, New chum Railway, Shenandoah, North Shenandoah, Shamrock, Old Chum, Little Chum, Young Chum, Craven, Garibaldi, Ellesmere, South Old Chum, New Chum Consolidated, North Ellesmere, New Chum United, Lansell's 222, Lansell's Fortuna, Lazarus, West End, Pioneer, Old Chum, New Chum Victoria, North Old Chum, Lansell's Big 180, Sterry, Victoria Quartz, South Adventure, Great Central Victoria, Ballerstedt No 3, Adventure, Humbold, British and American, Midway, Victoria Consuls, Victoria absorbed by Ironbark, Hercules and Energetic, Victoria Pilot, North Hercules and Energetic, Great Extended Hercules, Pearl, Southern Victoria, Great Extended Victoria, Young Victoria, New Catherine Victoria, Weatern Victoria, New Victoria St Mungo, Surprise, Mystery, Duke of Edinburgh, New St Mungo, Duchess Tribute, South Devonshire, Duchess of Edinburgh, West United Devonshire, Albert, United Devonshire, Saxon and Celt, Hopewell, Prince of Wales, Phoenix, Unicorn, South St Mungo, Princess Alice, Lady Barkly, North Devonshire, Ranzeau, St Mungo, Dublin and Cornwall, Sadowa, Eastwood, Ellenborough, Belmont and Saxeby, Snobs Hill, York and Durham, La bElle, Old Williams United, Arcadia, Williams United, South Catherine, Central Catherine, Catherine United, Murchison, New Franklin, Catherine Extended, Pony Club Oval, Housing Commission, Mt Alvernia Hospital, Fortuna, Lunt, Army Survey Unit, Wybrandt, John Brown Factory, Canterbury, Hercules and Energetic and the North Red White and Blue.bendigo, history, long gully history group, the long gully history group - new chum reef, ballerstedt, ashley and noy, grant, south goldfields, new chum goldfields, south new chum, lansell's 616, south bellevue, eureka, eureka extended, new chum bellevue, new chum railway, shenandoah, north shenandoah, shamrock, old chum, little chum, young chum, craven, garibaldi, ellesmere, south old chum, new chum consolidated, north ellesmere, new chum united, lansell's 222, lansell's fortuna, lazarus, west end, pioneer, old chum, new chum victoria, north old chum, lansell's big 180, sterry, victoria quartz, south adventure, great central victoria, ballerstedt no 3, adventure, humbold, british and american, midway, victoria consuls, victoria absorbed by ironbark, hercules and energetic, victoria pilot, north hercules and energetic, great extended hercules, pearl, southern victoria, great extended victoria, young victoria, new catherine victoria, weatern victoria, new victoria st mungo, surprise, mystery, duke of edinburgh, new st mungo, duchess tribute, south devonshire, duchess of edinburgh, west united devonshire, albert, united devonshire, saxon and celt, hopewell, prince of wales, phoenix, unicorn, south st mungo, princess alice, lady barkly, north devonshire, ranzeau, st mungo, dublin and cornwall, sadowa, eastwood, ellenborough, belmont and saxeby, snobs hill, york and durham, la belle, old williams united, arcadia, williams united, south catherine, central catherine, catherine united, murchison, new franklin, catherine extended, pony club oval, housing commission, mt alvernia hospital, fortuna, lunt, army survey unit, wybrandt, john brown factory, canterbury, hercules and energetic, north red white and blue

Handwritten list of a Register of Claims & Shares in Eaglehawk and Kangaroo Flat commencing 1/3/1863. Listed is the page number, name of mine, number of yards, owners name and transfer date. Page 2 mentions the new St. Mungo Mine, its dividends, calls and yield.document, gold, mining reports, register of claims & shares in e'hawk & kang flat, collman & tacchi's claim, morris collmann, john tacchi, colmann collmann, luffsman & co, endeavour, wittscheibe, lady barkley co, st mungo, gov barkley, wearne's claim, st mungo reef, williams, freemantle, samson wearne, princess alice, carshalton reef, ryal dane, waterloo, midway, ballerstedt, passby (pass by co), j cooper, victoria reef, william rae, phoenix, princess alice claim, devonshire reef, young's claim, princess alexandra amalg'd, north victoria reef, la belle, nth dev. reef, todd & co north, new st mungo, 3 m d a r 1910

