Showing 47 items matching "vaccine"
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Ballarat Heritage ServicesPhotograph, Clare Gervasoni, Covid Vaccine Centre at the Royal Exhibition Centre, 2021, 22/12/2021
... Covid Vaccine Centre at the Royal Exhibition Centre, 2021......vaccine...Colour photograph of the line of people waiting to receive a Covid19 vaccine at the Royal Exhibition Buildings. ...Ballarat Heritage Services PO Box 2209 Bakery Hill Post Office goldfields Covid19 vaccine royal exhibition building Carlton gardens Colour photograph of the line of people waiting to receive a Covid19 vaccine at the Royal Exhibition Buildings. ...Colour photograph of the line of people waiting to receive a Covid19 vaccine at the Royal Exhibition Buildings. covid19, vaccine, royal exhibition building, carlton gardens -
Federation University Historical CollectionPamphlet, Australian Government, Information on Spikevax (Moderna) COVID-19 Vaccine, 2021
... Information on Spikevax (Moderna) COVID-19 Vaccine......Vaccine...A5 sized pamphlet containing information on Spikevax (Moderna) COVID-19 Vaccine...Barker Library (top floor) Mount Helen goldfields COVID-19 was a pandemic that occurred in 2019 and resulted in lockdowns in 2020 and 2021 Covid-19 Pandemic Moderna Vaccine Australian Government A5 sized pamphlet containing information on Spikevax (Moderna) COVID-19 Vaccine Information on Spikevax (Moderna) COVID-19 Vaccine Pamphlet Australian Government ...COVID-19 was a pandemic that occurred in 2019 and resulted in lockdowns in 2020 and 2021A5 sized pamphlet containing information on Spikevax (Moderna) COVID-19 Vaccinecovid-19, pandemic, moderna, vaccine, australian government -
City of Moorabbin Historical Society (Operating the Box Cottage Museum)Manufactured Glass, bottle and measure 'VAXOS', 1946
... Vaxos No. 1 is what medical science terms an Endotoxoid, an oral vaccine, and an entirely new form of antigen with very high immunising powers. ...BOTTLE ; VAXOS / No. 1 / Vaccine Products (Aust.) / Australaisian Distributors / H.C.Sleigh / (Pharmaceutical Dept.) 582 Little Colins St. ...Vaccine Products Aust....Contents 15cc / Price 12/6 / VACCINE PRODUCTS / (AUST ) /........ Manfd. ...TROVE ‘Advertisement April 2nd 1941 WHY VAXOS No. 1 MUST NOT BE CONFUSED WITH NOSE DROPS, INHALANTS, OR OTHER TEMPORARY PALLIATIVES. Vaxos No. 1 is what medical science terms an Endotoxoid, an oral vaccine, and an entirely new form of antigen with very high immunising powers. Vaxos No. I contains only pure antigens and is entirely free of herbs, drugs, or bacterial organ- isms, and is, therefore, perfectly safe for anyone to take. Vaxos No. I is produced by an Eminent Medical Bacteriologist UNDER GOVERNMENT LICENCE.and it is the ONLY PRODUCT EMANATING FROM THE LABORATORY OF THE ORIGINAL DISCOVERER OF THIS METHOD OF TREATMENT AND IMMUNISATION. As such, it must not be confused with cheaply prepared substitutes.A clear glass bottle with a plastic screw top and a clear glass, cylindrical measure with graduations of 10 to 25 drops in a cardboard box c1946. ‘VAXOS’ was used to treat respiratory infections BOTTLE ; VAXOS / No. 1 / Vaccine Products (Aust.) / Australaisian Distributors / H.C.Sleigh / (Pharmaceutical Dept.) 582 Little Colins St. Melbourne C1 / BATCH No. 1215 / Left side ; for Acute / Common Cold / Bronchitis / Antrum and / sinus troubles / Manfd. Nov.,1946 / Nett Contents 15cc. Right side : for Chronic / Catarrh / Hay Fever / Bronchial / Asthma, etc. / EXPIRY / Nov., 1948 / Medium Size Bottle . MEASURE; Paper adhering to glass - VAXOS DROPS 10, 15, 25 / Front BOX - Lid MEDIUM SIZE / BOTTLE / FOR ACUTE CASES / Base ; VAXOS / No. 1 / A colloidal polyvalent Antigen designed to / relieve and confer immunity from / respiratory tract disorders........./ Left side DIRECTIONS / ............. Batch No. 1215 / Right side ; VAXOS No. 1 / Contents ........Vaxos is made under / Government Licence by a / qualified medical bacteriologist . Back Nett. Contents 15cc / Price 12/6 / VACCINE PRODUCTS / (AUST ) /........ Manfd. NOV., 1946 / EXPIRY NOV., 1948pharmacy, medicines, early settlers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, cheltenham, vaxos medicines, h.c.sleigh pty ltd, bacteriology, c.s.i.r.o departments melbourne, vaccine products australia, respiratory diseases -
Eltham District Historical Society IncPhotograph, Dianne Yans about to administer a vaccine shot to a young baby at the Maternal and Child Health Centre, War Memorial Hall, 905 Main Road, Eltham, 1989, 1989
... Dianne Yans about to administer a vaccine shot to a young baby at the Maternal and Child Health Centre, War Memorial Hall, 905 Main Road, Eltham, 1989...Eltham District Historical Society Inc 728 Main Rd Eltham melbourne council staff eltham shire council shire of eltham Fuji 100 Roll of 35mm colour negative film, 6 strips Dianne Yans about to administer a vaccine shot to a young baby at the Maternal and Child Health Centre, War Memorial Hall, 905 Main Road, Eltham, 1989 Photograph ...Roll of 35mm colour negative film, 6 stripsFuji 100council staff, eltham shire council, shire of eltham -
Eltham District Historical Society IncPhotograph, Dianne Yans about to administer a vaccine shot to a young baby at the Maternal and Child Health Centre, War Memorial Hall, 905 Main Road, Eltham, 1989, 1989
... Dianne Yans about to administer a vaccine shot to a young baby at the Maternal and Child Health Centre, War Memorial Hall, 905 Main Road, Eltham, 1989...Eltham District Historical Society Inc 728 Main Rd Eltham melbourne council staff eltham shire council shire of eltham Fuji 100 Roll of 35mm colour negative film, 6 strips Dianne Yans about to administer a vaccine shot to a young baby at the Maternal and Child Health Centre, War Memorial Hall, 905 Main Road, Eltham, 1989 Photograph ...Roll of 35mm colour negative film, 6 stripsFuji 100council staff, eltham shire council, shire of eltham -
Robin Boyd FoundationBook, Sir Gustav Nossal, 1978 Boyer Lectures. Nature's Defences: New Frontiers in Vaccine Research, 1978
... Nature's Defences: New Frontiers in Vaccine Research...Nature's Defences: New Frontiers in Vaccine Research Book Sir Gustav Nossal The Australian Broadcasting Commission ...Softcoverwalsh st library -
Whitehorse Historical Society Inc.Card, Essential Worker Vaccine Card, 19/03/2025
... Essential Worker Vaccine Card...Covid 19 Coronavirus Austin Hospital Essential Worker Vaccine Card for Giselda Bannister and accompanying documentation 94966997 Giselda Bannister 28-03-21 20.06.21 2 x A4 sheets and a card measuring 8.5 x 5.5 cm Essential Worker Vaccine Card Card Mercy Hospital ...Essential Worker Vaccine Card for Giselda Bannister and accompanying documentation2 x A4 sheets and a card measuring 8.5 x 5.5 cmnon-fictionEssential Worker Vaccine Card for Giselda Bannister and accompanying documentationcovid 19, coronavirus, austin hospital -
National Wool MuseumLetter, Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, 1963
