Every sultan of the Ottoman Empire had his own monogram, called the tughra, which served as a royal symbol. A coat of arms in the European heraldic sense was created in the late 19th century. Hampton Court requested from the Ottoman Empire the coat of arms to be included in their collection. As the coat of arms had not been previously used in the Ottoman Empire, it was designed after this request, and the final design was adopted by Sultan Abdul Hamid II on 17 April 1882. The emblem features an ornate cartouche ensigned by a Tughra. The cartouche is surrounded by various elements of the state including two flags, the red flag of the Ottoman dynasty with a star and crescent and the green flag of the Islamic caliph, largely obscured by a cornucopia. Behind the flags are a number of spears and other weapons. Hanging beneath the lower flourish are the medals of five of the Ottoman decorations.ottoman empire, tughra

Passchendaele Barracks Trust NR 22 - 663T.This is a brass belt buckle. The front has a round 3D badge displaying a star and half moon. On the half moon appears to have raised Turkish writing. On the rear, is a small rectangular coup, and, a rod that pivots. On that Rod are two metal prongs.passchendaele barracks trust, belt buckle, turkish

Lyttelton served in the Second Boer War as Commander of the 4th Brigade from 1899. He temporarily became General Officer Commanding the 2nd Division and the commanded the 4th Division. The Division was involved in the Battle of Spion Kop and the Battle of Vaal Krantz, leading to the Relief of Ladysmith 1900. Lord Roberts referred to Lyttelton as an officer "with great coolness under fire, and considerable tactical knowledge and resource........an excellent commander in the field." Following the end of the Boer War in 1902, Lyttelton became Commander-in-Chief of the whole of South Africa. He and his wife sought to repair relations with the Boer community. In the South Africa honours of 1902 Lyttelton was knighted as Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. He retired in 1912 and under insistence by the King was appointed as Governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea from that time until his death there in 1931. Other awards received were Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath; Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order; Order of Osmanieh (Ottoman Empire)Individual image taken from photographed poster of tobacco and cigarette cards.neville gerald lyttelton, second boer war, commander, 4th brigade, battle of spion kop, battle of vaal krantz, relief of ladysmith, lord roberts, commander-in-chief, south africa, knight commander of the order of the bath, royal hospital chelsea, order of osmanieh (ottoman empire), knight grand cross of the royal victorian order