a. . Handdrawn copy of Snob's Hill Mines by Caleb Thomas (Long Section) 1885. Top drawing show mines and the distance between them. Lower drawing shows leases at a scale of 8 chains to 1 inch. Dams and sand heaps are included. The second page shows x-sections of the poppet legs and their heights. Shaft numbers are included. Two of the pulley diameters are also shown. b. Document headed Caleb Thomas cross sections 10.10.1884. South Catherine, engine east of shaft legs 44 ft high Ellenborough engine east of shaft, legs 40 feet Belmont and Saxby, engine and wheel west of shaft, legs 27 feet York and Durham, engine and wheel west of shaft legs 27 feet Snobs Hill , Old Williams, engine east of shaft legs 53 feet, L. Brace 21ft. 1884 Acadia Catherine engine west. Legs 44 feet, L.brace 11 ft.map, bendigo, goldfields, snob's hill, plan of snob's hill mines, caleb thomas, c reef united, catherine reef shaft, william's main, acadia, william's old main, gt northern, york & durham, snob's hill, belmont & saxby, ellenborough, st mungo, golden pyke, united c'holders, compy, snowdon & co, sth catherine coy, princess alice, saunders, williams & coy, acadia co, wearon & co, snob's hill, nelson trib, kneebone tribute, la belle co, york & durham, north st mungo, saxby & devonshire trib, n? trib, belmont co, durham c'land, kitti trib, sadowa trib, ran?eu co, nth devonshire co, lady barkly, devonshire reef trib, central devonshire co, j c macartney, catherine united

96 p.; 30 cmnon-fictionA photographic history of Emerald, Victoriaemerald (vic.), photographs, this is a reprint of emerald in focus : a photographic history published in 2006. this edition contains minor corrections and revisions for accuracy. contents table and index added. nobelius nursery emerald vic, joseph bosisto, tivoli homestead clematis vic, nightingale's nursery avonsleigh vic, sarah watson, george hunt, legg family, george davey, emerald state school, macclesfield cricket team, emerald rifle club, emerald cricket club, emerald football team, emerald basketball team, st mark's church emerald vic, st joseph church emerald vic, emerald museum, avonsleigh house, banool tearooms, berneray guest house, brookdale guest house, cascades guest house, fernlea guest house, la belle guest house, lumeah guest house, nottingham house, the chalet guest house, the grange guest house, woodlands guest house, mckenzie timber mill

Figurine of female wearing 19th Century tennis outfit and holding tennis racquet. Text on base indicates piece is entitled 'VICTORIA' from limited edition (this piece 109 /4000) series 'LA BELLE EPOQUE'. Materials: Ceramictennis

" A Classified Catalogue, giving particulars of upwards of 1000 volumes published by Messrs Cassell & Company ranging in price from 3 pence to 25 guineas will be sent on request post free to any address by Cassell & Company Ltd: La Belle Sauvage, Ludgate Hill, London; Rue Bleu 10 Paris; 739-741 Broadway New York; 2 Russell St Melbourne " Early settlers could obtain literary works for their enjoyment and educational pursuits.This catalogue of books available from Cassell's & Co. Ltd allowed early settlers to purchase literary works for their enjoyment and educational benefitA pocket sized brochure with price list of Cassell's Red LibraryPrinted brochurecassell & co ltd; publishers, printers, london, paris, new york, library books, stevenson r.l., dickens c, austen j; mechanics institute cheltenham, market gardeners, pioneers, cheltenham, moorabbin, bentleigh, bent thomas, charman stephen,

A concave, wooden racquet, with white cloth-taped shoulders,brown string whipping, green cloth collar, and a medium-depth grooved handle. Decal across throat on obverse: LA BELLE. Inscription stamped along right side of handle: SLAZENGERS LTD/MADE IN ENGLAND. Inscription along left side: LAURENCE POUNTNEY HILL/LONDON. E.C.4. Butt cover contains maintenance instructions. Inscription across throat on reverse: MAISON BLANCHE/MADEIRA. Materials: Wood, Gut, String, Cloth tape, Metal, Glue, Lacquer, Leathertennis