... Typewritten letter in black ink on cream paper with green and black letterhead of ‘Commonwealth Serum Laboratories’, marketing influenza vaccines to businesses for their employees....Ordering: Having decided on your influenza vaccine requirements, it is then only necessary to place your order, quoting your doctor’s name, by simply contacting the C.S.L. ...Ordering: Having decided on your influenza vaccine requirements, it is then only necessary to place your order, quoting your doctor’s name, by simply contacting the C.S.L. ...Kathryn Knitwear, founded by Robert Blake, manufactured high quality children’s knitwear in Melbourne from the 1940s – 1980s. Robert Blake began manufacturing children’s knitwear in his bedroom in Strathmore using a hand powered machine in the late 1940s. The operation moved to Ascot Vale and Essendon, before eventually establishing a factory in Moonee Ponds in the early 1950s. The business continued to expand, necessitating a move to a new factory in Broadmeadows. By 1962, the Broadmeadows factory was producing an average of 20,000 garments per month, which increased to 24,000 by 1964. Robert Blake’s Son, Brendan recalls that “The Kathryn brand was famous around Australia, anywhere children needed to keep warm and dress smartly. It also won a number of wool fashion awards”, including the 1969 Wool Awards, which was held by the Australian Wool Bureau and published in Women’s Weekly. The Kathryn range was designed for durability, comfort and care, without sacrificing style. They used patterning techniques that increase stretchiness, comfort and fit, as well as integrating decorative elements into the fabric to prevent them from being bulky, uncomfortable or tight. Making longevity of style a priority, Brendan Blake remembers that “there was one particular garment that was in the range for at least thirty years”. He also recalls “In the past, when women have found out that I was associated with Kathryn Knitwear, they would often relate to me the story of a garment they had purchased or received as a gift and, when their child had grown out of it, they would hand it on to another child. Several ladies have told me of purchasing garments for their daughters’ glory box, or saving a particular garment after their daughter had grown out of it. Brendan Blake: “At the peak of their operation they employed approximately two hundred people, mainly women and girls. A family would often seek to send their daughter to work in this company because they knew they would be looked after and safe. One lady wrote to me telling me that working at the Moonee Ponds Factory prior to getting married was the happiest time of her life.” In 1963, workers at the Kathryn factory earned £13 per week, which was 8 shillings and 8 pence higher than the minimum weekly wage for female workers in the textile manufacturing industry (£12 11s 4d). By 1970, the Kathryn Knitwear brand expanded from children’s knitwear into womenswear under the brand name ‘Lady Kathryn’, and for boys and men under ‘Robert Blake’. Continuing to diversify their distribution, they also began exporting ‘Kathryn’ garments to New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, and Japan. ‘Kathryn Knitwear’ was well-known for their early adoption of modern materials and techniques that had broad appeal to their customer base. This is shown in their early use of the acrylic fibre ‘Orlon’ in the 50s and 60s and ‘Superwash’ wool in the 1970s. Many of Kathryn Knitwear’s styles, particularly those that were long running staples of the brand, were available in both wool and Orlon to suit the consumer’s preference. Far from the humble origins of one man in his bedroom with a hand-cranked machine; at its closure in 1980, the Broadmeadows factory of ‘Kathryn’ housed more than 100 machines, including 53 sewing machines and 45 knitting machines. Robert Blake was “a passionate advocate for wool and Australian Made” throughout his whole life. A strong thread that ties through the lifespan of Robert Blake and Kathryn Knitwear is a balance between adopting new innovations without sacrificing the core values of durability, comfort, care and style that had made the brand so well known. Their legacy forms an integral part of both Australian social and manufacturing history.Typewritten letter in black ink on cream paper with green and black letterhead of ‘Commonwealth Serum Laboratories’, marketing influenza vaccines to businesses for their employees.COMMONWEALTH SERUM LABORATORIES 45 POPLAR ROAD, PARKVILLE, N.2. VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS ‘SERUMS’ MELBOURNE / TELEPHONE 38-2101 (5 LINES), 38-5136 (5 LINES) ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE TO DIRECTOR IN REPLY PLEASE QUOTE 63/909 Dear Sir, INFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINE Each year more and more business houses are organising immunisation campaigns against influenza for their staff. This, we feel is a wise precaution as influenza is not selective and absenteeism amongst your work force because of influenza could seriously hinder the operations of your company. To combat epidemic influenza, C.S.L. have produced Influenza Virus Vaccine (Polyvalent) which is effective against the types and strains of influenza virus which are likely to cause the disease this winter. We believe that immunization against influenza should be carried out between February and April (before the onset of winter) and suggest that you discuss the matter with your Medical Officer as soon as possible so that he can advise you on the needs of your organization. Ordering: Having decided on your influenza vaccine requirements, it is then only necessary to place your order, quoting your doctor’s name, by simply contacting the C.S.L. State Sales Branch in your capital city. Yours faithfully, COMMONWEALTH SERUM LABORATORIES. P.S. We have supplies of attractive coloured notice board posters inviting the staff to support the campaign arranged for their benefit. Should you decide on a campaign, these posters are available on request from the C.S.L. State Sales Branch in your capital city, or if you have any difficulty, direct from us at Parkville.business, business history, manufacturing, knitting machine, fashion textile production, business archives, manufacturing documents, vaccination, flu vaccination, public health, public health history, epidemiology, influenza, vaccination history -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.Document - DR. OLIVER PENFOLD'S VACCINE & LIFE STORY, 30 April 2007
... Oliver Penfold's pioneering work in developing a vaccine against small pox using calf lynph he prepared himself....OLIVER PENFOLD'S VACCINE & LIFE STORY ...Plastic spine and cover Document, Dr. Oliver Penfold's pioneering work in developing a vaccine against small pox using calf lynph he prepared himself.Barbara Francisdocument, names of bendigo pioneers, dr. oliver penfold -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageContainer - Bottle & Box, Edinburgh Laboratories, Early - Mid 20th Century