The Sulieman Pasha is possibly named after the most important Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Suleiman One, or Suleiman the Magnificent, when the Ottoman Empire was at its peak. Or potentially a number of Ottoman governors, statesmen and military commanders with the same name after, however the spelling is slightly different to the mine name. No Turkish connection was found relating to the formation of the company, and remains unconfirmed. The mine operated from two shafts; No. 1 near the corner of Humffray and Mair streets, and also near where the Welcome Nugget (2217 ounces) was found years earlier; and the controversial No. 2 shaft several blocks south bordering the northern side of the main highway through Ballarat. The company produced 62 666 ounces of gold, the twelfth highest quartz reef gold production for any mine on the Ballarat goldfield. Some crushing figure examples are January-June 1881: 3674 tonnes 1085 ounces; January-June 1885: 2949 tonnes 1281 ounces; July-December 1885: 4459 tonnes 1119 ounces; January-June 1887: 1869 tonnes 730 ounces; July-December 1892: 1450 tonnes 771 ounces; July-December 1896: 4365 tonnes 1372 ounces. Like many mines in the area, gold grades were low. John Watson was noted as mine manager in the 1880s, and John Williams 1890s. The company was re-organised twice increasing the number of shares from 4000 to 24 000, and increasing the capital available. The Sulieman Pasha Company was formed in 1878. David Fitzpatrick was given the honour of turning the first sod of both the No.1 and later No. 2 shafts. The first dividend was given to shareholders in July 1881. The company obtained a prospecting vote (government grant) to start, and was very proud to be the first Victorian gold mining company to pay the funds back to the government. The event was marked by a lavish banquet laid out for ministers and government officials by the company. Leases were purchased to the south in 1885 to the Llanberris Mine boundary, after poor results began accumulating from the small No. 1 shaft. To take advantage of this new land the company planned to sink a second shaft. Initially this was to take place on government land, but the uproar from nearby residents caused the company to purchase land along the Main Road (now Western Highway), and the old Yarrowee Hotel which had occupied the site since the alluvial digger days of the 1850's was demolished. The area had since those days become heavily occupied with a number of shops, houses, a post office, church and two schools in the immediate area. The thought of an underground mine next door drew considerable opposition. The company (before the days of public relations departments) wrote 'most people would have thought that progress as vital as mining would be supported by tradesmen whose business rely on the mining industry. It seems when it comes to mining they are bereft of their senses, and considering the low ebb of mining in Ballarat East, the action of our opponents are unaccountable. (Sarcastically) There are certain engineering difficulties in moving the quartz reefs to a new location, but if we could to appease our opponents we would'. The company also wanted to take over 4 acres of the St Paul's school oval for machinery, but accused the St Paul's Church of wanting extortionate amounts of money upfront, and on a yearly basis for the privilege. It stated the church could not be opposed to mining when several years earlier it had formed its own company to mine the land, only for shareholders to lose their money. In 1886, the company approached the Minister for Mines, and attended heated public meetings on the matter. The local residents, shop owners, and church submitted a 60 person petition to the local council and government authorities. They stated the shaft contravened the mining statutes, which stating no mining could take place within 150 yards of a public building or church. A speech by a resident stated 'mining always comes with glorious pictures of the great benefits which would accrue all parties concerned if their request is granted, but if property is destroyed or depreciated in value, no-one then comes forward and compensates them'. The No. 2 shaft was approved including taking over part of the school oval. In 1888, workers at the company's No. 2 shaft went on strike to try and bring their wages in line with other mines in the district (the No. 1 shaft was operated by tributers). William Madden (26) was killed from a fall of earth underground the same year, while a year later his father John Madden (70) was similarly killed in the Madame Berry Mine elsewhere in the district. In 1897 as the amount of gold being found fell away, it came to light part of the deal to purchase the Yarrowee Hotel site was a 5% royalty on gold found. Shareholders could not understand why they were paying a royalty to the former owners of the property. The mine closed in 1898 due to a lack of gold. In 1902 a boy (age unknown) called Charles Lee was killed from a fractured skull while working to dismantle the Sulieman Pasha plant. The fuss over the No. 2 shaft had a sequel. On the company winding up, the land was purchased by J.S. Trethowan who built a house next to the shaft. In 1907, the shaft caved-in creating a sinkhole immediately at the back of the house. A Mr Chamberlain heard a deep rumbling sound at 5am, and looked out the window to see his fowl house and thirteen chickens disappear down an expanding hole. He then went back to bed, and called the police later in the day. The shaft was 1050 feet deep, and the hole at the surface that developed was 20 feet by 17 feet across, and 20 feet depth. In 1930 it is reported a syndicate had been formed to clean out the old shaft, and re-open the mine. It is assumed this was the No. 1 shaft but no more was found. (https://www.mindat.org/loc-304239.html, accessed 07/08/2019) A transverse section plan of the Sulieman Pasha Mine.sulieman pasha company, plan, mining, united black hill mine, victoria united mine, victoria street, britannia united mine, last chance mine, llanberris mine, ottoman empire, john watson, john williams, david fitzpatrick

