Showing 1976 items
matching war records
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Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - PHOTOGRAPH OF A DAMAGED AEROPLANE, c. WW2
... Collection. See Cat No 3536P for his service record. Lancaster bomber ...The photograph depicts the damage to F.G. Davey's Lancaster bomber as detailed in his account titled 'The Nuremburg raid' which can be read from Cat No 4410. Part of F.G. Davey Collection. See Cat No 3536P for his service record.Black and white photograph with white border. Photograph features a group of three air force personnel examining damage to the wing of an aircraft.lancaster bomber, war damage, bombing raid, f.g. davey, raid on nuremburg -
Bendigo Military Museum
Letter - LETTER OF APPOINTMENT, Department of Civil Aviation and D.G. Anderson for the Director of Airways, 18th April, 1949
Letter advised F.G. Davey of an appointment with the Department of Civil Aviation. Davey initially wanted to be a commercial pilot after returning from WW2. He qualified to do so but eventually chose to return to his pre-war job as a clerk at Hume and Iser, Bendigo. Part of F.G. Davey collection. See catalogue no. 3536P for his service record.Single page letter in black type on cream paper under the commonwealth of Australia - Department of Civil Aviation letterhead. Handwritten appointment details appear in black ink.Handwritten in black ink: '18.4.47'. Handwritten indecipherable signature in black ink. Handwritten address in black ink: 'Davey F.G. 88 Olinda Street, Bendigo, Vic'. Handwritten appointment time: 'Thursday 24th 1030'.f.g. davey, letter, department of civil aviation -
Bendigo Military Museum
Document - ASSOCIATION PROPOSAL, September 1982
A copy of the proposal to form the No 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron RAF was sent to F.G. Davey. Davey flew with this squadron during WW2. The proposal gives a brief outline of the squadrons role at the time of the Falklands War and at the time of its disbandment. Davey was not involved with the association as he had passed away in 1975, prior to it being formed. Part of the F.G. Davey Collection. See catalogue no, 3536P for his service record.Two page document on cream coloured paper. Pages are stapled in the top left hand corner with a copper coloured metal staple. Text is printed in black type. Page one had printing on both sides. Page two is a proforma with printing on one side only.no44 (rhodesia) squadron, f.g. davey -
Bendigo Military Museum
Administrative record - NATIONAL REGISTRATION IDENTITY CARD
See Cat 4575 PThis is possibly a copy. Blue Card folded once. Front cover has British Coat of Arms, with words "National Registration Identity Card". The rear cover has number FC 655746 and three rubber stamps. Inside is written: BCDD 157:2 Van Lier. Abraham. Class Code A. Postal address - 89 Sherwood Avenue, Greenford MDX. Signature - A Van Lier. Stamped 22 Jn 43. Suspect it is a copy, printed onto new white cardboard substrate (Perhaps a training aid?). war, identification -
Bendigo Military Museum
Book - BOOK of Correspondence of WW1, Big Sky Publishing Pty Ltd, "The Man Who Carried the Nation's Grief", 2016
Collection of lettters from distressed families during WW1 to "Base Records" and the correspondence in reply signed by J.M. Lean.Soft cover book. Soft cover, cardboard: white, yellow and black print on front, spine and back. Front cover, background illustration montage of portrait photograph of a soldier in uniform and 2 typewritten letters in sepia tones. Back cover: sepia tones, photograph of a number of women working on typewriters. 440 pages, cut, plain, white paper. Illustrated black and white photographs.Collection of lettters from distressed families during WW1 to "Base Records" and the correspondence in reply signed by J.M. Lean.books, ww1, correspondence, biography -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Photographs, Bob Wilson, Framed Photos and Medals - McIntyre Family, 2016