... Edinburgh Laboratories, 103 York Street, Sydney, Australia. Bacterial Vaccine. ...Edinburgh Laboratories, 103 York Street, Sydney, Australia. Bacterial Vaccine. Cardboard box containing a glass bottle of Lantigen colloidal mixture. ...Respiratory tract infections are among the most common diseases both in adults and children. ………….Lantigen B is an oral product based on bacterial lysates of six different inactivated strains commonly involved in respiratory tract infections. ……….This study demonstrates Lantigen B's effectiveness in the prevention of bacterial complications and suggests that it can be used in patients who are particularly at risk of infection (children, the elderly, diabetics, and immunocompromised patients) or those in whom an infection might aggravate a clinical picture that is already inherently complicated (diabetics again, but also patients with heart, kidney, or liver disease). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8349012_Efficacy_of_Lantigen_B_in_the_prevention_of_bacterial_respiratory_infectionsThe control of respiratory conditions is essential to public health.Cardboard box containing a glass bottle of Lantigen colloidal mixture.Lantigen. For the treatment of catarrah, chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Edinburgh Laboratories, 103 York Street, Sydney, Australia. Bacterial Vaccine. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, lantigen, medical, respiratory conditions -
Greensborough Historical SocietyDocument - Document collection, COVID-19 Vaccination information, 2021
... Collection consists of: Letter to citizens recommending COVID-19 vaccine booster from Prime Minister, Health Minister and Chief Medical Officer; Austin Health vaccine Information leaflet; two Australian Government post vaccination information leaflets; photocopied patient vaccine card and one (redacted) COVID-19 printed digital certificate listing two A-Z vaccinations received....Greensborough Historical Society 34A Glenauburn Road Lower Plenty Lower Plenty melbourne Collection consists of: Letter to citizens recommending COVID-19 vaccine booster from Prime Minister, Health Minister and Chief Medical Officer; Austin Health vaccine Information leaflet; two Australian Government post vaccination information leaflets; photocopied patient vaccine card and one (redacted) COVID-19 printed digital certificate listing two A-Z vaccinations received. covid pandemic vaccination certificate COVID-19 Collection of documents relating to COVID-19 AstraZeneca vaccinations of an individual in May and August 2021 COVID-19 Vaccination information Document Document collection ...Collection consists of: Letter to citizens recommending COVID-19 vaccine booster from Prime Minister, Health Minister and Chief Medical Officer; Austin Health vaccine Information leaflet; two Australian Government post vaccination information leaflets; photocopied patient vaccine card and one (redacted) COVID-19 printed digital certificate listing two A-Z vaccinations received.Collection of documents relating to COVID-19 AstraZeneca vaccinations of an individual in May and August 2021covid pandemic, vaccination certificate, covid-19 -
St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne ArchivesJournal - Notebook of lecture notes of St Vincent's Melbourne nurse, circa 1903
... The subjects range from Operation of Lithotomy instrument requirements to Infection Control including nursing management of Diptheria and Smallpox, diseases now controlled with vaccines. ...The subjects range from Operation of Lithotomy instrument requirements to Infection Control including nursing management of Diptheria and Smallpox, diseases now controlled with vaccines. Journal Notebook of lecture notes of St Vincent's Melbourne nurse, circa 1903. ...kathleen o'brien, margaret scudds, nurse training, st vincent's hospital melbourne -
Ballarat Heritage ServicesPhotograph, Covid19 Vaccination Centre at the Royal Exhibition Buildings, 22/12/2021
... This photograph was taken when Clare Gervasoni attended to receive the 3rd vaccine dose or booster. ...Ballarat Heritage Services PO Box 2209 Bakery Hill Post Office goldfields This photograph was taken when Clare Gervasoni attended to receive the 3rd vaccine dose or booster. Covid19 vaccination centre royal exhibition centre pandemic Photograph of a line pf people waiting for a covid 19 Vaccination at the Royal Exhibition Centre, Carlton. ...This photograph was taken when Clare Gervasoni attended to receive the 3rd vaccine dose or booster. Photograph of a line pf people waiting for a covid 19 Vaccination at the Royal Exhibition Centre, Carlton. covid19, vaccination centre, royal exhibition centre, pandemic -
Federation University Historical CollectionPoster, State Government of Victoria, Covid19 Notifications, 2020
... In 2020, after the government offering 2 vaccines, and two vaccine boosters conditions were relaxed. ...In 2020, after the government offering 2 vaccines, and two vaccine boosters conditions were relaxed. ...The Covid19 pandemic resulted in a number lock ins and work from home arrangements from 2020 to 2021. In 2020, after the government offering 2 vaccines, and two vaccine boosters conditions were relaxed. The posters were developed by the State Government under the directions of the Chief Health Officer, Prof. Brett Sutton. Victorian State Government posters relating to the Covid19 pandemic and social distancing, masks, staff tooms, queues and other requirements. The posters were available online for dowloading and using in appropriate settings,covid19, pandemic, health, masks, brett sutton -
Orbost & District Historical SocietyPainting, Bazeley, M, 1912
... Bazeley who was the wife of the current Church of England minister and the mother of Dr Percival Bazeley, born in Orbost (1909) who was credited with assisting Dr Jonas Salk who produced the polio vaccine....Bazeley who was the wife of the current Church of England minister and the mother of Dr Percival Bazeley, born in Orbost (1909) who was credited with assisting Dr Jonas Salk who produced the polio vaccine. This item is an example of the artistic talents of many women in the early 20th century. ...The painting was created by Mrs M. Bazeley who was the wife of the current Church of England minister and the mother of Dr Percival Bazeley, born in Orbost (1909) who was credited with assisting Dr Jonas Salk who produced the polio vaccine.This item is an example of the artistic talents of many women in the early 20th century. It is of aesthetic significance.Picture of small village by the sea with passersby. In all gold coloured frame.Front RH corner - M Bazeley,1912painting oil-painting bazely -
Williamstown Historical Society IncFunctional object - Vaccination stylus set
