The Mining & Geological Journal was produced by the Department of Mines, Victoria twice a year, during the period 1937 to 1972. It was an official publication of the Victorian Government, Department of Mines, devoted to issues and events surrounding mining and metallurgical engineering in Victoria along with education, research and innovations in mining. The journal also included advertisements and references to business interests. Blue cover, black text with image of poppet head. On front cover, 'Mining and Geological Journal", Government of Victoria, Department of Mines, Volume 6, Number 1, March 1956. Forty-five pages with additional pages of advertisements. geology, mining, gold mining, bendigo, department of mines, oil drilling, gippsland, cement production, atmos era, radioactive minerals, miner's right 1860

This bottle may have held medicine used by a local early settler family. A local resident discovered it when digging his garden in McKinnon 2013. James Hardie immigrated to Australia in 1888 from Linlithgow, Scotland, and created a business importing oils and animal hides. Andrew Reid, also from Linlithgow, came to join Hardie in Melbourne, and became a full partner in 1895. When Hardie retired in 1911, he sold his half of the business to Reid. James Hardie Industries Ltd first listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in 1951 and is an industrial building materials company headquartered in Ireland which specialises in fibre cement products. James Hardie manufactures and develops technologies, materials and processes for the production of building materials. For over 20 years, Hardie has also operated a research and development facility devoted solely to fibre-cement technology. The company was a key player in asbestos mining and manufacturing in Australia through most of the twentieth century. Working with products containing asbestos - including the building material known as "Fibro" - caused people to develop various pleural abnormalities such as asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma. In December 2001, the company shareholders unanimously voted to restructure and relocate the company in the Netherlands as a parent company. This was part of a strategy to separate the company from the stigma of its asbestos liabilities. February 2010, James Hardie moved its corporate domicile from The Netherlands to Ireland, In May 2012 the High Court of Australia found that seven former James Hardie non-executive directors misled the stock exchange over the asbestos victims compensation fundA brown glass bottle, with finger grip handlearound bottom " THIS BOTTLE ALWAYS REMAINS THE PROPERTY OF JAMES HARDIE PTY. LTD. SYDNEY' on base 'IS985 / 7early settlers, pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, ormond, mvkinnon, glass bottles, medine containers, medical supplies, james hadie pty ltd. hardie

This bottle may have held medicine used by a local early settler family. A local resident discovered it when digging his garden in McKinnon 2013. James Hardie immigrated to Australia in 1888 from Linlithgow, Scotland, and created a business importing oils and animal hides. Andrew Reid, also from Linlithgow, came to join Hardie in Melbourne, and became a full partner in 1895. When Hardie retired in 1911, he sold his half of the business to Reid. James Hardie Industries Ltd first listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in 1951 and is an industrial building materials company headquartered in Ireland which specialises in fibre cement products. James Hardie manufactures and develops technologies, materials and processes for the production of building materials. For over 20 years, Hardie has also operated a research and development facility devoted solely to fibre-cement technology. The company was a key player in asbestos mining and manufacturing in Australia through most of the twentieth century. Working with products containing asbestos - including the building material known as "Fibro" - caused people to develop various pleural abnormalities such as asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma. In December 2001, the company shareholders unanimously voted to restructure and relocate the company in the Netherlands as a parent company. This was part of a strategy to separate the company from the stigma of its asbestos liabilities. February 2010, James Hardie moved its corporate domicile from The Netherlands to Ireland, In May 2012 the High Court of Australia found that seven former James Hardie non-executive directors misled the stock exchange over the asbestos victims compensation fund' A brown glass bottle with finger ring hold at neck that may have been used by a local home owner to hold medicine c1900around base ' THIS BOTTLE ALWAYS REMAINS THE PROPERTY OF JAMES HARDIE PTY LTD SYDNEY ' on base ' IS 994 ' pioneers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, ormond, mvkinnon, glass bottles, medine containers, medical supplies, james hadie pty ltd. hardie, early settlers

