Showing 20 items
matching hard of hearing
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NMIT (Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE)
Booklet: Strategic plan 1996-1998, Strategic plan 1996-1998. The Centre of Excellence for Students who are deaf and hard of hearing, 1995
... Students who are deaf and hard of hearing....centre of excellence for students who are deaf and hard of... are deaf and hard of hearing outlines the support available to deaf... of excellence for students who are deaf and hard of hearing. ... of hearing outlines the support available to deaf and hard of hearing ...In this booklet, the centre of excellence for students who are deaf and hard of hearing outlines the support available to deaf and hard of hearing students at NMIT.12 pages of text and 22 pages of appendices. Includes two inserts relating to projects and services of the centre of excellence for students who are deaf and hard of hearing. deaf students, centre of excellence for students who are deaf and hard of hearing, disability support, nmit, -
NMIT (Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE)
Booklet: Making the move ... Northern Melb. Inst. of TAFE 1996, Making the Move: A Handbook about Vocational Education & Training for Deaf & Hard of Hearing Students 1996
... & Training for Deaf & Hard of Hearing Students 1996...Centre of Excellence for Students who are Deaf and Hard of... and Hard of Hearing. ISBN 9780646272160. Contributors include: Guy... of Excellence for Students who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing NMIT 32 page ...32 page booklet published in 1996 by Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE, Centre of Excellence for Students who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing. ISBN 9780646272160. Contributors include: Guy Richards, Antonia Bruns, Robyn Logan.northern melbourne institute of tafe, handbooks, publications, centre of excellence for students who are deaf and hard of hearing, nmit -
Expression Australia
Papers, Centre for Excellence for Students who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing
... Centre for Excellence for Students who are Deaf and Hard of... for Students who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing Papers ...Papers relating to Cert IV in Training and Assessment Steering Group and include the course information guide 2008 White binder ,32cmHx26.5cmW -
Expression Australia
Report, Providing Information on QR Trains and Stations for Passengers who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
... Passengers who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing... on QR Trains and Stations for Passengers who are Deaf or Hard ...Report on QR (Queensland Trains and Stations) Facilitated by Peter Lindley on behalf of the QR (Queensland Rail) DDA (Disability Discrimination Act) Reference Group June 2008 29.5cmHx21cmW, report of 17 pages, consultation workbook of 11 pages (2 copies)qr ,queensland rail, queensland trains and stations, peter lindley,visual information systems on trains -
Deaf Children Australia
Hearing Aid, Widex P/L, Widex Hearing aid, 1950s
... hard of hearing... (ITC, CIC) hearing aids. device hearing aid loss hard ...The first all transistor hearing aids appeared in 1953. They were created to replace vacuum tubes; they were small, required less battery power and had less distortion and heat than their predecessor. The vacuum tubes were typically hot and fragile, so the transistor was the ideal replacement. The size of these transistors led to developments in miniature, carbon microphones. These microphones could be mounted on various items. There were body hearing aids where the earpiece was connected to the hearing aid and battery pack worn on the body. Ear level hearing aids consisted of eyeglass, behind the ear (BTE), in the ear (ITE), and in the canal (ITC, CIC) hearing aids. A Widex 25 hearing aid from the 1950's made in Denmark. Brown and gold metallic casing with a volume control dial and an on/off switch. The curly wire runs to a circular outer disc. Although not present the disc would normally connect to an ear mould which is individually fitted to the wearer. The item comes in a soft leather case."DENMARK" inscribed on gold front. "WIDEX 25" inscribed on back. "WIDEX" on inside cover of case. "W" on outside cover of case device, hearing aid, loss, hard of hearing, deaf children australia, victorian school for deaf children, vsdc, denmark, widex -
Deaf Children Australia
Book, Princess Elizabeth Kindergarten (PEKD) Documentation, Contents from 1957-1973