... The pointed styles were mounted into a holder, dipped into the vaccine, and injected into the skin. They were single use and were disposed of. ...The pointed styles were mounted into a holder, dipped into the vaccine, and injected into the skin. They were single use and were disposed of. ...Vaccinostyles were used for vaccination against smallpox. The pointed styles were mounted into a holder, dipped into the vaccine, and injected into the skin. They were single use and were disposed of. Vaccinostyles were particularly popular in France and Belgium and were made by fountain pen makers. Probably used between 1881 and 1920.Small bullet-shaped steel container with a lid, holding 18 arrow-shaped, disposable steel styles used for vaccination against smallpox.On container LID: "20 VACCINATIAN STYLES NO 4" On cotainer body: "NECESSAIRE /BP&C DEPOSE" On styles: "LE JENNER VACINOSTYLE INDIVIDUEL/DU DEMARE & SCHAL DEPOSE/BLANZY"immunization, vaccination, smallpox -
Federation University Historical CollectionDocument - Documents, Australian Government Covid-19 Vaccination Booster Dose information, 19/08/2020
... ...Vaccine...However, the new case in Queensland was linked to the Rydges on Swanston cluster in Melbourne when a man who travelled from Melbourne to Brisbane on Virgin flight VA313 on 1 June tested positive. covid-19 corona virus pandemic social distancing lock down Vaccine vaccine booster An A4 printed document persented to those who received a Covid19 Vaccination booster Australian Government Covid-19 Vaccination Booster Dose information Document Documents ...On 12 January, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, who had initially come to the attention of the WHO on 31 December 2019. On 3 March, the Reserve Bank of Australia became the first central bank to cut interest rates in response to the outbreak. Official interest rates were cut by 0.25% (25 base points) to a record low of 0.5%. On 12 March, the Federal Government announced a A$17.6 billion stimulus package, the first since the 2008 GFC. he package consists of multiple parts, a one-off A$750 payment to around 6.5 million welfare recipients as early as 31 March 2020, small business assistance with 700,000 grants up to $25,000 and a 50% wage subsidy for 120,000 apprenticies or trainees for up to 9 months, 1 billion to support economically impacted sectors, regions and communities, and $700 million to increase tax write off and $3.2 billion to support short-term small and medium-sized business investment. On 16 March, Premier Dan Andrews and Minister for Health Jenny Mikakos declared a state of emergency for Victoria for at least four weeks. On 19 March, the Reserve Bank again cut interest rates by a further 0.25% to 0.25%, the lowest in Australian history. On 22 March, the government announced a second stimulus package of A$66bn, increasing the amount of total financial package offered to A$89bn. This included several new measures like doubling income support for individuals on Jobseeker's allowance, granting A$100,000 to small and medium-sized businesses and A$715 million to Australian airports and airlines. It also allowed individuals affected by the outbreak to access up to A$10,000 of their superannuation during 2019–2020 and also being able to take an additional same amount for the next year. on the same day Victorian Premier Daniel Andrews announced on 22 March that the state will bring the school holiday forwards to 24 March from 27 March. On 30 March, the Australian Federal Government announced a $130 billion "JobKeeper" wage subsidy program offering to pay employers up to $1500 a fortnight per full-time, part-time or casual employee that has worked for that business for over a year. For a business to be eligible, they must have lost 30% of turnover after 1 March of annual revenue up to and including $1 billion. For businesses with a revenue of over $1 billion, turnover must have decreased by 50%. Businesses are then required by law to pay the subsidy to their staff, in lieu of their usual wages. This response came after the enormous job losses seen just a week prior when an estimated 1 million Australians lost their jobs. This massive loss in jobs caused the myGov website to crash and lines out of Centrelink offices to run hundreds of metres long.The program was backdated to 1 March, to aim at reemploying the many people who had just lost their jobs in the weeks before. Businesses would receive the JobKeeper subsidy for six months. On 2 April, the number of cases in Victoria exceeded 1,000, including over 100 healthcare workers. On 5 April, New South Wales Police launched a criminal investigation into whether the operator of Ruby Princess, Carnival Australia, broke the Biosecurity Act 2015 (Cwth) and New South Wales state laws, by deliberately concealing COVID-19 cases. On 6 April, the Department of Health revealed that 2,432 people recovered from the infection as the federal government started reporting recovery statistics. This is more than a third from the official number reported so far, Deputy Chief Medical Officer Professor Paul Kelly stating, "I think it is important. Firstly it really reinforces that message, which is a true one, that most people who get this disease do recover”. The day before, at 3pm, it was announced that 2,315 of the 5,687 confirmed coronavirus cases had recovered. May 2020 - An outbreak in Victoria at a meatworks that was later revealed to be Cedar Meats was announced on 02 May with eight cases. By 8 May, the cluster of cases linked to Cedar Meats in Victoria was 71, consisting of at least 57 workers and 13 close contacts, including a nurse, aged care worker and high school student. The number had increased to 75 by 9 May, 88 by 13 May, and 90 by 14 May. On 9 May, two Victorian cases were announced to be related to McDonald's Fawkner. By 18 May, this had increased to 12 cases, and on that day it was revealed that a delivery driver had tested positive, prompting the closing for cleaning of 12 more McDonald's locations: Melton East, Laverton North, Yallambie, Taylors Lakes, Campbellfield, Sunbury, Hoppers Crossing, Riverdale Village, Sandown, Calder Highway Northbound/Outbound, Calder Highway Southbound/Inbound, and BP Rockbank Service Centre Outbound. On 15 May, South Australia became the second jurisdiction, after the ACT, to be free of any active cases, however on 26 May, a woman returning from overseas who was granted exemption into South Australia from her hotel quarantine in Victoria tested positive for COVID-19. This was the first new case in 19 days for the state.[101] On 4 June, it was announced that the woman had recovered and the state was free of any active cases once again.[102] On 17 May, Victoria announced two further business sites had been shut down due to a suspected case at each. Domino's Pizza in Fairfield has been shut for two weeks, and mattress manufacturer The Comfort Group in Deer Park was closed from Friday 15 May to at least Wednesday 20 May. On 6 June, both New South Wales and Victoria reported no new cases for the previous 24 hours, with only Queensland and Western Australia reporting one new case each, the lowest national total since February. Western Australia also announced two old cases. However, the new case in Queensland was linked to the Rydges on Swanston cluster in Melbourne when a man who travelled from Melbourne to Brisbane on Virgin flight VA313 on 1 June tested positive.An A4 printed document persented to those who received a Covid19 Vaccination boostercovid-19, corona virus, pandemic, social distancing, lock down, vaccine, vaccine booster -