These photographs and medals are of the McIntyre family. Three members of Lara's McIntyre family served during the First and Second World Wars, and two were members of the Lara RSL. John Lachlan McIntyre was born at Beeac, Victoria in December 1890. He enlisted in the 1st AIF in July 1915. John fought on the Western Front, taking part in the battles of Fromelles and the 2nd Battle of the Somme. He was severely wounded at Fromelles and spent 12 months in hospital in England before returning to the front. John returned home in 1919 and was granted a soldier settlement block in Lara in 1937. He was a founding member of Lara RSL and is its longest serving member. John died in 1990. Thomas Gordon McIntyre was born at Lara in 1901. Thomas, known as Gordon, was too young to enlist in the First World War with his brothers. At the outbreak of the Second World War he joined the 2/2nd Pioneer Battalion. He fought in the Syrian Campaign, before being recalled to Australia to fight in the pacific campaign. Gordon was wounded in a battle against the Japanese in Java on the 19/02/1942, and taken prisoner. No record of him after this was ever discovered, and he is presumed to have been killed. Jim McIntyre was born in 1893, and grew up in Lara and Geelong. Jim enlisted in the 1st AIF in 1916, and served with the 14th Battalion through the war. He was wounded twice. Jim died in 1976. The McIntyre family were early pioneers in the Lara district, and the brothers were founding members of the Lara RSL. Their medals and photographs represent a significant link to the history of the town and sub-branch. Three photographs and three sets of medals in a pine wood frame with glass covering. Photographs are black and white portraits of soldiers in uniform mounted on cream card. The medals are mounted on black felt. T.G. McIntyre VX20754 - 35-45 Star, Africa Star, Pacific Star, Defence Medal, War Medal and the Australian Service Medal 39-45. J.L. McIntyre 3591 - War Medal and Victory Medal J.W. McIntyre 7049 - War Medal and Victory Medal J.L. McIntyre REG. No. 3591 58th. BATT. 1st A.I.F Foundation Member Lara R.S.L 1890 - 1990 REG. NO. VX20754 T.G. MC INTYRE 2/2nd PIONEERS 2nd A.I.F 7049 J.W. McINTYRE 14th BTN. 1893-1975photograph, mcintyre, medals, wwi, wwii, world war 1, world war 2, aif, pioneers, lara, rsl -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Personal Records, Paybook, J.L.McIntyre
These paybooks were carried by John Lachlan McIntyre while on active service during the First World War. The books cover the period November 1915 to July 1919. Every soldier carried a paybook, and made an entry each time they were paid. Paybooks enable researchers to track the dates and places that a soldier served. These paybooks are associated with JL McIntyre, a founding member of Lara RSL. The books are highly personal objects carried with him every day, and would have formed a key element of his wartime experience. They are also significant as research materials, allowing researchers to track McIntyre's war experience. 2 Small khaki paybooks. One is landscape with a rising sun badge and text on the front. The other is portrait with a cloth cover and text. Each book has tables inside tracking dates and locations of payments made to JL McIntyre while on service. Book 1: Pay Book No. 170804 Surname McIntyre Christian Names J.L. 3591 Unit 58th Bn Australian Imperial Force Soldier's Pay Book. Book 2: JL McIntyre Soldier's Pay Book, For Use On Active Service 3591paybook, military, army, wwi, world war one, first world war, mcintyre, rsl, lara -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Personal Records, Soldier Pay Book, First World War
Pay Book Of World War One Soldier of Samuel Warren Ellis 1918 Contains Pay details ( Earnings and Other Credits )period 1917 to 1918 Next of Kin, Medical and Training Courses Completed Brown Booklet Length 154mm W106mmPay Book 278607 Surname Ellis Christian Names Samuel Warren Reg No 640 Unit Australian Imperial Force Rising Sun Badge -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Personal Records, Soldier Pay Book, First World War
Pay Book Of World War One Soldier of Samuel Warren Ellis Contains Pay details ( Earnings and Other Credits )period 1916 to 1917 Next of Kin, Medical and Training Courses Completed Khaki Booklet Length 154mm W106mmPay Book 278607 Surname Ellis Christian Names Samuel Warren Reg No 640 Unit Australian Imperial Force Rising Sun Badgesoldier's pay book world war one australian imperial forces lara rsl -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Personal Records, Soldier Pay Book, First World War