... this to children who were hard of hearing. ... this to children who were hard of hearing. These documents form an insight ...Access to a pre-school education is an important to childhood development and Princess Elizabeth Kindergarten provided this to children who were hard of hearing. These documents form an insight into the development of the Princess Elizabeth Kindergarten. Plain A4 cardboard with tape spine encloses documents up to foolscap in size relating to the Princess Elizabeth Kindergarten for the Deaf (PEKD). Includes general correspondence from the Education Department from 1957 to 1971, the Education Department taking over responsibility for teaching staff at PEKD in 1957, having assumed reponsibility for the education of students at the VDDI. There are documents relating to the meetings of the PEKD sub-committee from 1969-1972, documents relating to the building extensions 1972-1973. On spine, typed: "1957 / 1971/EDUCATION DEPARTMENT/1969 / 1972 P.E.K.D. Sub-Committee/1972 / 1973 P.E.K.D. BUILDING EXTENSIONS/1972 P.E.K.D. EXTENSIONS deaf children australia, dca, princess elizabeth kindergarten, pekd -
Expression Australia
Booklet, Interpreting for Deaf People
... for additional interpreting facilities for deaf and hard of hearing... of Victoria for additional interpreting facilities for deaf and hard ...A submission by the Adult Deaf Society of Victoria for additional interpreting facilities for deaf and hard of hearing people in Victoria 3/3/76Orange cover, 29.5cmX20.5cm, 6 pagesadult deaf society of victoria,submissionfor interpreting facilities 3/3/76 -
Expression Australia
Newsletter, Have you Heard - Issue 1 2006
... for Deaf and Hard of Hearing people in Australia... devices for Deaf and Hard of Hearing people in Australia ...Word om Mouth's first quarterly newsletter. Word of Mouth Technology started in 1993 and is a supplier of assistive devices for Deaf and Hard of Hearing people in Australia30cmHx21cmW, 4 pages -
Expression Australia
Book, Connecting the dots; A successful transition for Deaf students from vocational education and training to employment
... are Deaf and hard of hearing, Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE... for Students who are Deaf and hard of hearing, Northern Melbourne ...Catherine Clark, Centre of Excellence for Students who are Deaf and hard of hearing, Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE; A National Vocational Education and Training Research and Evaluation Program Report 2007Green Cover, 29.5cmHx21cmW, 43 pagescatherine clark, -
Expression Australia
Newsletter, In Print - Issue 50 October 08
... and regional communities a better place for Deaf and hard of hearing... and regional communities a better place for Deaf and hard of hearing ...Deafaccess Victoria workers work in the rural and regional areas of Victoria. Deafaccess Victoria works to make rural and regional communities a better place for Deaf and hard of hearing people to live.Significant as a newsletter for the Deaf and hard of hearing Community in Hume.29.5cmHx21cmW, 16 pages -
Expression Australia
Newsletter, In Print - Issue 51 November 08
... and regional communities a better place for Deaf and hard of hearing... and regional communities a better place for Deaf and hard of hearing ...Deafaccess Victoria workers work in the rural and regional areas of Victoria. Deafaccess Victoria works to make rural and regional communities a better place for Deaf and hard of hearing people to live.Significant as a newsletter for the Deaf and hard of hearing Community in Hume.29.5cmHx21cmW, 17 pages -
Expression Australia
Newsletter, In Print - Issue 52 December 08
... and regional communities a better place for Deaf and hard of hearing... and regional communities a better place for Deaf and hard of hearing ...Deafaccess Victoria workers work in the rural and regional areas of Victoria. Deafaccess Victoria works to make rural and regional communities a better place for Deaf and hard of hearing people to live.The newsletter is significant as a newsletter for the Deaf and hard of hearing Community in Hume.29.5cmHx21cmW, 24 pages -
Expression Australia
Newsletter, In Print - Issue 61 December 2008
... and regional communities a better place for Deaf and hard of hearing... and regional communities a better place for Deaf and hard of hearing ...Deafaccess Victoria workers work in the rural and regional areas of Victoria. Deafaccess Victoria works to make rural and regional communities a better place for Deaf and hard of hearing people to live. The newsletter is significant as a newsletter for the Deaf and hard of hearing Community in Gippsland.29.5cmHx21cmW, 13 pages -