Mortlake and District Historical SocietyPoster - Infantile Paralysis Notice, Shire of Hampden, Cases Notified of Infantile Paralysis, 22/03/1935
... There was little chance of protecting children against contracting the disease as the Salk vaccine was not available until 1955, although medical research into the development of preventative serum was well advanced in the 1940's. ...There was little chance of protecting children against contracting the disease as the Salk vaccine was not available until 1955, although medical research into the development of preventative serum was well advanced in the 1940's. ...This public notice of 1935 warns of the dangers of Infantile Paralysis. It advises scalding dairy products and reporting stock illness, even though the disease was viral (discovered by U.S. researchers in 1908), not bacterial. There was little chance of protecting children against contracting the disease as the Salk vaccine was not available until 1955, although medical research into the development of preventative serum was well advanced in the 1940's. Treatment of the disease was primitive and a cure not possible.Infantile paralysis was a fearful disease increasingly prevalent in the early 20th Century. Children under 3 were especially susceptible. It could be said to be forever associated with this part of the Western District as a result of the celebrated author, Alan Marshall (1902-1984) suffering its effects. He immortalised his childhood, which was profoundly affected by his paralysis, in the autobiograhical novel 'I can jump puddles'. Public notice printed on Calico rectangle off white colour"Shire of Hampden. Recommendations by the Medical Officer of Health. During the last few weeks eighteen cases of INFANTILE PARALYSIS have occurred in this district. PARENTS are advised to seek Medical advice early in any case of sickness. It is not wise while this sickness is about to treat sick people by home remedies for a few days, for the mild fever-headache, &c., may be the early stage of INFANTILE PARALYSIS, and if a doctor is consulted then he has his best chance of protecting the patient from paralysis. All persons in the district are advised to scald all milk and cream used in the home, even that taken by adults. The people in the district may help solve the puzzle of where this disease comes from, by reporting at once to the Stock Inspector any sickness among the animals. SHIRE OFFICE, CAMPERDOWN, 22nd March, 1935. THOS.F.LITTLE, Secretary, Shire of Hampden." disease, infantile paralysis, poliomyelitis, shire of hampden, public health, childhood -
Sunshine and District Historical Society IncorporatedLetter - Kenneth Matthew Quick
... In Australia, mass community vaccination with the Salk vaccine began in 1956, mainly by City Councils throughout Australia. ...In Australia, mass community vaccination with the Salk vaccine began in 1956, mainly by City Councils throughout Australia. ...Envelope - This envelope post marked 17th March 1959 is addressed to Kenneth Matthew Quick. He lived at 25 Fraser Street Sunshine. Kenneth worked as a carpenter by trade. Kenneth was a member of the Lodge of Recollection No 588. This envelope was from Alick Harold Priest, the secretary of the Lodge of Recollection No 588. Alick worked as clerk and lived at 11 Thorpe Street Sunshine. Quick Lodge of Recollection Notice - This is an example of a formal notice to members of a Masonic Lodge to attend its regular meeting. This notice also detailed dues payable for the Grand Lodge Building Fund and proposition as Candidates for initiation into the Lodge. It is assumed this notice was sent in the envelope. City of Sunshine Notice Front - The SALK community vaccination effort refers to the widespread rollout of the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) developed by Dr. Jonas Salk in the 1950s, which marked a turning point in global public health. In Australia, mass community vaccination with the Salk vaccine began in 1956, mainly by City Councils throughout Australia. City of Sunshine Notice Back - A reminded by the City of Sunshine to its residents for dog registrations and change of address or ownership. Dog registration was and still is mandatory and helps reunite lost pets, supports animal management, and ensures public safety. 5059.01 - Kenneth Matthew Quick Envelope - K. M. Quick 25 Fraser St Sunshine. If not claimed in 7 days please return to A.H. Priest 11 Thorpe Street Sunshine W20. Post marked Sunshine Vic 17th Mar 1959 4d Paid. 5059.02 - Kenneth Matthew Quick Lodge Of Recollection Notice - Quick Lodge of Recollection No 588 Dir Sir and Bro K M Quirk You are hereby summoned to attend the Regular Meeting of your lodge, to be held in the Masonic Hall, Hampshire Road, Sunshine on Friday 3rd April 1959 at 7:15pm punctually Yours fraternally Bro A. H. Priest Secretary 11 Thorpe Steet Sunshine. 5059.03 - Kenneth Matthew Quick City Of Sunshine Notice Front - City of Sunshine SALK Shots for Adults. It is intended to commence free Anti-Polio (SALK) Vaccination for Adults during night sessions to be held at the Sunshine Town Hall early 1959. 5059.03 - Kenneth Matthew Quick City Of Sunshine Notice Back - Registration of Dogs. Notification of change of address or ownership. 5059.04 - Kenneth Matthew Quick No 7 Group Education Scheme Form - No 7 Group Education Scheme F. E. Abberton President. To the parent, Applications are invited from members of the Craft in No 7 Group area to enrol their children for the 1959 Coaching Scheme.kenneth matthew quick, lodge of recollection no 588, city of sunshine, polio, salk, alick harold priest -
St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne ArchivesPamphlet - Facts about Measles published by Colonial and Mutual Life Assurance Society for the benefit of its policy holders and the general public
... The information pamphlet may have been available at the reception desk at doctors’ surgeries or at infant welfare centres. The Measles Vaccine was not introduced in Australia until the 1960's. ...The information pamphlet may have been available at the reception desk at doctors’ surgeries or at infant welfare centres. The Measles Vaccine was not introduced in Australia until the 1960's. ...Information pamphlet for mothers stating that "Measles is a highly contagious and serious fever. Far too many people consider Measles to be a trifling kind of illness about which there is not much need to worry. This is a great mistake". Detailed are the headings "How one catches Measles, signs of Measles, how to take care of a child with Measles, after- effects and general remarks". "Send for the doctor at once" is highlighted in bold print. The information pamphlet may have been available at the reception desk at doctors’ surgeries or at infant welfare centres. The Measles Vaccine was not introduced in Australia until the 1960's. colonial and mutual life assurance society, measles, contagious disease -