Frances Rigg was a local business identity in Kew, at one stage managing the local branch of the English, Scottish and Australian (ES&A) Bank at 175 High Street from c. 1920 until the 1940s. After Francis Rigg’s death, the collection of buttons and medallions was inherited by his son, Ken Rigg (1922-2014). The collection was subsequently donated to the Kew Historical Society in 2015 by Francis' grandson, Adrian Rigg, at the time of the Gallipoli & Beyond Commemoration in 2015. The collection covers a period of almost 40 years. The majority of the buttons are patriotic buttons, issued and sold during and immediately after the First World World War (1914-1918) to raise funds for national and overseas causes. The collection also includes a number of locally significant sporting event buttons and sporting club medallions, issued in the 1920s and 1930s.Patriotic and other pressed tin buttons and badges were produced in large numbers in the first decades of the twentieth century. By nature, insubstantial and ephemeral, they have not always survived. The collections of badges, buttons and medallions in the Kew Historical Society collection is homogenous and yet diverse, ranging from buttons sold to raise funds for the war efforts in 1914-18 and 1939-45, to those used at festivals and sporting events. Because of the manufacturing process, many surviving buttons and badges have been affected by inadequate storage, suffering from oxidisation and physical damage. These survivors are now historically and socially significant artefacts, revealing much about the attitudes and values of the period in which they were produced. Their widespread distribution means that they are frequently significant at a local, state, national and international level.Fundraising badge sold by the Commonwealth Button Fund to raise funds for the victims of the Armenian massacres in the Ottoman Empire during the war."Servia Syria Armenia"patriotic buttons, first world war (1914-18), badges

This depiction of Major George Devine Treloar (1884-1980) by artist Lis Johnson was commissioned by the George Devine Treloar Memorial Committee an initiative of Merimna Kynon of Oceania, Central Portian Pontion Association of Melbourne and Victoria Pontiaki Estiaâ and the City of Ballarat. Treloar was appointed as the League of Nations Commissioner for Refugees in Greece in 1922 where he worked to provide food, aid and comfort to what would eventually total over 100,000 refugees from the collapsing Ottoman Empire. This memorial grew from the desire of the descendants of refugees to honour his memory and his humanitarian work. Bronze statue of George Treloar and a child on granite plinthFront: Major George Devine Treloar (Born Ballarat 1884 - Died Dalkeith 1980) Artist: Lis Johnson Commissioned by the George Devine Treloar Memorial Committee an initiative of Merimna Kynon of Oceania, Central Portian Pontion Association of Melbourne and Victoria ‘Pontiaki Estia’ and the City of Ballarat. Unveiled by Ballarat Mayor Councillor Samantha McIntosh on 8 September 2019 His glory lies not in the earth, but in the hearts of men (After Thucydides, 460-395 BCE) Back: Ballarat’s George Devine Treloar – Soldier and Refugee Helper Born in 1884, George Devine Treloar the son of Jane and Thomas Treloar, grew up in Ballarat attending St Patrick’s College. Treloar began his military career by joining the British Army during WWI and transferred to the elite Coldstream Guards where his bravery earnt him the Distinguished Service Order and Military Cross. Treloar was appointed as the League of Nations Commissioner for Refugees in Greece in 1922 where he worked tirelessly – with his wife and family – to provide food, aid and comfort to what would eventually total over 100,000 refugees from the collapsing Ottoman Empire. Based in the town of Komotini and then Thessaloniki, he created new villages to accommodate refugees. For his efforts Treloar would earn the praises of those he had helped. One of the new towns he had helped create was named in his honor – Thrylorion. He was awarded the Greek Gold Cross of the Order of the Redeemer in 1923. This memorial grew from the desire of the descendants of refugees assisted by Major George Devine Treloar in Greece to honor his memory. Without his help their ancestors would not have survived, making their way from across the former Ottoman Empire, from Pontus and Asia Minor to Australia. Here in the town of his birth stands his memorial, dedicated to his memory and good works, created by the people of Ballarat and the descendants of the refugees he saved.treloar, george devine, refugee, asia minor

"Group portrait of the surviving members of D Company/ 7th Battalion after the Battle of Krithia, Ottoman Empire:/ Turkey, Marmara, Chanak, Gallipoli Peninsula/1915"Photograph - black and white photograph on paper, group portrait of 27 soldiers. Board mounted photograph on timber with satin finish.photograph, mounted, 7th battalion, ww1

Turkish Crimean War Medal issued by the Sultan of Ottoman Empire to Allied Military involved in Crimean War of 1854-56. Was only givem to survivors of war.Medal with Ribbon unmounted in plastic packet. Turkish Crimea Medal.Inscribed on rim - "1871 Private T. Adams Royal Artillery".ron mills collection, medals