Hard covered Childs book -'Bobby Bear's Annual 1934' covers nearly coming away from binding , painting of characters on front / inside first page - 1934 'Bobby Bear's Annual - Edited by Aunty Kitsie , published -Dean & Son Ltd , 6 La Belle Sauvage Ludgate Hill , London Ec4 ./ contains stories by various authors/ some colour , some black and white illustrations/ characters in the book include Mr Soft hat , Mr Hard Hat, Bobby Bear , His friends were Ruby Rabbit and Maisie Mouse. Percy Porker the pigWilfred Haughtonbooks, children's, picture annual, mr soft hat , mr hard hat

James Tissot is most famous for his artwork that depicts the European bourgeois society of the late 19th century. This societal period is often referred to as La Belle Époque, where affluent bourgeoisie living created a complicated mode of manners and dress. This subject matter used in his art made Tissot popular with the bourgeois society, however it made him unpopular with critics who deemed his works as of loose morals due to his subject matter. Tissot’s art style of Realism also put him at odds with his fellow artists and friends such as Degas and Manet who were greats of the European Impressionist movement. This print was made using the printmaking technique of etching, which allowed Tissot to make multiply prints of a particular artwork to sell on mass at a more affordable price to the general population who wished to emulate the bourgeoisie lifestyle of the wealthy.RealismRural City of Wangaratta Collection, Purchased with funds from the Wangaratta Art CouncilA rectangular portrait etching of a 19th century European young lady dressed in her best attire seated in a fashionable manner, printed in black ink on white paper. Obverse: J J Tissot/ 1883 (Artist's signature and date - located in the bottom right corner of the print)james tissot, 19th century, print, etching, portrait, tissot, wangaratta art gallery

Hard cover book. Martie and Others in Rhodesia Author: Sheila McDonald Publisher: Cassell & Co Date: 1927 Further Information: Rebound Cloth hardcover with lettering and patterning to spine in white texter. The spine has a Library label with an inscription.non-fictionMartie and Others in Rhodesia was published by Cassell & Co. in 1927. It's a collection of linked sketches and stories about settler life in colonial Rhodesia depicted in episodic, anecdotal accounts of daily life, characters, and the "rigours" of white settler society in early 20th-century Salisbury and the surrounding country. It sits alongside her better-known earlier book Sally in Rhodesia (1926), which originated as letters written by a young bride in Rhodesia to her mother overseas between 1907 and 1912, describing the rigours of domestic life in the city of Salisbury. Martie is essentially a sequel and companion volume in that same vein, with more fictionalised sketches of colonial life, characters, and social mores, following on from Sally's success.warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, shipwrecked-artefact, book, martie and others in rhodesia, sheila mcdonald

Hard cover book. Explorers of the Dawn Author: Mazo de la Roche Publisher: Cassell & Co Date: 1922-1924 Further Information: Blue Cloth hardcover with lettering and patterning to spine in black. The spine has a Library label with an inscription.fictionThis work is a collection of ten related episodes, unified by tone, setting, character and theme, that can be read as a single story. The main character is an adult, John Curzon, who narrates the adventures of himself and his two brothers as small boys. The brothers are David (‘Angel’) and Alexander (‘The Seraph’). After their mother dies and their father leaves for South America to build a railway, the boys are placed with their father’s former governess, Mrs Handsomebody, in a grey cathedral town. The episodes include a midnight treasure hunt with a retired ‘pirate’ neighbour, Captain Pegg, a first childhood love, a secret expedition to watch the dawn, and the adoption of a stray terrier. The central tension is between the boys’ imagination and instinct and their governess’s repressive, respectable rule. Kindly older figures, such as the Irish maid and a bishop, side with the boys. The book also touches on grief, old age, poverty and death.book, explorers of the dawn, mazo de la roche, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, warrnambool, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, shipwrecked-artefact, pattison collection, warrnambool library, warrnambool mechanics’ institute, ralph eric pattison, corangamite regional library service, warrnambool city librarian, mechanics’ institute library, victorian library board, warrnambool books and records, warrnambool children’s library, great ocean road