Surrey Hills Historical Society CollectionPhotograph, Garden party in the grounds of 'Medlow' in the 1935, 1935
... He was a lecturer in bacteriology during WW1 and developed typhoid vaccines. He was President of the British Medical Association (BMA), forerunner to the AMA, in 1926. ...He was a lecturer in bacteriology during WW1 and developed typhoid vaccines. He was President of the British Medical Association (BMA), forerunner to the AMA, in 1926. ...Medlow was built in 1889 for Col Cairncross and named 'Willcyrus' after his sons William and Cyril. The Cairncross family was responsible for the planting of many of the trees, some sourced from Canada by one of the Cairncross sons. The date is approximate. The Bull family lived at 'Medlow' at 42 Warrigal Road, Surrey Hills from 1911. Dr Richard Bull graduated MD, BS in 1904. He was a lecturer in bacteriology during WW1 and developed typhoid vaccines. He was President of the British Medical Association (BMA), forerunner to the AMA, in 1926. Dr Bull's wife Catherine (nee Perrier) was a lover and patron of music and the arts. Their daughter Norma was a well-known artist. Mrs Bull was a great lover of music and the arts and made 'Medlow' available for the advance of these causes. 'Medlow' was bequeathed to the National Trust of Victoria by his son, Ronald Richard Bull, but it has since been sold back into private ownership.Black and white photo of groups of people in a garden setting, seated at tables with folding chairs and umbrellas. A Union Jack flag is flying.medlow, doctors, garden parties, gardens, surrey hills, houses names, 1935, national trust of victoria, (dr) richard joseph bull, (mr) william cairncross, (col) william cairncross, (mr) cyril cairncross, (mrs) catherine bull, (miss) catherine perrier, (miss) norma bull, (mr) ronald richard bull -
Upper Yarra MuseumTest Tube holder
... Although it is called a test tube holder, it is also used to Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_use_of_test_tube_holders#ixzz16ZofJVqD scientific experiments science laboritory chemicals minerals vaccines microbiology cultures medium solutions Test Tube holder ...This is a test tube holder or rack and what are its uses? A test tube holder is used in a laboratory and it is used to hold/support test tubes containing chemicals waiting for further operations. Although it is called a test tube holder, it is also used to Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_use_of_test_tube_holders#ixzz16ZofJVqDscientific experiments science laboritory chemicals minerals vaccines microbiology cultures medium solutions -
Mission to Seafarers VictoriaMagazine (item) - Newsletter, Mission to Seafarers Victoria, Ship to Shore , Issue 3 2021, November 2022
... Ship to Shore is a valable source of information ship to shore mission to seamen mission to seafarers flinders street melbourne victoria news events art prize exhibitions concerts open house seafaring life shipping sailors seamen sponsors marketing festival flying angel staff chaplains heritage collection archives maritime art prize sue dight 2021 docklands primary school community docklands covid 19 vaccination covid vaccine xmas christmas pandemic A4 size Ship to Shore , Issue 3 2021 Magazine Newsletter Mission to Seafarers Victoria ...Ship to Shore was first printed in 1997. Inspired by the Jottings From Our Log, this modern version is generally published quarterly (Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring) Articles are written by the mission's staff and give updates about shipping and seafaring news, staff, events, board Committee, heritage. It is sent by post or email to supporters, members, volunteers and friends of the mission. It is also available to the public in the Flying Angel club and online on the website.Ship to Shore is a valable source of informationship to shore, mission to seamen, mission to seafarers, flinders street, melbourne, victoria, news, events, art prize, exhibitions, concerts, open house, seafaring life, shipping, sailors, seamen, sponsors, marketing, festival, flying angel, staff, chaplains, heritage, collection, archives, maritime art prize, sue dight, 2021, docklands primary school, community, docklands, covid 19, vaccination, covid vaccine, xmas, christmas, pandemic -
Mission to Seafarers VictoriaMagazine (item) - Newsletter, Mission to Seafarers Victoria, Ship to Shore , Issue 2 2021, November 2022
... Ship to Shore is a valable source of information ship to shore mission to seamen mission to seafarers flinders street melbourne victoria news events art prize exhibitions concerts open house seafaring life shipping sailors seamen sponsors marketing festival flying angel staff chaplains heritage collection archives maritime art prize sue dight 2021 community docklands covid 19 vaccination covid vaccine xmas christmas pandemic simon burton welfare postcards glass slides nigel porteous catherine aviss (nee frampton) herbert aviss heritage tours vera moore foundation board members A4 size Ship to Shore , Issue 2 2021 Magazine Newsletter Mission to Seafarers Victoria ...Ship to Shore was first printed in 1997. Inspired by the Jottings From Our Log, this modern version is generally published quarterly (Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring) Articles are written by the mission's staff and give updates about shipping and seafaring news, staff, events, board Committee, heritage. It is sent by post or email to supporters, members, volunteers and friends of the mission. It is also available to the public in the Flying Angel club and online on the website.Ship to Shore is a valable source of informationship to shore, mission to seamen, mission to seafarers, flinders street, melbourne, victoria, news, events, art prize, exhibitions, concerts, open house, seafaring life, shipping, sailors, seamen, sponsors, marketing, festival, flying angel, staff, chaplains, heritage, collection, archives, maritime art prize, sue dight, 2021, community, docklands, covid 19, vaccination, covid vaccine, xmas, christmas, pandemic, simon burton, welfare, postcards, glass slides, nigel porteous, catherine aviss (nee frampton), herbert aviss, heritage tours, vera moore foundation, board members -
Mission to Seafarers VictoriaMagazine (item) - Newsletter, Mission to Seafarers Victoria, Ship to Shore , Issue 1 2021, November 2022