Major-General Charles Goerge Gordon. Born in Woolwich, Kent England 28 January 1833, died 26January 1885 Khartoum, Mahdist Sudan. He was The Governor General of Sudan and had Commands in Crimean War, Siege of Sevastopol, Battle of Kinburn, Second Opium War, Taiping Rebellion, Battle of Cixi, Battle of Changzhou, Mahdist War, Siege of Khartoum. Awards - Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom), Order of the Osmanieh Fourth Class (Ottoman Empire), Order of the Medjidie Fourth Class (Ottoman Empire), Chevalier of the Legion of Honour (France), Order of the Double Dragon (China), Imperial yellow jacket (China)An oval hand coloured photograph of a man with a mustache wearing a red hat and a blue military uniform with a gold collar, epaulettes and lapels, and a green sash. On his left chest there are five awards. It's attached to a rectangular brown paper covered cardboard. On the rear handwritten pencil General Charles Cordon British Officemajor-general g. g. gordon, awarda, middle east, china

The Turkish Crimean War medal is a campaign medal issued by Sultan Abdülmecid I of the Ottoman Empire to allied military personnel involved in the Crimean War of 1854-56. There are three different issues of this medal for those issued to British, French or Sardinian personnel.An 1855 Crimea War medal of metal with pin soldered onto back. Flags and cannon on front.medal numismatics military crimea

Linked to the location known as the last great cavalry charge, being Beersheba (Ottoman Empire) 1917, which the 4th Light horse Regiment (AIF) undertook on 31/10/1917. The sand has been obtained from the Battlefield that the Charge occurred on. Collected from the site of the Last Great Charge - The Charge of the 4th Light Horse Brigade at Beersheba on the 31/10/1917. Glass Jar and wooden stand titled "Sands of Beersheba". Jar contains sand from Beersheba WW1 Battlefield as a memento and was collected in April 2008. "Sands of Beersheba" label accompanying the stand and glass jar containing the sand. Label reads as follows: Sands of Beersheba Collected from WW1 Battlefield April 2008 4/19 Prince of Wales Light Horse. ww1, beersheba, battlefield memento, sand, battle of beersheba, charge of the 4th light horse brigade, sand collected as a memento from beersheba, ww1

Significant Historical. The Australian Light Horse was a skilled formation of mounted infantry of the Australian Imperial Force. (A.I.F.) The men fought at Gallipoli (without their horse's) and mostly served in Egypt and the Middle East. The unit contributed to the Allied victory against the Ottoman Empire in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.This uniform belonged to Sergeant Victor Royston Smith #1004. 4th Australian Light Horse Regiment 1st A.I.F. Sailed from Sydney 21st January 1915. Landed Gallipoli 1st October 1915. Rode with his Regiment in the charge at Beersheba in Palestine on 31st October 1917. Returned to Australia on the 2nd August 1919.Full Khaki Light Horse Uniform.

Ottoman War medal was give by Ottoman Empire to soldiers during WW1 for gallantry. Australian soldiers began to see these after the Gallipoli campaign particularly during the conflict in Sinai and Palestine. Martin Balsarini fought in the Battle of Beersheeba in Palestine. It is likely that he collected this medal during that campaign. This object is significant because Martin Balsarini was Chiltern Valley resident who fought in the Gallipoli campaign. This is a rare medal highly prized by Australian soldiers. Martin is listed on the Chiltern Shire Great War Honour Roll Star shaped medal with five points, inlaid with red enamel with silver edges. Large crescent moon in centre as well as Islamic patterns and writings, including calendar date. Reverse side has a pin holder inscribed with BB&co. Silver is tarnished and scratched.BB & Co. Islamic inscriptionschiltern, martin balsarini, ottoman, medal, world war one, gallipoli, beersheba, gallipoli star