Ten pages and one smaller page of notes showing depth of shaft, sill, size of shaft, relation to line of reef, depth bottom plat, depth to bottom of well, number of compartments, reference and remarks. Mines mentioned are: Young Chum, Old Chum (Old South), Shamrock, Shenandoah, New Chum Railway, Eureka Ext'd, South Belle Vue United, Lansell's 222, Denis Shaft, New Chum United, Ellesmere (North Shaft), New Chum Consolidated, Ellesmere No 1 or (South Shaft) also known as New Chum Coy, Garibaldi, Craven's, Lansell's Bit 180, North Old Chum, New Chum & Victoria, Old Chum, Lazarus New Chum Main, Lazarus New Chum (Old), Victoria Reef Gold (Ironbark), Victoria Consols, Adventure & Advance, Gt Central Victoria, Ballerstedt, Humbold, Victoria (Reef) Quartz, Pearl (later Hercules New Chum), Hercules Extended (Pearl (South) later, North Hercules, Hercules and Energetic, Hercules (Old),South Devonshire, Duchess Tribute, New St Mungo, Duke of Edinburgh, New Victoria Catherine (later Hercules Consols), Dixon's Tribute, Great Victoria Extended, Hopewell, Saxon & Celt Extended, St Mungo, Princess Alexander, West United Devonshire, United Devonshire, Duchess of Edinburgh, Sadowa, (Old) St Mungo, Lady Barkly, Princess Alice (South St Mungo) previously Gov. Barkly, Unicorn (Trib), Phoenix, Williams (New), Acadia Catherine, William United (Old Shaft), Snob's Hill Shaft, York & Durham, Belmont & Saxby, Ellenborough, Catherine Reef Extended, New Franklin, Murchison, Catherine Reef United Main Shaft, Catherine Reef United South Shaft. Small page has notes on the York and Durham: Reference - Matthew Mann - Mine Manager's Report 3/7/1893. This paragraph: Quote - 'Also measured main shaft from surface 1,430 and found it to be 1,416 feet and from Brace - 1,428 feet. Poppet legs 12 feet. Reference - Matthew Mann - Mine Manager's Report 15/7/1893 'Received cheque from La Belle Co. for 2 pound 13 shillings - which I paid into credit of Company'. Note: Report shows this to happen on several occasions. Note initialed AR.document, gold, new chum line of reef, notes on shaft details on the new chum line of reef, young chum, old chum (old south), shamrock, shenandoah, new chum railway, eureka ext'd, south belle vue united, lansell's 222, denis shaft, new chum united, ellesmere (north shaft), new chum consolidated, ellesmere no 1 or (south shaft) also known as new chum coy, garibaldi, craven's, lansell's bit 180, north old chum, new chum & victoria, old chum, lazarus new chum main, lazarus new chum (old), victoria reef gold (ironbark), victoria consols, adventure & advance, gt central victoria, ballerstedt, humbold, victoria (reef) quartz, pearl (later hercules new chum), hercules extended (pearl (south) later, north hercules, hercules and energetic, hercules (old), south devonshire, duchess tribute, new st mungo, duke of edinburgh, new victoria catherine (later hercules consols), dixon's tribute, great victoria extended, hopewell, saxon & celt extended, st mungo, princess alexander, west united devonshire, united devonshire, duchess of edinburgh, sadowa, (old) st mungo, lady barkly, princess alice (south st mungo) previously gov. barkly, unicorn (trib), phoenix, williams (new), acadia catherine, william united (old shaft), snob's hill shaft, york & durham, belmont & saxby, ellenborough, catherine reef extended, new franklin, murchison, catherine reef united main shaft, catherine reef united south shaft