Pay Book Of World War One Soldier of Mc Intyre 1918 Contains Pay details ( Earnings and Other Credits )period 1916 Next of Kin, Medical and Training Courses Completed Khaki Booklet Length 154mm W106mmPay Book 20291 Surname Mc Intyre Christian Names James W Reg No 7049 Unit Australian Imperial Force Rising Sun Badgesoldier pay book world war one james mc intyre 7049 -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Personal Records, Leave or Duty Ration Book, After First world War Ration 1919 issued in France
Ration Stamps issued to Soldiers or Sailors after first world war issued to Private James William McIntyre in France 14 BtnRation Stamps issued to Soldiers or Sailors after first world war issued to Private James William McIntyre in FranceCream Coloured Booklet, Paper and Cardboard, Contains Ration StampsLeave or Duty Ration Book Soldier Sailor Red Stamp Union of South Africa 1pd Private James William McIntyre 7049 14 Btn N 9 revised Instruction to Seller on Back Page Ration Stamps Bread, Meat, Tea,100 Grammes De Painleave duty ration book ration stamps france 14 btn -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Personal Records, Civilian Construction Corps Identity Card, 1943
Identity Card for Civilian Construction Corps issued to SimonsID card issued to civilian trades persons during world war two.CardboardCivil Constructional Corps Identity Card Issued to Simons Macrobridge Worth Nationality British Trade Truck Service 12/2/43 Allotment 3.0.0 Medical History -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Personal Records, Hammock Tag WW1
World War 1 issue.World War 1 issue.Brown thin cardboard Tag, Small metal eye-let. Tag has a peferation across the middle of the tag.WW1 issue.To be attached to the top button tunic. Assigned to S.W. Ellis. Reverse of the tag : A.I.F. Unit : 2 MGC Name : Ellis S.W., Rank : Pte. Number : 640, Hospital : , Diagnosis : Effort Sysdrome. Information is duplicated on both sides of the perforation of the tag. -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Personal Records, Patrol hand book, Circa 1960
Used by K.Simons while on patrol during the Vietnam warSmall rectangular note book. Red in colour with 11 waterproof pockets inside.37228. K.G,Simons. notebook, handbook, lara r.s.l. -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Photograph, Dinner for 2nd World War veterans - Lara District - September 10th 1947, SEPTEMBER 1947
49.1 Names & images of 18 Returned Servicemen from W W 2. of the Lara District 49.2 Names & images of 18 Returned Servicemen from W W 2. of the Lara District presented to J & J McIntyre and Miss F McIntyre with compliments of the Lara Reception CommitteeLocal to Lara district , a visual record of persons in their home environment again . Also second photo 49.2 under glass 49.1 Oblong/Landscape....Black&White photograph on aged white cardboard....WELCOME HOME banner....Australian & British Flags prominent. 49.2 Photo mounted behind glass presented to the McIntyre FamilyFlashlight photograph September 10 1947. second world war servicemen lara mcintyre 1947 rsl j branch mcclelland -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Personal Records, Letter from Jack McIntyre home, 1917
During his service, Jack McIntyre sent this letter of well wishes to Lola Robinson, who resided in Fitzroy, Victoria.Piece of white paper with three objects taped/glued to it: a small bunch of heather, an envelope, and a letter. There is also a separate piece of paper taped to the top that has typed words. Letter: With Best Wishes for / A Happy Birthday / Jack / 1917 Envelope: In Active Service / To Miss Lola Robinson / Highbury / 184 Holden Street / Nth Fitzroy / Victoria / Australia (side): BATTALION PAPER Piece of paper at top: Heather from Scotland / WW 1.ww1, world war one, war correspondence -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Australia in the War of 1939-1945 - MEDICAL Middle East and Far East. Author Allan.S.Walker MD, Ch.M. F.R.A.C.P, First Published 1953
The complete record of the Medical conditions setting up camp hospitals, medical transport, medical records,Photographs, Maps,IllustrationsAustralian War Memorialtobruk, crete, general health in the desert, surgical conditions in the desert, syria, nurses, tropical medicine, malaria, medical conditions, burma thai railway, labour forces, prison camps -
Ballarat Clarendon College
Book, The Education Department's record of war service 1914 - 1919