... Ship to Shore is a valable source of information ship to shore mission to seamen mission to seafarers flinders street melbourne victoria news events art prize exhibitions concerts open house seafaring life shipping sailors seamen sponsors marketing festival flying angel staff chaplains heritage collection archives maritime art prize sue dight 2021 community docklands covid 19 vaccination covid vaccine xmas christmas pandemic simon burton welfare board members james volum (1803-1884) weddings heidintatha kunoo heidin kunoo john sanderson archbishop philip freier beanies donations A4 size Ship to Shore , Issue 1 2021 Magazine Newsletter Mission to Seafarers Victoria ...Ship to Shore was first printed in 1997. Inspired by the Jottings From Our Log, this modern version is generally published quarterly (Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring) Articles are written by the mission's staff and give updates about shipping and seafaring news, staff, events, board Committee, heritage. It is sent by post or email to supporters, members, volunteers and friends of the mission. It is also available to the public in the Flying Angel club and online on the website.Ship to Shore is a valable source of informationship to shore, mission to seamen, mission to seafarers, flinders street, melbourne, victoria, news, events, art prize, exhibitions, concerts, open house, seafaring life, shipping, sailors, seamen, sponsors, marketing, festival, flying angel, staff, chaplains, heritage, collection, archives, maritime art prize, sue dight, 2021, community, docklands, covid 19, vaccination, covid vaccine, xmas, christmas, pandemic, simon burton, welfare, board members, james volum (1803-1884), weddings, heidintatha kunoo, heidin kunoo, john sanderson, archbishop philip freier, beanies, donations -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.Document - HARRY BIGGS COLLECTION: SABIN ORAL POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE FORM
... Document HARRY BIGGS COLLECTION: SABIN ORAL POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE FORM ...Document. Harry Biggs Collection. 1 side of this document is the Poliomyelitis Vaccination Form which contains information required to be recorded & filed. Is produced by the Department of Health Victoria. On the back of the card are what appear to be random jottings including phone numbers of various people.Department of Health Victoriaorganization, government, health, harry biggs collection, sabin oral poliomyelitis vaccine form -
City of Moorabbin Historical Society (Operating the Box Cottage Museum)Clothing - Adult, Singlet wool nylon mix, Hospital, c1950
... It was compulsory at that time for everyone to have a chest X-Ray. " ( KCC History Website 2020 , A.Bennett) Heatherton Sanitarium, situated in the City of Moorabbin, was the main rehabilitation hospital in Melbourne for patients suffering from 'Consumption' or Tuberculosis in 1909-1978 clothing singlets underwear heatherton sanitarium 1950 consumption tuberculosis rehabiltation tb vaccine c1960 chest x-rays 1950 melbourne benevelont asylum cheltenham brighton moorabbin pioneers dressmaking market gardeners early settlers craftwork bentleigh lacework moorabbin shire reed george dairy farms fruit orchards Back neck ; ( ? ...A nylon wool mixture sleeveless singlet with drawstring at neck that was possibly worn by George Reed when a patient at Heatherton Sanitarium c1950 "1909 'Consumption' or Tuberculosis was an infectious, debilitating disease. The main treatment of this ailment was a long period of rest, fresh air, sunshine and good food, so what better place to build a ‘Sanatorium’ than in the rural area they called Heatherton and affiliate it with the Melbourne Benevolent Asylum. After World War II c1947, the Commonwealth Government Health Department took over the Heatherton Hospital to deal with tuberculosis when it became a major problem in Australia. This was during the time when the Government conducted X-Ray surveys on a state by state basis. It was compulsory at that time for everyone to have a chest X-Ray. " ( KCC History Website 2020 , A.Bennett) Heatherton Sanitarium, situated in the City of Moorabbin, was the main rehabilitation hospital in Melbourne for patients suffering from 'Consumption' or Tuberculosis in 1909-1978 A wool / nylon mixture sleeveless Singlet with drawstring at neck that was used by George Reed at Heatherton Sanitarium c1950, Back neck ; ( ? Ward bed) 108Bclothing, singlets, underwear, heatherton sanitarium 1950, consumption, tuberculosis, rehabiltation, tb vaccine c1960, chest x-rays 1950, melbourne benevelont asylum cheltenham, brighton, moorabbin, pioneers, dressmaking, market gardeners, early settlers, craftwork, bentleigh, lacework, moorabbin shire reed george, dairy farms, fruit orchards -
Marysville & District Historical SocietyTHE TRIANGLE NEWS-VOL 41 NO 17-MAY 9 2014
... marysville victoria australia villains season 2014 kicks off in style afl legend doug hawkins speech marysville lions club news contact details for triangle news what's on when in may 2014 seasonal influenza vaccine available the committee of management of the gallipoli park precinct marysville community market creative triangle adventurous cooks marysville fire brigade good friday appeal church notices marysville golf report dr neil mckern running legend alexandra high school reunion mayor's chair by cr margaret rae councillor comment by cr john walsh koriella ward celebrating volunteers week marysville & triangle community men's shed united approach for visitor information centres buxton nursery social dancing alexandra residential & rural real estate marysville triangle real estate lake mountain mountain mayhem depression recovery program free information evening cleaner needed for marysville villains marsysville shines for 1000 hands project opening buxton hotel burger night draft budget 2014-2015 council plan review recognising those who returned from the war black spur inn mother's day lunch el kanah marsyville eat in eat out menu marysville preschool centre long day care & kindergarten marysville beer & platter garden closed for winter black spur inn kitchen assistant wanted council plan keeps focus on community emergence from surviving to thriving el kanah conference room dandyman play buxton hall trivia night review of dandyman play draft budget 2014/15 sets council's direction THE TRIANGLE NEWS-VOL 41 NO 17-MAY 9 2014 ...marysville, victoria, australia, villains season 2014 kicks off in style, afl legend doug hawkins speech, marysville lions club, news contact details for triangle news, what's on when in may, 2014 seasonal influenza vaccine available, the committee of management of the gallipoli park precinct, marysville community market, creative triangle, adventurous cooks, marysville fire brigade good friday appeal, church notices, marysville golf report, dr neil mckern running legend, alexandra high school reunion, mayor's chair by cr margaret rae, councillor comment by cr john walsh koriella ward, celebrating volunteers week, marysville & triangle community men's shed, united approach for visitor information centres, buxton nursery, social dancing alexandra, residential & rural real estate, marysville triangle real estate, lake mountain, mountain mayhem, depression recovery program free information evening, cleaner needed for marysville villains, marsysville shines for 1000 hands project opening, buxton hotel burger night, draft budget 2014-2015 council plan review, recognising those who returned from the war, black spur inn mother's day lunch, el kanah marsyville, eat in eat out menu, marysville preschool centre, long day care & kindergarten, marysville beer & platter garden closed for winter, black spur inn kitchen assistant wanted, council plan keeps focus on community, emergence from surviving to thriving, el kanah conference room dandyman play, buxton hall trivia night, review of dandyman play, draft budget 2014/15 sets council's direction -