Expression Australia
Newsletter, Voice for Deaf People: E-news Friday 31st October 2008
... and disability groups pertaining to deaf and hard of hearing people.... government and disability groups pertaining to deaf and hard ...Victorian Council of Deaf People now Deaf Victoria advocates on behalf of deaf people to increase access to service, to represent and provide leadership to the state government and disability groups pertaining to deaf and hard of hearing people.29.cmHx21cmW, 6 pages -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Equipment - Syringe
In 1821 the French otologist Jean Marc Itard irrigated the ear canal to remove hard wax, by using a syringe prototype designed for enemas which was made from tin and brass. This glass and cork ear syringe was manufactured by the Ambson Company in the United Kingdom, about eighty years afterwards. Its lightweight properties would have been ideal for application to the sensitive regions of the ear canal. https://www.racgp.org.au/the-racgp/history/the-racgp-museum-collection/syringes/ambson-ear-syringe Otology is a branch of medicine which studies normal and pathological anatomy and physiology of the ear (hearing and vestibular sensory systems and related structures and functions) as well as their diseases, diagnosis and treatment. Otologic surgery generally refers to surgery of the middle ear and mastoid related to chronic otitis media, such as tympanoplasty, or ear drum surgery, ossiculoplasty, or surgery of the hearing bones, and mastoidectomy. Otology also includes surgical treatment of conductive hearing loss, such as stapedectomy surgery for otosclerosis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otology The ear syringe was donated to Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village by the family of Doctor William Roy Angus, Surgeon and Oculist. It is part of the “W.R. Angus Collection” includes historical medical equipment, surgical instruments and material once belonging to Dr Edward Ryan and Dr Thomas Francis Ryan, (both of Nhill, Victoria) as well as Dr Angus’ own belongings. The Collection’s history spans the medical practices of the two Doctors Ryan, from 1885-1926 plus that of Dr Angus, up until 1969. ABOUT THE “W.R.ANGUS COLLECTION” Doctor William Roy Angus M.B., B.S., Adel., 1923, F.R.C.S. Edin.,1928 (also known as Dr Roy Angus) was born in Murrumbeena, Victoria in 1901 and lived until 1970. He qualified as a doctor in 1923 at University of Adelaide, was Resident Medical Officer at the Royal Adelaide Hospital in 1924 and for a period was house surgeon to Sir (then Mr.) Henry Simpson Newland. Dr Angus was briefly an Assistant to Dr Riddell of Kapunda, then commenced private practice at Curramulka, Yorke Peninsula, SA, where he was physician, surgeon and chemist. In 1926, he was appointed as new Medical Assistant to Dr Thomas Francis Ryan (T.F. Ryan, or Tom), in Nhill, Victoria, where his experiences included radiology and pharmacy. In 1927 he was Acting House Surgeon in Dr Tom Ryan’s absence. Dr Angus had become engaged to Gladys Forsyth and they decided he further his studies overseas in the UK in 1927. He studied at London University College Hospital and at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and in 1928, was awarded FRCS (Fellow from the Royal College of Surgeons), Edinburgh. He worked his passage back to Australia as a Ship’s Surgeon on the on the Australian Commonwealth Line’s T.S.S. Largs Bay. Dr Angus married Gladys in 1929, in Ballarat. (They went on to have one son (Graham 1932, born in SA) and two daughters (Helen (died 12/07/1996) and Berenice (Berry), both born at Mira, Nhill ) According to Berry, her mother Gladys made a lot of their clothes. She was very talented and did some lovely embroidery including lingerie for her trousseau and beautifully handmade baby clothes. Dr Angus was a ‘flying doctor’ for the A.I.M. (Australian Inland Ministry) Aerial Medical Service in 1928 . Its first station was in the remote town of Oodnadatta, where Dr Angus was stationed. He was locum tenens there on North-South Railway at 21 Mile Camp. He took up this ‘flying doctor’ position in response to a call from Dr John Flynn; the organisation was later known as the Flying Doctor Service, then the Royal Flying Doctor Service. A lot of his work during this time involved dental surgery also. Between 1928-1932 he was surgeon at the Curramulka