A previous mill had operated in Charlton by Mr. W.E. Foreman on the banks of the Avoca River and was acquired in 1919 by Noske Bros. The present Flour Mill was built by Noske Bros and opened in May 1927. It was taken over by the Grain Elevator Board in the 1970s. Noske's Flour Mill, with its commanding presence and towering silos, has long **dominated the Charlton skyline** and remains a significant landmark, even though it no longer mills flour. The mill's history is deeply intertwined with the development of Charlton and the grain industry of the surrounding district. The foundation for the mill's presence was laid in 1919 when Messrs Noske Bros. Pty. Ltd., already owning mills in Horsham, Nhill, and Murray Bridge, acquired G. H. Foreman’s Mill located by the Avoca River. The founder, **T. J. Noske**, was an early pioneer of flour exporting, expanding his milling business after unexpectedly acquiring the Horsham mill. ### A State-of-the-Art Operation The original mill by the river operated until August 1926 before being closed and dismantled. Plans were well underway for a **new, state-of-the-art mill** to be located at the former Cobb and Co site. In 1927, the new mill began operation. It was one of the largest in the state, boasting a capacity of three tons of flour per hour, a 250 h.p. diesel engine, and three initial silos. The mill quickly gained a reputation for **excellence** for both its design and its flour, which was sold successfully in local and overseas markets. ### Periods of Expansion and Trial The mill continued to grow, reflecting the importance of the local agricultural industry. Between 1940 and 1941, **nine new silos** were built, adding bulk receival points. In the record-breaking 1968 season, the mill received a colossal wheat intake of **695,000 bushels**. However, the mill also faced setbacks. On January 21, 1949, disaster struck when a **large fire** erupted in the storage shed, which contained 500 tons of bagged flour ready for export and new flour bags. The blaze was so intense that smoke was visible as far away as Wycheproof, and it threatened to destroy the entire mill. Thanks to the monumental efforts of the Charlton, St. Arnaud, Wycheproof, and Wedderburn Brigades, who ran the main pump almost continuously for 26 hours, the damage was contained, though the estimated loss was a substantial £60,000. ### Transformation of the Site At its peak, the mill was a major employer, providing work for approximately 65–70 men. But after over 45 years of operation, flour production at the mill ceased on October 25, 1973. Noske Industries Ltd. sought to adapt, converting the operation to a less successful stock feed production centre. In 1977, the **Grain Elevators Board** took over the site as a grain receival depot, building a large elevator tower that surpassed the height of the original buildings. The site eventually returned to private hands and, since 2000, has been owned and operated as a primary grain receival site for **GrainCorp**, cementing its continued, vital role in Charlton's agricultural life. Colour photograph of Charlton Flour Mill and silos. Intersection of Kaye & Davies Streets in the foreground. One large silver silo and three taller greyish concrete silos to the left. Three other cream coloured silos behind. There are pipes and sheds on top of the silos. There is a cream single story building to the right of the silver silo and a multi-storey building behind with eight window in the upper level. There is a small red brick building on the far left of the photo.w.e. foreman, noske bros, flour mill charlton, business, industry