Marysville & District Historical SocietyTHE TRIANGLE NEWS-VOL 41 NO 18-MAY 16 2014
... marysville victoria australia field naturalist club camp oeg's camp marsyville triangle news new contact details what's on when in may 2014 seasonal influenza vaccine available the committee of management of the gallipoli park precinct marysville community market creative triangle marysville triangle business & tourism first general members meeting portable skate ramp at buxton reserve church notices marysville golf report intrepid triangle bushwalkers buxton park first bootcamp mayor's chair by cr margaret rae councillor comment advertisements murrindindi shire council capital works program payment of rate instalment residential and rural real estate marysville triangle real estate depression recovery program buxton drainage works building our business community cleaner needed for marysville villains alexandra clearing sale bleak day at emerald for villains lake mountain mountain mayhem tenders marysville preschool centre long day care & kindergarten el kanah marysville eat in eat out menu marsyville beer & platter garden closed for winter black spur inn kitchen assistant wanted an invitation to join efforts emergence from surviving to thriving council continues to advocate for funding support buxton hall trivia night news from gallipoli park precinct lake mountain alpine resort opening weekend biggest morning tea cancer council THE TRIANGLE NEWS-VOL 41 NO 18-MAY 16 2014 ...marysville, victoria, australia, field naturalist club camp, oeg's camp marsyville, triangle news new contact details, what's on when in may, 2014 seasonal influenza vaccine available, the committee of management of the gallipoli park precinct, marysville community market, creative triangle, marysville triangle business & tourism first general members meeting, portable skate ramp at buxton reserve, church notices, marysville golf report, intrepid triangle bushwalkers, buxton park first bootcamp, mayor's chair by cr margaret rae, councillor comment, advertisements, murrindindi shire council capital works program, payment of rate instalment, residential and rural real estate, marysville triangle real estate, depression recovery program, buxton drainage works, building our business community, cleaner needed for marysville villains, alexandra clearing sale, bleak day at emerald for villains, lake mountain, mountain mayhem, tenders, marysville preschool centre, long day care & kindergarten, el kanah marysville, eat in eat out menu, marsyville beer & platter garden closed for winter, black spur inn kitchen assistant wanted, an invitation to join efforts, emergence from surviving to thriving, council continues to advocate for funding support, buxton hall trivia night, news from gallipoli park precinct, lake mountain alpine resort opening weekend, biggest morning tea, cancer council -
Marysville & District Historical SocietyTHE TRIANGLE NEWS-VOL 41 NO 19-MAY 23 2014
... marysville victoria australia marysville main street goes pink for breast cancer support breast cancer network australia marysville mini-field of women triangle new contact details what's on when in may 2014 seasonal influenza vaccine available the committee of management of the gallipoli park precinct marysville community market creative triangle marysville sub-branch rsl portable skate ramp at buxton reserve church notices marysville golf report emotions anonymous international intrepid triangle bushwalkers mayor's chair advertisements councillor comment buxton recreational reserve marysville and triangle community men's shed marsyville saddletramps payment of rate instalment residential and rural real estate marysville triangle real estate marysville water treatment plant upgrade underway requiem mass elaine postlethwaite r.i.p. dianne mcnamara marysville triangle youth christ church marysville blumes fashion winter collection council welcomes permit exemptions from bushfire rebuilding efforts cleaner needed for marysville villains alexandra clearing sale marysville midweek netball tenders marysville preschool centre long day care & kindergarten el kanah marysville eat in eat out menu council plans for future financial stability depression recovery program emergence from surviving to thriving lake mountain opening weekend buxton hall trivia night good governance in practice training and compliance systems & solutions cfa mountains mayhem THE TRIANGLE NEWS-VOL 41 NO 19-MAY 23 2014 ...marysville, victoria, australia, marysville main street goes pink for breast cancer support, breast cancer network australia, marysville mini-field of women, triangle new contact details, what's on when in may, 2014 seasonal influenza vaccine available, the committee of management of the gallipoli park precinct, marysville community market, creative triangle, marysville sub-branch rsl, portable skate ramp at buxton reserve, church notices, marysville golf report, emotions anonymous international, intrepid triangle bushwalkers, mayor's chair, advertisements, councillor comment, buxton recreational reserve, marysville and triangle community men's shed, marsyville saddletramps, payment of rate instalment, residential and rural real estate, marysville triangle real estate, marysville water treatment plant upgrade underway, requiem mass elaine postlethwaite, r.i.p. dianne mcnamara, marysville triangle youth, christ church marysville, blumes fashion winter collection, council welcomes permit exemptions from bushfire rebuilding efforts, cleaner needed for marysville villains, alexandra clearing sale, marysville midweek netball, tenders, marysville preschool centre, long day care & kindergarten, el kanah marysville, eat in eat out menu, council plans for future financial stability, depression recovery program, emergence from surviving to thriving, lake mountain opening weekend, buxton hall trivia night, good governance in practice, training and compliance systems & solutions, cfa, mountains mayhem