Hard Cover Book. An English Man Looks At The World Author: HG Wells Publisher: Cassell & Co Date: 1914 Further Information: Yellow Cloth hardcover with lettering and patterning to spine in black. The spine has a Library label with an inscription.fictionPublished in 1914, this is a collection of essays by H.G. Wells consisting of journalistic pieces written between 1909 and 1914, spanning twenty-six pieces ranging from five to sixty-two pages in length. Roughly half of the essays were originally printed in the Daily Mail between 1904 and 1913, with ten more appearing in nearly as many weekly and monthly papers, and three others having had prior publication in volume form. The subjects range widely flight and aviation with the opening with Blériot's Channel crossing, the monarchy, imperialism, labour and socialism, modern warfare, sociology, divorce, education, motherhood, the future of civilisation, and more. It's essentially Wells thinking aloud in print opinionated, topical journalism rather than fiction, reflecting a period when he was consciously stepping back from novel-writing to comment directly on contemporary affairs. A companion American edition was published the same year by Harper and Brothers under the different title Social Forces in England and America.warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, shipwrecked-artefact, book, an englishman looks at the world, h g wells, warrnambool mechanics’ institute, pattison collection, warrnambool library, ralph eric pattison, corangamite regional library service, warrnambool city librarian, mechanics’ institute library, victorian library board, warrnambool books and records, warrnambool children’s library

Naturally, we tend to take commonplace objects for granted, because they have always been there. Yet how many of you actually have thought “hey, where do forks come from?” Well, it takes one trip to China and a 3-year-old laughing at your face because of your desperate attempt to eat with chopsticks to finally appreciate something so ordinary such as a fork. So, where do forks come from? The early history of the fork is obscure. As a kitchen and dining utensil, it is believed to have originated in the Roman Empire, as proved by archaeological evidence. The personal table fork most likely originated in the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire. Its use spread to what is now the Middle East during the first millennium AD and then spread into Southern Europe during the second millennium. It did not become common in northern Europe until the 18th century and was not common in North America until the 19th century. Carving fork from 1640. Source: Wikipedia/Public Domain Carving Fork from 1640. Source: Wikipedia/Public Domain Some of the earliest known uses of forks with food occurred in Ancient Egypt, where large forks were used as cooking utensils. Bone forks had been found on the burial site of the Bronze Age Qijia culture (2400–1900 BC) as well as later Chinese dynasties’ tombs.The Ancient Greeks used the fork as a serving utensil. Read also: Steven Spielberg to Remake the Classic Musical ‘West Side Story’ In the Roman Empire, bronze and silver forks were used. The use varied according to local customs, social class and the nature of food, but forks of the earlier periods were mostly used as cooking and serving utensils. The personal table fork was most likely invented in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, where they were in everyday use by the 4th century (its origin may even go back to Ancient Greece, before the Roman period). Records show that by the 9th century a similar utensil known as a barjyn was in limited use in Persia within some elite circles. By the 10th century, the table fork was in common use throughout the Middle East. Bronze forks made in Persia during the 8th or 9th century.Source: Wikipedia/Public Domain Bronze forks made in Persia during the 8th or 9th century.Source: Wikipedia/Public Domain The first recorded introduction of the fork to Western Europe, as recorded by the theologian and Cardinal Peter Damian, was by Theophano Sklereina the Byzantine wife of Holy Roman Emperor Otto II, who nonchalantly wielded one at an Imperial banquet in 972, astonishing her Western hosts.By the 11th century, the table fork had become increasingly prevalent in the Italian peninsula. It gained a following in Italy before any other Western European region because of historical ties with Byzantium and continued to get popularity due to the increasing presence of pasta in the Italian diet. At first, pasta was consumed using a long wooden spike, but this eventually evolved into three spikes, design better suited to gathering the noodles. In Italy, it became commonplace by the 14th century and was almost universally used by the merchant and upper classes by 1600. It was proper for a guest to arrive with his fork and spoon enclosed in a box called a cadena; this usage was introduced to the French court with Catherine de’ Medici’s entourage. In Portugal, forks were first used at the time of Infanta Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu, King Manuel I of Portugal’s mother around 1450. However, forks were not commonly used in Western Europe until the 16th century when they became part of Italian etiquette. The utensil had also gained some currency in Spain by this time, and its use gradually spread to France. Nevertheless, most of Europe did not adopt the use of the fork until the 18th century. Read also: The 8 Most Famous ‘Functioning Alcoholics’ in History Long after the personal table fork had become commonplace in France, at the supper celebrating the marriage of the Duc de Chartres to Louis XIV’s natural daughter in 1692, the seating was described in the court memoirs of Saint-Simon: “King James having his Queen on his right hand and the King on his left, and each with their cadenas.” In Perrault’s contemporaneous fairy tale of La Belle au bois dormant (1697), each of the fairies invited for the christening is presented with a splendid “fork holder”. The fork’s adoption in northern Europe was slower. Its use was first described in English by Thomas Coryat in a volume of writings on his Italian travels (1611), but for many years it was viewed as an unmanly Italian affectation. Some writers of the Roman Catholic Church expressly disapproved of its use, St. Peter Damian seeing it as “excessive delicacy.” It was not until the 18th century that the fork became commonly used in Great Britain, although some sources say that forks were common in France, England, and Sweden already by the early 17th century. Spaghetti fork By Lady alys - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6414948 Spaghetti Fork By Lady alys – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, The fork did not become popular in North America until near the time of the American Revolution. The curved fork used in most parts of the world today was developed in Germany in the mid 18th century while the standard four-tine design became current in the early 19th century. The fork was important in Germany because they believed that eating with the fingers was rude and disrespectful. The fork led to family dinners and sit-down meals, which are important features of German culture. https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/08/31/priority-fork-came-italy-european-country-pasta/?chrome=1Serving fork, two prongs, with a shaped wooden handle. Badly rusted.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, food, meat, carving