... The Education Department's record of war service 1914... on front cover and spine The Education Department's record of war ...Presented to the ballarat College Weatherly LIbrary by former student and school historian Newton Wanliss. Newton enrolled at Ballarat College in 1871 and attended the school along with his brothers David, Cecil, Ewan, Sydney and Neville. He left in 1877. Newton's father was Hon. T. D. Wanliss The Wanliss family grew up in Wanliss House Sturt St, which was bought by the school in 1910. The house remained on the property until 1996Example of ongoing community support of the school. The Weatherly Library was opened in 1936 and its collection significantly established by donation or bequest of old collegians and members of the college community and associates.Light brown cloth covered book bound in plastic with gold lettering on front cover and spineBook plate inside front cover: Crest / Ballarat College / Library / Presented by / Newton Wanliss 1938...newton-wanliss, ballarat-college, weatherly-library -
Ballarat Clarendon College
Albert Telfer White (1918) collection
Significant items relating to Albert Telfer White who entered Ballarat College April 1912 and left December 1918. Albert was born 29 June 1897 at his home 'Ashford Vale" farm, Cuthbert's Road, Cardigan. Albert, a second generation Australian, was the fourth son and sixth of eleven children born to dairy farmer John White and his wife Elizabeth, nee Douglas. Albert attended Bunker's Hill State School prior to enrolling at Ballarat College. After College he obtained employment with the engineering firm Ronaldson and Tippett in Ballarat. Following his eighteenth birthday Albert enlisted in the AIF in Ballarat with the rank of Private, No 2012. He embarked for the Middle East with 23rd Battalion on 26 August 1915 and was 'taken on strength at the Gallipoli Peninsular 25 October 1915". On 10 January 1916 Albert was posted to Alexandria, Egypt and during this time he was able to meet with his aunt Rose Douglas, an Australian Army Nursing Sister. This was a great comfort to his family. Albert was sent to France 19 March 1916 and transferred to the 22nd Battalion. He was mentioned in dispatches for 'good and gallant conduct' 5 August (1917?). Albert was hospitalised 30 March 1918, rejoined 22nd Battalion 3 June 1918, wounded in action 3 October 1918 but died of wounds at Rouen 10 October 1918. news of his death was received by his family n Australia just prior to the armistice. Albert Telfer White's sacrifice is commemorated at Ballarat College, Avenue of Honour Ballarat (Tree 1214), Ballarat Shire Honour Avenue Learmonth (Tree 163) and the Australian War Memorial Canberra. (These notes provided by family November 2016)Collections of items including: Bayonet, Carl Eickhorn, Solingen, (29.A.159 engraved on handle) Trench shovel The ANZAC book 1916 (flyleaf inscribed: No 2012 / Pte A T White / H Quarters / 22nd Battalion / 6th Inf Brigade / France) Gallipoli medal with documentation First World War Mothers’ and Widows’ Badge Next of Kin Memorial Plaque (Death Penny) and accompanying letter from King George V Imperial War Graves Commission documentation and photograph Australia Graves Services In Memory card and photograph Documentation relating to Australian War Memorial Roll of Honour, Learmonth Memorial Wall, Ballarat and Learmonth Avenues of Honours Documentation from the Australian Army Records office Documentation relating to Military Medal, 1914/15 Star, British War Medal and Victory Medal (whereabouts unknown, November 2016) Portraiture of Albert Telfer White as a child, as a young adult (civilian dress), in full kit (A I E F formal), and at camp 1915 Portraiture of sisters Cis, Addie, Bessie, Evelyn (with personal inscriptions) Four postcards (one with letter from Albert ‘at sea’ to his mother - undated) Death notice (unreferenced newspaper clipping) Biographical and family relationship details Photocopy of The White Family 1906 showing (standing) Adeline, Leslie, Harold (father), Muriel (mother), William; (seated) Albert, John (Grandfather), Elizabeth, Allan, Elizabeth (Grandmother), Evelyn (baby) and Benjamin The ANZAC book 1916 (flyleaf inscribed: No 2012 / Pte A T White / H Quarters / 22nd Battalion / 6th Inf Brigade / France) Gallipoli medal: engraved on reverse: A T WHITE Embossed lettering on death penny: ALBERT TELFER WHITE Handwritten on reverse of portraits: Lovingly yours / Cis / 21/11/17; your / loving sister / Addie; your loving / sister / Evelyn; Yours lovingly / Bessie Handwritten on back of postcard of ship H M A T 'Anchisis' 14.3.16: Dear Mother, I am sending you a card / of