Close up photograph of part of the Charlton Lithograph showing the Charlton Steam Power Flour Mill of G & C Foreman. Located in on the bank of the Avoca river. The mill owners attempted to dam the river during the 1870s. The mill was built in 1876 as recorded by the local traveling correspondent . Foreman's flour mill established 1876 at the west end of High Street. Sold to Norske in 1925. Replaced by Noske's Flour Mill on Kays Street in 1927. Noske's Flour Mill, with its commanding presence and towering silos, has long **dominated the Charlton skyline** and remains a significant landmark, even though it no longer mills flour. The mill's history is deeply intertwined with the development of Charlton and the grain industry of the surrounding district. The foundation for the mill's presence was laid in 1919 when Messrs Noske Bros. Pty. Ltd., already owning mills in Horsham, Nhill, and Murray Bridge, acquired G. H. Foreman’s Mill located by the Avoca River. The founder, **T. J. Noske**, was an early pioneer of flour exporting, expanding his milling business after unexpectedly acquiring the Horsham mill. ### A State-of-the-Art Operation The original mill by the river operated until August 1926 before being closed and dismantled. Plans were well underway for a **new, state-of-the-art mill** to be located at the former Cobb and Co site. In 1927, the new mill began operation. It was one of the largest in the state, boasting a capacity of three tons of flour per hour, a 250 h.p. diesel engine, and three initial silos. The mill quickly gained a reputation for **excellence** for both its design and its flour, which was sold successfully in local and overseas markets. ### Periods of Expansion and Trial The mill continued to grow, reflecting the importance of the local agricultural industry. Between 1940 and 1941, **nine new silos** were built, adding bulk receival points. In the record-breaking 1968 season, the mill received a colossal wheat intake of **695,000 bushels**. However, the mill also faced setbacks. On January 21, 1949, disaster struck when a **large fire** erupted in the storage shed, which contained 500 tons of bagged flour ready for export and new flour bags. The blaze was so intense that smoke was visible as far away as Wycheproof, and it threatened to destroy the entire mill. Thanks to the monumental efforts of the Charlton, St. Arnaud, Wycheproof, and Wedderburn Brigades, who ran the main pump almost continuously for 26 hours, the damage was contained, though the estimated loss was a substantial £60,000. ### Transformation of the Site At its peak, the mill was a major employer, providing work for approximately 65–70 men. But after over 45 years of operation, flour production at the mill ceased on October 25, 1973. Noske Industries Ltd. sought to adapt, converting the operation to a less successful stock feed production centre. In 1977, the **Grain Elevators Board** took over the site as a grain receival depot, building a large elevator tower that surpassed the height of the original buildings. The site eventually returned to private hands and, since 2000, has been owned and operated as a primary grain receival site for **GrainCorp**, cementing its continued, vital role in Charlton's agricultural life.Colour photo taken of a small portion of the Charlton Lithograph. Showing the Charlton Steam Flour Mill of G. C. Foreman.Charlton Steam Flour Mills. G & C Foreman proprietors.lithograph, business, industry, charlton, flour mill, noske bros, foreman

Black and white photo copied and enlarged from small photo which was part of a set produced in c.1948. Chris Clarke with his 1934 Dodge semi trailer and W Spicer in his 1930 International truck line up to unload wheat at Noske's mill. Noskes flour mill built in 1927 with extra silos added in 1940's.Photo enlarged by Vic Williams of Bendigo nephew of Chris Clarke transport driver. Noske's Flour Mill, with its commanding presence and towering silos, has long **dominated the Charlton skyline** and remains a significant landmark, even though it no longer mills flour. The mill's history is deeply intertwined with the development of Charlton and the grain industry of the surrounding district. The foundation for the mill's presence was laid in 1919 when Messrs Noske Bros. Pty. Ltd., already owning mills in Horsham, Nhill, and Murray Bridge, acquired G. H. Foreman’s Mill located by the Avoca River. The founder, **T. J. Noske**, was an early pioneer of flour exporting, expanding his milling business after unexpectedly acquiring the Horsham mill. ### A State-of-the-Art Operation The original mill by the river operated until August 1926 before being closed and dismantled. Plans were well underway for a **new, state-of-the-art mill** to be located at the former Cobb and Co site. In 1927, the new mill began operation. It was one of the largest in the state, boasting a capacity of three tons of flour per hour, a 250 h.p. diesel engine, and three initial silos. The mill quickly gained a reputation for **excellence** for both its design and its flour, which was sold successfully in local and overseas markets. ### Periods of Expansion and Trial The mill continued to grow, reflecting the importance of the local agricultural industry. Between 1940 and 1941, **nine new silos** were built, adding bulk receival points. In the record-breaking 1968 season, the mill received a colossal wheat intake of **695,000 bushels**. However, the mill also faced setbacks. On January 21, 1949, disaster struck when a **large fire** erupted in the storage shed, which contained 500 tons of bagged flour ready for export and new flour bags. The blaze was so intense that smoke was visible as far away as Wycheproof, and it threatened to destroy the entire mill. Thanks to the monumental efforts of the Charlton, St. Arnaud, Wycheproof, and Wedderburn Brigades, who ran the main pump almost continuously for 26 hours, the damage was contained, though the estimated loss was a substantial £60,000. ### Transformation of the Site At its peak, the mill was a major employer, providing work for approximately 65–70 men. But after over 45 years of operation, flour production at the mill ceased on October 25, 1973. Noske Industries Ltd. sought to adapt, converting the operation to a less successful stock feed production centre. In 1977, the **Grain Elevators Board** took over the site as a grain receival depot, building a large elevator tower that surpassed the height of the original buildings. The site eventually returned to private hands and, since 2000, has been owned and operated as a primary grain receival site for **GrainCorp**, cementing its continued, vital role in Charlton's agricultural life.Black and white photo copied and enlarged from small photo.charlton, flour mill, noske's, noske bros