These badges were produced for the Commonwealth Button Fund to raise funds for the victims of the Armenian massacre in the Ottoman Empire during World War One. The button was designed by Frances Woolcot the Honorary Organiser of the Melbourne Branch of the Commonwealth Button Fund. The buttons were sold late in February 1918 and raised 7,300 pounds for the victims.February These badges are of interest as an example of the Australian fund raising efforts during World War One for a specific group of people - in this case the victims of the Armenian massacres..1 Concave metal badge featuring sky, a minaret, two onion shaped domes, buildings, sand, three mounted camels and palm trees. There is a clip pin on the reverse. .2 As for .1 but discoloured and there is no slot into which the pin may be inserted. SERVIA SYRIA ARMENIA

Fundraising badge sold by the Commonwealth Button Fund to raise funds for the victims of the Armenian massacres in the Ottoman Empire during the war. The button was designed by Frances Woolcot, the Honourary Organiser of the Melbourne Branch of the Commonwealth Button Fund. The design was approved in November 1917 and the buttons were sold on 30 February 1918 - £7,300 was raised on the day. Part of the button collection of Frederick HyamsRound metal badge in orange, blue, black and white. Desert scene with city, three palm trees and camels with riders silhouetted. Words printed under scene. Pin at back fits into slotServia Syria Armenia

The eighteen men are assembled at the Greek Returned Servicemen's League hall which was located in Russell Street, Melbourne. The honour board, erected in memory of Greek soldiers, features battle fields where the Greek army participated from 1821, the beginning of Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, through to World War 2 and the Italian and German occupation of Greece. The man seated in front in an army uniform is an American serviceman. Seated fourth from the left is Spiros E. Raftopoulos who was president of the organisation from 1944 - 1968. Today the Hellenic RSL sub-Branch of Victoria represents and supports the Greek Australian veteran community. In 1978 the organisation joined the Returned and Services League of Australia. The Hellenic RSL sub-Branch commemorates all the Greek and Australian national days each year and proudly marches on Anzac Day in Melbourne, alongside veterans from the wars of Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan and earlier wars. On Anzac Day 2013 members of the IPS took part in the Anzac Day march for the first time. Greek national days are commemorated with wreath-laying ceremonies inside the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, at which the IPS participates.A black and white photograph of eighteen men seated and standing in front of an honour board, which has curtains on either side of it.

The two men, Spiros Raftopoulos and Ioannis Metaxas, joined the army to fight in the Balkan Wars which involved two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula between 1912 and 1913. In the first conflict Greece, Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia defeated the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War; in the second conflict Bulgaria unsuccessfully contested the distribution by its former allies of territory taken from the Turks during the First Balkan War. A number of Greeks who had emigrated to Australia and other parts of the world returned to Greece to fight in those wars.The men returning to fight for the country of their birth were motivated by their patriotism. Even though they had sought a new life in another country they felt strongly the need to return to their homeland to join the struggle. A black and white photograph of two soldiers dressed in Greek army uniform which was worn in the early years of the twentieth century. The two men are holding rifles and have a load of bullets strapped across their shoulders. The original photograph was mounted on fawn and dark green board.A strip of paper has been stuck across the bottom of the photograph with the names of the two men written in Greek and English. S.RAFTOPOULOS AND K. METAXIS IN THE ARMY 1913.

These are programs for the commemoration ceremonies held in Warrnambool in recent years. Anzac Day, 25th April, has been a public holiday in Australia since 1927 and at first commemorated the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps troops who landed on the Gallipoli peninsula, in Turkish Thrace, the European section of Turkey, on 25th April 1915 and engaged in battle with the troops from the Ottoman Empire in World War One. Today Anzac Day commemorates all Australian and allied troops who fought for their country in world conflicts. The programs reflect the deep reverence Australians have for both Anzac Day and those who fought for us. These programs are of some interest as they represent the type of commemoration that takes place in Warrnambool each year on Anzac Day. The local people, like most others in Australia, hold Anzac Day as an important, if not the most important, national day. These three programs are for commemoration ceremonies in Warrnambool for Anzac Day, 2009, 2012 and 2013. Two of them are two A4 white sheets of paper folded in two to make 4 pages printed back to back and the other is a larger folded cream-coloured sheet containing four printed pages. The pages contain colour photographs of the Warrnambool War Memorial, printed material and an image of the Returned Services League of Australia badge on the front page. anzac day, warrnambool war museum