The images of the Battle scene are; the Lion Mound, Waterloo, The Three Monuments, French Monument, Farm La Haye Sainte, The Prussian Monument, Hougament farm, The Lion, Farm Papelottre, The Belle Alliance Building.This is a bound booklet of Black and White images of the Battle of Waterloo area. On the photos is the caption in French and English. The front cover is missing. Some of the postcards are detached on the "dotted edge". The first two cards have a letter written in pencil from soldier J. Burns to his mum.On the back of photo 1 & 2 is written the letter from J. Burns to his Mum. Dated Bouffioul - Belgium. 3-3-19. Dear Mum, These are a few views of Waterloo, we went right up to the top of this place. This is where all the dead soldiers were buried, so they built this big mound it. It is a good walk to get to the top. - This is where all the battle was, around these ....... Well Mum I am ok again, this is a little souvenir. I can say I have been on the Fields of Waterloo. Well Mum I received another parcel from........? today and it was good too. I will write a letter later so Good Bye Dear Mum for the present, from your loving son James. On the rear post card, written in pencil is: - No.60893 Pte J Burns, 5th Battalion A.I.F. France.postcards, battle of waterloo

A white card with 'Best Wishes' printed in gold decoratively. This is a card sent to Miss J.C. Burnett from the Class of '45 following a class reunion. In the card the ex students are regretting that she couldn't attend the function which was held at the Lakeview Motel. The attendees all signed the card and they were, Joan Wall (Hutchinson), Linda Rutherford (Richards), Valerie Freeman (Moore), Margaret Doran (Fitzpatrick), Mary Gregan (Rahill), Lola Askew ( Rowe), Yvonne Graham (Ford), Ruth Neave (Madin), Bes Cameron (Bryan), Enid Frazer (Livingston), Mary Wormald (Guppy), Valda Simpson (Raggatt), Wilga King (Thorne), Pat Smith (Drummond), Frances Alexander (Dam), Gwen Hampson (Tracy), Belle Mason (Erskine), Mary Clancy (Frawley), Joan Rowe (Dole), Pat Hayes (Dole), Margaret Davey (Holt), Moira Mace (Mannis), Joy Henley (Schier), Dulcie Bathard (Benson), Joan Kirby (Hunt), Margaret Hood (Bradley), Pauline J. Murphy, Alma Ueburgang (Wilkinson), Joyce Windridge (Ellson), Carol Monkhouse, Ethel Rumble (Turner), Faye Farley (Warren), Dulcie Brooks (Wilson), Sheila McMahon (McCarthy), Ivy Dickson (James), Ella Allan, Margaret Cracknell (Wilson), Lois Higgs (Palmer), Pat Lancaster (Kirne). See 3320.100bendigo, education, bendigo teachers' college students, la trobe university bendigo collection, collection, bendigo, education bendigo teachers' collection, tertiary education, teacher training, miss j.c. burnett, mr. geoff pryor, teaching, history, students, card, thankyou card, reunion