Black and white photo copied and enlarged from small photo which was part of a set produced in c.1948. Chris Clarke with his 1934 Dodge semi trailer and W Spicer in his 1930 International truck line up to unload wheat at Noske's mill. Noskes flour mill built in 1927 with extra silos added in 1940's. Photo enlarged by Vic Williams of Bendigo nephew of Chris Clarke transport driver. Noske's Flour Mill, with its commanding presence and towering silos, has long **dominated the Charlton skyline** and remains a significant landmark, even though it no longer mills flour. The mill's history is deeply intertwined with the development of Charlton and the grain industry of the surrounding district. The foundation for the mill's presence was laid in 1919 when Messrs Noske Bros. Pty. Ltd., already owning mills in Horsham, Nhill, and Murray Bridge, acquired G. H. Foreman’s Mill located by the Avoca River. The founder, **T. J. Noske**, was an early pioneer of flour exporting, expanding his milling business after unexpectedly acquiring the Horsham mill. ### A State-of-the-Art Operation The original mill by the river operated until August 1926 before being closed and dismantled. Plans were well underway for a **new, state-of-the-art mill** to be located at the former Cobb and Co site. In 1927, the new mill began operation. It was one of the largest in the state, boasting a capacity of three tons of flour per hour, a 250 h.p. diesel engine, and three initial silos. The mill quickly gained a reputation for **excellence** for both its design and its flour, which was sold successfully in local and overseas markets. ### Periods of Expansion and Trial The mill continued to grow, reflecting the importance of the local agricultural industry. Between 1940 and 1941, **nine new silos** were built, adding bulk receival points. In the record-breaking 1968 season, the mill received a colossal wheat intake of **695,000 bushels**. However, the mill also faced setbacks. On January 21, 1949, disaster struck when a **large fire** erupted in the storage shed, which contained 500 tons of bagged flour ready for export and new flour bags. The blaze was so intense that smoke was visible as far away as Wycheproof, and it threatened to destroy the entire mill. Thanks to the monumental efforts of the Charlton, St. Arnaud, Wycheproof, and Wedderburn Brigades, who ran the main pump almost continuously for 26 hours, the damage was contained, though the estimated loss was a substantial £60,000. ### Transformation of the Site At its peak, the mill was a major employer, providing work for approximately 65–70 men. But after over 45 years of operation, flour production at the mill ceased on October 25, 1973. Noske Industries Ltd. sought to adapt, converting the operation to a less successful stock feed production centre. In 1977, the **Grain Elevators Board** took over the site as a grain receival depot, building a large elevator tower that surpassed the height of the original buildings. The site eventually returned to private hands and, since 2000, has been owned and operated as a primary grain receival site for **GrainCorp**, cementing its continued, vital role in Charlton's agricultural life.Black and white photocharton, business, noske bros, flour mill