The Book is part of a 25 volume set with red cloth bindings and gold filigree design to rib.non-fictionIn the 1908 edition of The Historians' History of the World, Volume 24 acts as the definitive survey of the "Eastern Question" and the peripheral powers of Europe. It shifts focus away from the Western powers of the time to examine the complex histories of the East and the South. The contents cover, Poland, the Balkans, Turkey, and Minor Nations Volume 24 becomes a geographically diverse volume that covers the history of several regions that were, in 1908, centres of intense geopolitical tension. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the historians history of the world vol 24 set 1

This hat is one commonly called a fez but there are many variations of the style and colour and many different names according to the country or group wearing this type of hat. The name fez comes from the city of Fez, the capital of Morocco up to 1927. This style of hat was part of the traditional clothing of Cyprus and introduced into the Balkan countries in the Byzantine era. In the early 1800s it was made part of men’s clothing by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and was used particularly as part of the military uniform. Today in military circles it is used as part of a dress uniform only but is extensively worn by men in many countries and is now seen to be part of oriental cultural identity. This particular fez appears to be a theatrical prop.This hat is not an authentic one, being a theatrical piece, but it will be useful for display.This is a short cylindrical peakless hat made of cardboard covered with a burgundy-coloured felt. There is a black tassel attached to the top and hanging down the side of the hat. The inside of the hat has a green and white striped material around the edge and patterned material covering the rest of the inside. ‘8’men’s headwear, history of warrnambool

Memorial cone from the original 'Lone Pine' at Gallipoli, presented to Headmaster Neville Clarke by B Company, Mentone Grammar Cadet Unit, 15th August 1995 in memory of those who served. The Battle of Lone Pine was fought between Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) and Ottoman Empire forces during the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War, between 6 and 10 August 1915. The battle was part of a diversionary attack to draw Ottoman attention away from the main assaults being conducted by British, Indian and New Zealand troops around Sari Bair, Chunuk Bair and Hill 971, which became known as the August Offensive.

The Battle of Jerusalem occurred during the British Empire's "Jerusalem Operations" against the Ottoman Empire, when fighting for the city developed from 17 November, continuing after the surrender until 30 December 1917, to secure the final objective of the Southern Palestine Offensive during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. (Wikipedia) On 11 December, General Edmund Allenby humbly entered the Old City on foot through the Jaffa Gate instead of horse or vehicles to show respect for the holy city. He was the first Christian in many centuries to control Jerusalem, which is a very important site for many faiths. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Lloyd George described the capture as "a Christmas present for the British people". The battle was a great morale boost for the British Empire.(wikipedia)Photograph showing a number of soldiers on a raised platform, including General Allanby. Locals look on from below, some wearing fez hats.Verso: Reading the proclamation at Jerusalem. General Allenby in centre. This photo no doubt will be valuable one day. Palestine, 1918world war one, jerusalem, palestine, allenby, general allenby

This black and white mage depicts large group of men dressed in military uniform of the Light Horse - with most wearing leather leggings, bandolier and slouch hat with emu plumes. "More Majorum" is engraved on the attached plaque which means "after the custom (or manner) of our ancestors" The 8th Light Horse Regiment was a mounted rifles regiment of the Australian Army during the First World War. The regiment was raised in September 1914, and assigned to the 3rd Light Horse Brigade. The regiment fought against the forces of the Ottoman Empire, in Egypt, at Gallipoli, on the Sinai Peninsula, and in Palestine and Jordan. After the armistice the regiment eventually returned to Australia in March 1919. For its role in the war the regiment was awarded fifteen battle honours. During the inter-war years, the 8th Light Horse was re-raised as a part-time unit based in the Indi region of northern Victoria. It was later converted to a divisional cavalry regiment during the Second World War but was disbanded in 1944 without having been deployed overseas.During WWI three light horse regiments were raised in Victoria for the AIF, the 4th ALH, the 8th ALH and the 13th ALH. These regiments served with distinction at Gallipoli, in the Middle East and on the Western Front.Wide and narrow rectangle shaped black and white reproduction photograph mounted on plyboard. A small metal plaque is attached in the centre of lower edge.Plaque -8th Indi Light Horse "More Majorum"8th indi light horse, victoria