Hospital, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. In 1933 Dr Angus returned to Nhill and purchased a share of the Nelson Street practice and Mira hospital (a 2 bed ward at the Nelson Street Practice) from Dr Les Middleton one of the Middleton Brothers, the current owners of what previously once Dr Tom Ryan’s practice. Dr Tom and his brother had worked as surgeons included eye surgery. Dr Tom Ryan performed many of his operations in the Mira private hospital on his premises. He had been House Surgeon at the Nhill Hospital 1902-1926. Dr Tom Ryan had one of the only two pieces of radiology equipment in Victoria during his practicing years – The Royal Melbourne Hospital had the other one. Over the years Dr Tom Ryan had gradually set up what was effectively a training school for country general-practitioner-surgeons. Each patient was carefully examined, including using the X-ray machine, and any surgery was discussed and planned with Dr Ryan’s assistants several days in advance. Dr Angus gained experience in using the X-ray machine there during his time as assistant to Dr Ryan. When Dr Angus bought into the Nelson Street premises in Nhill he was also appointed as the Nhill Hospital’s Honorary House Surgeon 1933-1938. His practitioner’s plate from his Nhill surgery is now mounted on the doorway to the Port Medical Office at Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village, Warrnambool. When Dr Angus took up practice in the Dr Edward and Dr Tom Ryan’s old premises he obtained their extensive collection of historical medical equipment and materials spanning 1884-1926. A large part of this collection is now on display at the Port Medical Office at Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village in Warrnambool. In 1939 Dr Angus and his family moved to Warrnambool where he purchased “Birchwood,” the 1852 home and medical practice of Dr John Hunter Henderson, at 214 Koroit Street. (This property was sold in1965 to the State Government and is now the site of the Warrnambool Police Station. and an ALDI sore is on the land that was once their tennis court). The Angus family was able to afford gardeners, cooks and maids; their home was a popular place for visiting dignitaries to stay whilst visiting Warrnambool. Dr Angus had his own silk worm farm at home in a Mulberry tree. His young daughter used his centrifuge for spinning the silk. Dr Angus was appointed on a part-time basis as Port Medical Officer (Health Officer) in Warrnambool and held this position until the 1940’s when the government no longer required the service of a Port Medical Officer in Warrnambool; he was thus Warrnambool’s last serving Port Medical Officer. (Masters of immigrant ships arriving in port reported incidents of diseases, illness and death and the Port Medical Officer made a decision on whether the ship required Quarantine and for how long, in this way preventing contagious illness from spreading from new immigrants to the residents already in the colony.) Dr Angus was a member of the Australian Medical Association, for 35 years and surgeon at the Warrnambool Base Hospital 1939-1942, He served with the Australian Department of Defence as a Surgeon Captain during WWII 1942-45, in Ballarat, Victoria, and in Bonegilla, N.S.W., completing his service just before the end of the war due to suffering from a heart attack. During his convalescence he carved an intricate and ‘most artistic’ chess set from the material that dentures were made from. He then studied ophthalmology at the Royal Melbourne Eye and Ear Hospital and created cosmetically superior artificial eyes by pioneering using the intrascleral cartilage. Angus received accolades from the Ophthalmological Society of Australasia for this work. He returned to Warrnambool to commence practice as an ophthalmologist, pioneering in artificial eye improvements. He was Honorary Consultant Ophthalmologist to Warrnambool Base Hospital for 31 years. He made monthly visits to Portland as a visiting surgeon, to perform eye surgery. He represented the Victorian South-West subdivision of the Australian Medical Association as its secretary between 1949 and 1956 and as chairman from 1956 to 1958. In 1968 Dr Angus was elected member of Spain’s Barraquer Institute of Barcelona after his research work in Intrasclearal cartilage grafting, becoming one of the few Australian ophthalmologists to receive this honour, and in the following year presented his final paper on Living Intrasclearal Cartilage Implants at the Inaugural Meeting of the Australian