Noske's mill in mid 1960s. Noske's Flour Mill, with its commanding presence and towering silos, has long **dominated the Charlton skyline** and remains a significant landmark, even though it no longer mills flour. The mill's history is deeply intertwined with the development of Charlton and the grain industry of the surrounding district. The foundation for the mill's presence was laid in 1919 when Messrs Noske Bros. Pty. Ltd., already owning mills in Horsham, Nhill, and Murray Bridge, acquired G. H. Foreman’s Mill located by the Avoca River. The founder, **T. J. Noske**, was an early pioneer of flour exporting, expanding his milling business after unexpectedly acquiring the Horsham mill. ### A State-of-the-Art Operation The original mill by the river operated until August 1926 before being closed and dismantled. Plans were well underway for a **new, state-of-the-art mill** to be located at the former Cobb and Co site. In 1927, the new mill began operation. It was one of the largest in the state, boasting a capacity of three tons of flour per hour, a 250 h.p. diesel engine, and three initial silos. The mill quickly gained a reputation for **excellence** for both its design and its flour, which was sold successfully in local and overseas markets. ### Periods of Expansion and Trial The mill continued to grow, reflecting the importance of the local agricultural industry. Between 1940 and 1941, **nine new silos** were built, adding bulk receival points. In the record-breaking 1968 season, the mill received a colossal wheat intake of **695,000 bushels**. However, the mill also faced setbacks. On January 21, 1949, disaster struck when a **large fire** erupted in the storage shed, which contained 500 tons of bagged flour ready for export and new flour bags. The blaze was so intense that smoke was visible as far away as Wycheproof, and it threatened to destroy the entire mill. Thanks to the monumental efforts of the Charlton, St. Arnaud, Wycheproof, and Wedderburn Brigades, who ran the main pump almost continuously for 26 hours, the damage was contained, though the estimated loss was a substantial £60,000. ### Transformation of the Site At its peak, the mill was a major employer, providing work for approximately 65–70 men. But after over 45 years of operation, flour production at the mill ceased on October 25, 1973. Noske Industries Ltd. sought to adapt, converting the operation to a less successful stock feed production centre. In 1977, the **Grain Elevators Board** took over the site as a grain receival depot, building a large elevator tower that surpassed the height of the original buildings. The site eventually returned to private hands and, since 2000, has been owned and operated as a primary grain receival site for **GrainCorp**, cementing its continued, vital role in Charlton's agricultural life.Black and white photograph with white border.charlton, business, noske's, flour mill

Eight silos added in 1940s. Noske's Flour Mill, with its commanding presence and towering silos, has long **dominated the Charlton skyline** and remains a significant landmark, even though it no longer mills flour. The mill's history is deeply intertwined with the development of Charlton and the grain industry of the surrounding district. The foundation for the mill's presence was laid in 1919 when Messrs Noske Bros. Pty. Ltd., already owning mills in Horsham, Nhill, and Murray Bridge, acquired G. H. Foreman’s Mill located by the Avoca River. The founder, **T. J. Noske**, was an early pioneer of flour exporting, expanding his milling business after unexpectedly acquiring the Horsham mill. ### A State-of-the-Art Operation The original mill by the river operated until August 1926 before being closed and dismantled. Plans were well underway for a **new, state-of-the-art mill** to be located at the former Cobb and Co site. In 1927, the new mill began operation. It was one of the largest in the state, boasting a capacity of three tons of flour per hour, a 250 h.p. diesel engine, and three initial silos. The mill quickly gained a reputation for **excellence** for both its design and its flour, which was sold successfully in local and overseas markets. ### Periods of Expansion and Trial The mill continued to grow, reflecting the importance of the local agricultural industry. Between 1940 and 1941, **nine new silos** were built, adding bulk receival points. In the record-breaking 1968 season, the mill received a colossal wheat intake of **695,000 bushels**. However, the mill also faced setbacks. On January 21, 1949, disaster struck when a **large fire** erupted in the storage shed, which contained 500 tons of bagged flour ready for export and new flour bags. The blaze was so intense that smoke was visible as far away as Wycheproof, and it threatened to destroy the entire mill. Thanks to the monumental efforts of the Charlton, St. Arnaud, Wycheproof, and Wedderburn Brigades, who ran the main pump almost continuously for 26 hours, the damage was contained, though the estimated loss was a substantial £60,000. ### Transformation of the Site At its peak, the mill was a major employer, providing work for approximately 65–70 men. But after over 45 years of operation, flour production at the mill ceased on October 25, 1973. Noske Industries Ltd. sought to adapt, converting the operation to a less successful stock feed production centre. In 1977, the **Grain Elevators Board** took over the site as a grain receival depot, building a large elevator tower that surpassed the height of the original buildings. The site eventually returned to private hands and, since 2000, has been owned and operated as a primary grain receival site for **GrainCorp**, cementing its continued, vital role in Charlton's agricultural life.Large landscape black and white photo set on a blue card backing. The card has a green holly leaf pattern embossed on the edge.A view of Charlton. The Season's Greetings from Charlton.charlton, noske bros, noske's, flour mill