This ‘heroic size’ reclining figure is a copy made from one of The Parthenon Sculptures currently housed at The British Museum, and thought to represent the river-god Ilissos. This piece was part of the Ballarat Technical Art School's collection of reference for art studies, and became affectionately known as 'Hercules' by subsequent student cohorts. The cast was likely made by Brucciani and Co. London, and part of a consignment delivered to the School during the 1920s. This cast replicates one of a number of relics acquired by Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of Elgin and ambassador to Turkey, (Lord Elgin) in Athens in the early 19th century. (Hence, these works were sometimes collectively referred to as the Elgin Marbles). Ownership of the artefacts, once part of the 2,500-year-old Parthenon temple, is disputed by Greece. It maintains that Elgin removed them illegally while the country was under Turkish occupation as part of the Ottoman Empire. The items were sold to the British Museum in 1816 and have remained there ever since. The original "Ilissos" was located on the west pediment of the Parthenon in Greece, and was created in c435 BC. It is unknown if the statue was in position or had already fallen when removed from the Parthenon by Elgin. The Royal Academy London also holds a copy of this plaster cast. The Ballarat Technical Art School boasted a well-stocked Antique Room replete with plaster copies of classical, Renaissance and Gothic sculptural examples, which were used as drawing props by students. The school inherited some casts from its predecessor institutions, and further consignments were purchased during the 1920s, including full length, bust and relief figures, as well as dozens of ornamental and architectural casts. Unfortunately, much of the collection was lost or destroyed in the late 1950s.Quality examples of heroic sized plaster replicas are now rare, as many plaster collections were destroyed or lost when the copy of antique examples fell out of favour with art schools.Plaster cast used during Drawing classes at the Ballarat Technical Arts School. It is likely a headless depiction of the river god Ilissos.hercules, ballarat technical art school, elgin marbles, plaster, plaster cast, figure of a river god, parthenon marbles, ilissos, copy, drawing the human figure from cast, drawing from the antique, visual arts

World War one began in 1914, and ended in 1918. World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. One of the deadliest conflicts in history, World War I resulted in an estimated 15 to 22 million deaths, including those in war crimes and genocides. The war also helped spread the Spanish flu pandemic. The conflict saw important developments in weaponry, including the first large-scale use of machine guns, artillery, aircraft, chemical weapons, and tanks. The causes of World War I included the rise of the German Empire, which disturbed the long-standing balance of power in Europe, and the exacerbation of imperial rivalries, as reflected in new alliances and an arms race between the great powers. Tensions in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914 when Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb, assassinated Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and declared war on 28 July, upon which the Russian Empire mobilised in Serbia's defence. In early August, Germany declared war on Russia and France; the United Kingdom entered the war after Germany invaded Belgium. Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France, but its advance was halted in September, and the Western Front solidified into a near-continuous line of fortified trenches from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side gained a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in November, which was followed by a failed Allied campaign at Gallipoli. Japan and Italy also joined the Allies. Major battles, including those at Verdun, the Somme, and Passchendaele, failed to break the stalemate on the Western Front. In April 1917, the United States joined the Allies after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare against Atlantic shipping. Later that year, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in the October Revolution; Soviet Russia signed an armistice with the Central Powers in December, followed by a separate peace in March 1918. That month, Germany launched a spring offensive in the west, which despite initial successes left the German Army exhausted and demoralised. The Allied Hundred Days Offensive, beginning in August 1918, caused a collapse of the German front line. By early November, the Allies had signed armistices with the Ottomans and with Austria-Hungary, leaving Germany isolated. Facing a revolution at home, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the Armistice of 11 November 1918. Metal spiral bound book. Plastic clear cover, and black cardboard back cover. Soft cover. Cover has an image of a black and white image of the bust of a soldier looking to the left. Titles in white. 121 pages. Contains articles of the First World War as reported in the 'Bendigonian Newspaper'. Contains a timeline of significant events during WW1. Has index. Transcribed by Pamela Houston. Printed by Bendigo Copy Centre, Bendigo. Volume one deals with 1914.world war one, soldiers, bendigonian newspapaper