College of Ophthalmologists in Melbourne In his personal life Dr Angus was a Presbyterian and treated Sunday as a Sabbath, a day of rest. He would visit 3 or 4 country patients on a Sunday, taking his children along ‘for the ride’ and to visit with him. Sunday evenings he would play the pianola and sing Scottish songs to his family. One of Dr Angus’ patients was Margaret MacKenzie, author of a book on local shipwrecks that she’d seen as an eye witness from the late 1880’s in Peterborough, Victoria. In the early 1950’s Dr Angus, painted a picture of a shipwreck for the cover jacket of Margaret’s book, Shipwrecks and More Shipwrecks. She was blind in later life and her daughter wrote the actual book for her. Dr Angus and his wife Gladys were very involved in Warrnambool’s society with a strong interest in civic affairs. He had an interest in people and the community They were both involved in the creation of Flagstaff Hill, including the layout of the gardens. After his death (28th March 1970) his family requested his practitioner’s plate, medical instruments and some personal belongings be displayed in the Port Medical Office surgery at Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village, and be called the “W. R. Angus Collection”.The W.R. Angus Collection is significant for still being located at the site it is connected with, Doctor Angus being the last Port Medical Officer in Warrnambool. The collection of medical instruments and other equipment is culturally significant, being an historical example of medicine from late 19th to mid-20th century. Dr Angus assisted Dr Tom Ryan, a pioneer in the use of X-rays and in ocular surgery.Glass ear syringe. Has cork stopper at top and cotton wrapped at base of plunger. Has a curved end.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, otology, ears, ear syringe, deafness, ear wax -
Deaf Children Australia
Folder, Reports 1969-1974, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1974
The Victorian School for Deaf Children continued an interest in the latest research and information on the education of deaf children. Various reports from the 1969 to 1974 relating to the education of deaf children. Black hard cover magazine cover containing various reports separately bound. 1. Reynolds report 1969 - Observations of Educational programs for hearing impaired children in the U.S.A., England & Russia. 2. Houston report 1970 - Report on Review of Fundraising and Public Relations Activities by Henry Houston, Fund raising consultant. 3. Dawson report 1972 - 'Let the Accent be on Ability' by Shirley Dawson. 4. Rawlings report 1974 - 'The Decade in Review' - the VSDC and the PEKD by Brenda W. Rawlings. Inside front cover: "REYNOLDS REPORT…1969/HOUSTON REPORT…1970/DAWSON REPORT…1972/RAWLINGS REPORT…1974" deaf children australia, dca, victorian school for deaf children, vsdc, deaf education, henry houston, shirley dawson, brenda w. rawlings -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Book, Soldiering On, 1942
The stories were contributed by members of the Australian Army. They had been prepared in the field in brief hours off duty, often by the flickering light of a hurricane lamp in a black-out camp and sometimes within hearing of the front-line guns.Red hard cover with beige printing on front cover and spine. Text, black and white and coloured sketches, pictures and mapsww1, books, history, local -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Journal, Kewriosity : September 1989
... . Hard of hearing seminar / p6. Government funding for Community ...New Mayoral team looks to the future [Cr Michael Montalto, Cr Daryl Oldaker] / p1. Maternal and Child Health review / p1. Dates for September / p2. Head Lice Infection hits local Schools / p2. Commentary [Council Mission Statement] / Cr Michael Montalto / p3. Meet the Mayoral team [Cr Montalto & Cr Oldaker profiles] / p3. Kew Hawthorn Tenancy Week / p3. Notices / p4. Kew Neighbourhood Watch [meetings] / p4. Area 6 Traffic [Management Committee] / p4. Learning for leisure [Kew Recreation Centre] / p4. School holiday programs / p4. Tutors in training [Adult literacy] / p4. Kew Band report / p4. Children's Week / p5. Crackdown on dogs / p5. Aqua friends / p5. Kew's young concerned about health / p5. Rowing Four wins gold / p5. Hard of hearing seminar / p6. Government funding for Community Environment Groups / p6. Keep Kew Green [1990 Kew Festival] / p6. Open days for Kew's kindergartens / p6. Garden dedicated in ex-Principal's honour [Bicentennial Garden, Kew East Primary