the boat we are on. Our deck is right / on the back. I have marked it with an X. / We are not allowed to put the date on or / where we are. I am sitting on the deck now / holding the card in my hand so it is hard / to write. We are together yet haven't been / separated Bill, Matt and myself. Haven't / had anything to do. I will write a couple / of letters now. Albert Handwritten on back of postcard photograph of Albert at camp: 30th September 1915 / Dear Mother / There is a studio at the / camp so Matt and I got our Photos / taken yesterday morning, & got them/ this morning. I am sending / Ciss one of Matt.albert-telfer-white, ballarat college, world-war-one, avenue-of-honour -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Australian War Photographs, 1919
The graphic pen-pictures of the war correspondents we have learned much of the conditions under which our soldiers lived and fought, but no matter how vivid the presentation, words alone cannot fully convey to the civilian an accurate impression of the battle area. Many of these photographs were taken under heavy fire showing the actual scenery amid which some of the most thrilling acts in the great drama of WWI were displayed. A pictorial record of places and events of our heroic soldiers who served in WWI. Each photograph of the sectors on which they fought will stimulate old memories - some sad, some pleasant, but all unspeakably dear. Australian War Photographs - Printed 1919. A pictorial record from November, 1917 to the end of WWI. Soft cardboard cover front back and spine. The back cover has the badge of the Australian Commonwealth Military Forces badge. The front cover has the title and silhouette illustration of WWI soldiers in the trenches and/or 'no man's land'.wwi, war correspondents, pen pictures, condition under which our soldiers served., official photographers -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Australia in the War of 1939-1945 - The Final Campaigns Volume VII by Gavin Long, 1963 - first published
World War II List of Events from September 1944 to September 1945 A book in a series of WWII books which includes maps, photographs, illustrations, order of battles, POWs in Cowra,Historical WWII record of the final campaignsAustralia in the War of 1939-1945 - The Final Campaigns Maps, Photographs, IllustrationsAustralia in the War of 1939-45 ARMY The Final Campaigns LONG Australian War Memorial.gavin long, corowa pows, bougainville, final campaigns, army, tarakan, borneo, balikpapan, slater's knoll, stretcher bearers of the 2/23rd -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Australia in the War of 1939-1945 Tobruk and El Alamein ARMY Author Barton Maughan, First Published 1966
Australia in the War 1939 - 1945 From March 1941 - December 1942 Historical record part of a seriesAustralia in the War of 1939-1945 - Tobruk and El Alamein Maps, illustrations, photographsAustralian War Memorialtobruk, el alamein, army, wwii, palestine, lebanon, german invasion of greece and yugoslavia, bismark, malaya, pearl harbour, darwin, crete, churchill, faddon, curtin -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Australia in the War of 1939 - 1945 ARMY South-West Pacific Area First Year - Kokoda to Wau. Author Dudley McCarthy, First Published in 1959
WWII Kokoda to Way Australia at War 1939-1945 List of events ARMY Historical Record of Kokoda to Way.Australia in the War of 1939-1945 - South-West Pacific Area First Year - Kokoda to War Maps, Illustrations and PhotographsAustralian War Memorialkokoda, milne bay, kanga force, ioribaiwa, eora creek, buna, gona, sanananda track, wau, blamey, general mac arthur, minister forde, owen stanley's, ower's corner, native carriers fuzzy wuzzies -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Australia. in the War 1939-1944. ARMY To Benghazi Author - Gavin Long, First published in 1952 Advertiser Printing Office
WWII Australia in the War 1939-1945. ARMY Benghazi List of events from 31st March 1939 - March 1941Historical record of Australia in the war of 1939 - 1945 March 1939 - March 1941Australia in the War of 1939-1945 - To Benghazi. Volume 1Australian War Memoriala second aif, the middlel east, after the fall of france, victory at sidi barrani, the capture of tobruk, the capture of giarbub -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Australia in the War 1939-1945 Royal Australian Navy 1942-1945 Author G. Herman Gill, First Published 1968