One of seven photographs produced by the Portland Cement Association in 1921 showing how concrete kerbs could be created. Portland Cement Association (PCA) was founded in 1916. From 1917, the association actively promoted the benefits of concrete for road works in Australian newspapers. In the nineteenth century in Melbourne (Vic.) 'made roads' typically had gutters and kerbing lined with bluestone.The photographs are important evidence of the availability of instructional models for the use of concrete in street works in Victoria. While the photographs date from the early 1920s, the use of concrete for kerbing did not reach its maturity until after World War 2. The photos demonstrate knowledge about and the use of concrete in street works in a major Melbourne municipality at an early period.Black and white photograph with printed instructions on the reverse showing the production of concrete kerbing on 67th Street, West Allis, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA). The photograph was produced by the Portland Cement Association of Chicago in 1921 and used within the Chief Engineer's Department of the City of Kew (Vic.)."1st - Filling forms with Concrete. Construction of Combined Concrete Cerb and Gutter"street works, kerbing, gutters, concrete, portland cement association

One of seven photographs produced by the Portland Cement Association in 1921 showing how concrete kerbs could be created. Portland Cement Association (PCA) was founded in 1916. From 1917, the association actively promoted the benefits of concrete for road works in Australian newspapers. In the nineteenth century in Melbourne (Vic.) 'made roads' typically had gutters and kerbing lined with bluestone.The photographs are important evidence of the availability of instructional models for the use of concrete in street works in Victoria. While the photographs date from the early 1920s, the use of concrete for kerbing did not reach its maturity until after World War 2. The photos demonstrate knowledge about and the use of concrete in street works in a major Melbourne municipality at an early period.Black and white photograph with printed instructions on the reverse showing the production of concrete kerbing on 67th Street, West Allis, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA). The photograph was produced by the Portland Cement Association of Chicago in 1921 and used within the Chief Engineer's Department of the City of Kew (Vic.)."2nd - Tamping Concrete into Approximate Contour"street works, kerbing, gutters, concrete, portland cement association

One of seven photographs produced by the Portland Cement Association in 1921 showing how concrete kerbs could be created. Portland Cement Association (PCA) was founded in 1916. From 1917, the association actively promoted the benefits of concrete for road works in Australian newspapers. In the nineteenth century in Melbourne (Vic.) 'made roads' typically had gutters and kerbing lined with bluestone.The photographs are important evidence of the availability of instructional models for the use of concrete in street works in Victoria. While the photographs date from the early 1920s, the use of concrete for kerbing did not reach its maturity until after World War 2. The photos demonstrate knowledge about and the use of concrete in street works in a major Melbourne municipality at an early period.Black and white photograph with printed instructions on the reverse showing the production of concrete kerbing on 67th Street, West Allis, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA). The photograph was produced by the Portland Cement Association of Chicago in 1921 and used within the Chief Engineer's Department of the City of Kew (Vic.)."3rd - Metal template for Trimming Concrete 1/2" below Finished Surface ready for Application of Mortar facing." street works, kerbing, gutters, concrete, portland cement association