This statement by Eric George Elliott tells how The battle of Beersheba took place on 31 October 1917 as part of the wider British offensive collectively known as the third Battle of Gaza. The final phase of this all day battle was the famous mounted charge of the 4th Light Horse Brigade. Commencing at dusk, members of the brigade stormed through the Turkish defences and seized the strategic town of Beersheba. The capture of Beersheba enabled British Empire forces to break the Ottoman line near Gaza on 7 November and advance into Palestine.Decisive victory at Beersheba fell to one of the last great charges of mounted troops in history. As Australian Light Horse Divisions captured the town and secured crucial water wells, their success also marked the beginning of the end of the war in the Middle East. This end came exactly a year to the day after success at Beersheba.Rectangular shaped glass covered picture frame with a photocopy of his statement on the charge of Beersheba.ww!, beersheba, statement, photocopy, australian light horse brigade.

The battle of Beersheba took place on 31 October 1917 as part of the wider British offensive collectively known as the third Battle of Gaza. The final phase of this all day battle was the famous mounted charge of the 4th Light Horse Brigade. Commencing at dusk, members of the brigade stormed through the Turkish defences and seized the strategic town of Beersheba. The capture of Beersheba enabled British Empire forces to break the Ottoman line near Gaza on 7 November and advance into Palestine.Decisive victory at Beersheba fell to one of the last great charges of mounted troops in history. As Australian Light Horse Divisions captured the town and secured crucial water wells, their success also marked the beginning of the end of the war in the Middle East. This end came exactly a year to the day after success at Beersheba.Rectangular shaped glass covered picture frame showing the Light Horsemen.Charge of the Light Horsemen The Battle of Beershebabeersheba, the light horse, lara r.s.l.,world war one, battle of beersheba, ww1

Glossary, maps, p.236.non-fictionWinchester travels in a scimitar-shaped journey through Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegreo, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Greece to Turkey. He names his route the Fracture Zone, because this locale marks not only the meeting of two vast continental tectonic plates, perpetrators of geological chaos, but also the uneasy boundary between two great historical empires, the Hapsburg and the Ottoman." "The Fracture Zone weaves together history, travel and political perspective with the personal testaments of ordinary and extraordinary people. In this record of history, hatred and ruin, Simon Winchester details the conditions under which the area's refuges now live against a background of ancient political and spiritual strugglebalkan peninsula - history, balkan peninsula - travel

p.295.non-fictionAs Iraq descends ever closer to civil war, no one doubts that George W. Bush's Iraq strategy has been an abysmal failure -- just as Gwynne Dyer argued it would be in both Ignorant Armies and Future: Tense. The question now is what will happen not just in Iraq but in the whole Middle East region once American troops are withdrawn. In The Mess They Made, Dyer predicts that the Middle East will go through the biggest shake up since the region was conquered and folded into the Ottoman Empire five centuries ago. In his trademark vivid prose, and in arguments as clear as his research is thorough, Dyer brings his considerable knowledge and understanding of the region to bear on the issue of how widespread the meltdown in the Middle East will likely be. In five chapters, Dyer points the way from present policies and events to likely future developments in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and in the various other countries of the region, not least of which is nuclear-armed Israel. Argues that the Middle East is about to change fundamentally and everything is now up for grabs: regimes, ethinic pecking orders within states, even national borders themselves are liable to change without notice. Five years from now there could be an Islamic Republic of Arabia, an independent Kurdistan, a Muslim cold war, and more. iraq war 2003-2011 - history, middle east - international relations