Australia in the War of 1939-1945 Series 2 NAVY Volume 2Official Historic Record Series Australia in the War of 1939-1945 - Royal Australian Navy 1942-1945 Maps, Photographs, Illustrationswwii, navy, coral sea, guadalcanal, south west pacific, krait, strategy for victory, submarine swansong, wrans, tarakan, soloman islands, new guinea, largest amphibious attack - balikpapan, mindsweepers, coast watchers, hmas hobart, hmas vampire, hmas nestor, hmas canberra, hmas ballarat, hmas bendigo, hmas shropshire, hmas gasgoyne, hmas nizam, hmas arunta -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Australia in the War of 1939-1945 - Air Power Over Europe 1944-1945 Volume 4. AIR. Author John Herington, First Published 1963
A continuation and conclusion of the story of Australian airmen who served in or beside the RAAF in the struggle against Germany and Italy. In general it covers a period when both in the Mediterranean and in Northern Europe Air superiority, the vital pre-requisite of successful air assault, had already been gained over the enemy. The emphasis is largely engagements or in the strategic bombing campaigns to the total achievement of allied air power in land and sea campaigns.Historical record of the Air power over Europe 1944-1945Australia in the War of 1939-1945 - Air Power Over Europe 1944-1945. AIR Maps, Illustrations, charts, photographsAustralian War Memorialinvasion of italy, long range missiles, oil, normandy, coastal command, ardennes offensive, battle of the bulge, evaders, prisoners, rhine, air force 1944-1945, wwii, 453 squadron, 646 squadron, spitfire, ground crew, no.3 squadron, 461 squadron, 466 squadron, 455 squadron -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Australia in the War of 1939-1945 - Air War Against Germany and Italy 1939-1943. AIR Author John Herington, First published 1954
Australian contribution to air fighting against Germany and Italy with Australia being a small force against the larger, stronger air forces. The smaller Australian Airmen were merged into the Royal Air Force.Historical record of the AIR effort 1939-1943Australia in the War of 1939-1945 - Air War Against Germany and Italy 1939-1943 Illustrations, Maps, Diagrams and Graphs, MapsAustralian War Memorialgermany, italy, the battle of britain, syria, western desert, fighter squadrons in 1941, bomber command 1941, radar bombing, air war, tunisia, pathfinder raids, invasion of sicily, night fighters -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-18 - Volume VII - Sinai and Palestine H.S. Gullett, 19388. fifth edition
Records the work of the Australian Lighthorse in the British campaigns in Sinai, Palestine and Syria during the years of 1916-17-18. An account of the strategies and tactics employed for the whole force. Historical narrative of Palestine, Sinai and Syria and Australian Lighthorse.Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-18 - Volume VII - Sinai and Palestine. Maps and Illustrations.light horse, sinai, palestine, syria, horses, turkish advance, gaza, magdhaba, allanby, beersheba, jerusalem, jordan valley, abu tellul, damascus -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-18 - Volume VIII - Australian Flying Corps Author F.M.Cutlack. 6th edition, 1938
Historical record of the Australian Flying Corps from diaries of airmen and the Australian War Museum. No. 1 Squadron - private diaries of Lt. Colonel R. Williams. No, 2,3,and 4 Squadrons.Record of Australian Air Corps using personal diaries.Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-18 - Volume VIII - Australian Flying Corps. Maps and Illustrations Sixth editionmesopotamia, world war one, squadrons 1,2,3 and 4, private diaries, german offensive, air warfare, turkish retreat, gaza, mezzines ridge, somme, types of fighting aircraft -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
Book, The Great World War Volume VII, 1919
... of events from 1915 - 1917, Formal record of the Great War Eve ...Historical timeline of events from 1915 - 1917, Formal record of the Great WarThe Great World War Volume VII Dark green hardcover and spine. Faded gold text on spine. Maps, illustrations photographseve of russian revolution, the fall of tsardom in russia, the entry of america, minor naval operations, british battles on the hindenburg line, italy's double offensive, the last russian effort, battle of messines, passchandaele, the collapse of russia