One of seven photographs produced by the Portland Cement Association in 1921 showing how concrete kerbs could be created. Portland Cement Association (PCA) was founded in 1916. From 1917, the association actively promoted the benefits of concrete for road works in Australian newspapers. In the nineteenth century in Melbourne (Vic.) 'made roads' typically had gutters and kerbing lined with bluestone.The photographs are important evidence of the availability of instructional models for the use of concrete in street works in Victoria. While the photographs date from the early 1920s, the use of concrete for kerbing did not reach its maturity until after World War 2. The photos demonstrate knowledge about and the use of concrete in street works in a major Melbourne municipality at an early period.Black and white photograph with printed instructions on the reverse showing the production of concrete kerbing on 67th Street, West Allis, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA). The photograph was produced by the Portland Cement Association of Chicago in 1921 and used within the Chief Engineer's Department of the City of Kew (Vic.)."4th - showing the three principal filling operations - 1st Trimming base course; 2nd Mortar facing applied and Trimmed 1/8th high with wooden template; 3rd - Mortar face finished to exact contour with metal finishing trowel, having a rounded face in contact with mortar facing." street works, kerbing, gutters, concrete, portland cement association

One of seven photographs produced by the Portland Cement Association in 1921 showing how concrete kerbs could be created. Portland Cement Association (PCA) was founded in 1916. From 1917, the association actively promoted the benefits of concrete for road works in Australian newspapers. In the nineteenth century in Melbourne (Vic.) 'made roads' typically had gutters and kerbing lined with bluestone.The photographs are important evidence of the availability of instructional models for the use of concrete in street works in Victoria. While the photographs date from the early 1920s, the use of concrete for kerbing did not reach its maturity until after World War 2. The photos demonstrate knowledge about and the use of concrete in street works in a major Melbourne municipality at an early period.Black and white photograph with printed instructions on the reverse showing the production of concrete kerbing on 67th Street, West Allis, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA). The photograph was produced by the Portland Cement Association of Chicago in 1921 and used within the Chief Engineer's Department of the City of Kew (Vic.)."5th Detail. showing use of finishing tool on Mortar Surface" street works, kerbing, gutters, concrete, portland cement association

One of seven photographs produced by the Portland Cement Association in 1921 showing how concrete kerbs could be created. Portland Cement Association (PCA) was founded in 1916. From 1917, the association actively promoted the benefits of concrete for road works in Australian newspapers. In the nineteenth century in Melbourne (Vic.) 'made roads' typically had gutters and kerbing lined with bluestone.The photographs are important evidence of the availability of instructional models for the use of concrete in street works in Victoria. While the photographs date from the early 1920s, the use of concrete for kerbing did not reach its maturity until after World War 2. The photos demonstrate knowledge about and the use of concrete in street works in a major Melbourne municipality at an early period.Black and white photograph with printed instructions on the reverse showing the production of concrete kerbing on 67th Street, West Allis, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA). The photograph was produced by the Portland Cement Association of Chicago in 1921 and used within the Chief Engineer's Department of the City of Kew (Vic.)."6th - Tooling and Edging the back edge of curb. Metal dividing plates partly withdrawn" street works, kerbing, gutters, concrete, portland cement association

One of seven photographs produced by the Portland Cement Association in 1921 showing how concrete kerbs could be created. Portland Cement Association (PCA) was founded in 1916. From 1917, the association actively promoted the benefits of concrete for road works in Australian newspapers. In the nineteenth century in Melbourne (Vic.) 'made roads' typically had gutters and kerbing lined with bluestone.The photographs are important evidence of the availability of instructional models for the use of concrete in street works in Victoria. While the photographs date from the early 1920s, the use of concrete for kerbing did not reach its maturity until after World War 2. The photos demonstrate knowledge about and the use of concrete in street works in a major Melbourne municipality at an early period.Black and white photograph with printed instructions on the reverse showing the production of concrete kerbing on 67th Street, West Allis, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA). The photograph was produced by the Portland Cement Association of Chicago in 1921 and used within the Chief Engineer's Department of the City of Kew (Vic.)."7th - Brushing Surface with flat brush, wet with clean water, to remove tool marks and small surface irregularities." street works, kerbing, gutters, concrete, portland cement association