School, Graeme Lindsay] / p7. Deliverers wanted / p7. Awards for Kew Lions [and Lionesses] / p7. Bus volunteers [Kew Community Bus] / p7. Council taking a look at Kew's open spaces / p7. Letters to the editor / p8. Boroondara Bushwalkers [pollution, Yarra Bend Park] / p8. [Deepdene Uniting] Cricket Club recruiting new players / p8. Footy news [Kew Football Club] / p8. Keeping you informed [Consumer Affairs Kit] / p8.Kewriosity was a local newsletter combining Kew Council and community news. It was published between November 1983 and June 1994, replacing an earlier Kewriosity [broad] Sheet (1979-84). In producing Kewriosity, Council aimed to provide a range of interesting and informative articles covering its deliberations and decision making, together with items of general interest and importance to the Kew community and information not generally available through daily media outlets.non-fictionNew Mayoral team looks to the future [Cr Michael Montalto, Cr Daryl Oldaker] / p1. Maternal and Child Health review / p1. Dates for September / p2. Head Lice Infection hits local Schools / p2. Commentary [Council Mission Statement] / Cr Michael Montalto / p3. Meet the Mayoral team [Cr Montalto & Cr Oldaker profiles] / p3. Kew Hawthorn Tenancy Week / p3. Notices / p4. Kew Neighbourhood Watch [meetings] / p4. Area 6 Traffic [Management Committee] / p4. Learning for leisure [Kew Recreation Centre] / p4. School holiday programs / p4. Tutors in training [Adult literacy] / p4. Kew Band report / p4. Children's Week / p5. Crackdown on dogs / p5. Aqua friends / p5. Kew's young concerned about health / p5. Rowing Four wins gold / p5. Hard of hearing seminar / p6. Government funding for Community Environment Groups / p6. Keep Kew Green [1990 Kew Festival] / p6. Open days for Kew's kindergartens / p6. Garden dedicated in ex-Principal's honour [Bicentennial Garden, Kew East Primary School, Graeme Lindsay] / p7. Deliverers wanted / p7. Awards for Kew Lions [and Lionesses] / p7. Bus volunteers [Kew Community Bus] / p7. Council taking a look at Kew's open spaces / p7. Letters to the editor / p8. Boroondara Bushwalkers [pollution, Yarra Bend Park] / p8. [Deepdene Uniting] Cricket Club recruiting new players / p8. Footy news [Kew Football Club] / p8. Keeping you informed [Consumer Affairs Kit] / p8. publications -- city of kew (vic.), kewriosity, council newsletters, community newsletters -
Expression Australia
Booklet, Eph'phatha (be open) An Application For Worship Where There Is Hearing Loss
... services of worship for the Deaf and hard of hearing. reverend ...Published by Reverend Geoffrey Sloan (Hon.) Chaplain for the Deaf and Hearing Impaired of Victoria, Printed by Harrison Print Bendigo 1993Significant as a guide for conducting services of worship for the Deaf and hard of hearing.21cmHx14.5cmW, 24 pages, 2 copiesreverend geoffrey sloan, eph'phatha, -
Melbourne Legacy
Document, Legacy Presidents (Bill Cremor, Syd Birrell, Ray Hall, Hugh Brain)
Two page document recording anecdotes about Melbourne Legacy Presidents, including Bill Cremor, Syd Birrell, Ray Hall and Cyril Smith, written by Ray Hall's successor in 1935, H.G. Brain. According to his account relationships were not always smooth; not only did Hall chair a fractious Board in 1934, but in 1931 insults were hurled during a meeting (by no less than Stan Savige) which resulted in the immediate resignation of the then President Smith, later retracted. Brain himself upset Mildura Legacy when he put forward his view to the Mildura Annual Dinner that 'the returned soldier section of the population was big enough ... to carry its own welfare activities, and that it ought not to pound the general populace too hard.' He had inadvertently broadcast his ideas over the national network, thinking that the microphone was only for local hearing assistance. More amusingly Brain also tells a story about Cremor when he ran against Harold Holt for the the House of Representatives seat of Fawkner 'in 1942 (?)', and one about Birrell showing a group of the Women's Nationalist League (a conservative women's organisation established in 1904 to support the monarchy and empire) members around the Flemington Saleyards. The handwritten notation at the end references the funeral of 1949 President Syd Birrell, who died in 1966.Eyewitness account of early Melbourne Legacy presidents, which is indicative of the times and attitudes.2 typed sheets, black on white'Birrell funeral' handwritten in blue ballpoint, tick beside the final paragraph on each sheet.past presidents, history