A blue covered document published on white paper outlining changes to rates on Victorian Railwaysnon-fictionThis is a manual issued by the Victorian Railways to all railway stations to outline changes made to passenger and freight rates to operate in Victoria as of 14th February 1966. These changes were significant as it itemised the first rates after the introduction of decimal currency to Australia.victorian railways, victorian railways -- rules and practice., public transport victoria, victorian railways fares and rates

A module of reading and requirements for the training module. The pages are kept within a vinyl covered 2 ring binder. Text is printer on white paper and contains illustrations.fictionThis training module was available to enginemen who had completed Modules 1 to 5 (1983 Scheme). The manual contained fault finding checklists and standard procedures to be carried out if faults occured. Every driver was required to be conversant with and follow the instructions. Enginemen issued with this manual had to carry it with them at all times when in charge of a diesel electric locomotive. vline safety, vline training, railways victoria

A booklet with a red cover and black print. There are extensive instructions on the cover which include distribution details and dates on which these instructions came into effect,fictionThe Public Transport Corporation (PTC) was a Victoria State Government owned statutory authority formed under the Transport Act 1983 which operated passenger and freight trains, trams and bus services. It was established on 1 July 1989. This memo was effective as from Sunday 16th May, 1993 and pertained to rules instructions and operating procedures regarding air brake equipment and train examination requirements. As noted on the cover: "Part One - Supersedes Automatic air brake rules, pages 479-495 of Book of rules and regulations. -- Part Two - Supersedes Air brake orders, pages 189-198 of General appendix." The cover bears the signatures of M. Digging, Safeworking Superintendent and G. De Bont, Group Manager, Freight Fleet Maintenance.locomotive manuals, victorian railways, public transport corporation victoria, victorian railways -- rules and practice.

A collection of 5 manuals for a range of Clyde Diesel Locomotives. The collection includes instructions for the Clyde G8B, G16C, G26C, 1800 HP Model A and the Clyde Mailiner Model 2. On the cover of each manual, the owner has written the letter for the name of class which the relevant locomotive was ascribed in Victoria. The Clyde Engineering Company Limited was registered on 30 September 1898 in New South Wales. It was one of the iconic Australian engineering firms whose history spanned just over a century and was one of the few locomotive and rolling stock builders in the world that transitioned from steam to diesel to electric traction. The company was formed by Walter Maplesden Noakes who purchased the works of Hudson Brothers Limited in the Sydney suburb of Granville, which had been established by in 1882. The manuals refer to the following locomotives:- Clyde Model G8B which operated in Victoria as the new T class locomotive. It was introduced in 1955 and was the most numerous class of diesel locomotive used in Victoria. This model continued in operation until 1968, although many were modified for continued service. Clyde Model G16C, later superseded by the G26C operated in Victoria as the X class locomotive between 1966 and 1976. Clyde Model 1800HP Model A became the S class locomotives in Victoria. Additional numbers were purchased in preparation for the opening of the standard gauge line between Melbourne and Albury, They entered service between 1957 and 1961. Clyde Mainline Model 2 became the B class in Victoria. The B class were the first mainline diesel-electric locomotives in Victoria entering service in June 1952. They were initially used on the main passenger and freight services, before moving out to other areas. They remained in service until the early 1990s.fiction This collection of Diesel Locomotive Manuals was published by the Clyde Engineeringclyde engineering, diesel locomotives, locomotives victoria

A small manual with red cloth board cover and black printnon-fictionThis is a manual issued by the Victorian Railways to all Diesel Locomotive drivers. Every driver was required to be conversant with and follow the instructions. The book had to be carried by the driver when on duty and to be produced on request. Diesel locomotives were introduced into Victoria from 1955 onwards.railways victoria, railways victoria handbooks and manuals, diesel locomotives

Miss Olive Codling was a Foundation Member and a Life Member of the Wodonga Historical Society. Many of her prize-winning photos are held in the Society Collection. She also held a range of roles and committee positions in a wide range of Wodonga community organisations. These included the Horticultural Society, the Wodonga Arts Council, the Wodonga Camera Club and the Wodonga Lapidary Club. As the population of Wodonga grew in the late 1960s and 1970s, development focussed on the central section of High Street. The Wodonga Mall was built in 1969 on the corner of Stanley and High Streets in Wodonga and was the location of a variety of small businesses including a chemist and Sarroff's Dry Cleaners.This photo collection is significant as it documents how the businesses and buildings in Wodonga have evolved and contributed to the community throughout the 20th century. A series of 3 black and white photos showing the development of the Wodonga Mallwodonga businesses, high st wodonga, melba theatre

Miss Olive Codling was a Foundation Member and a Life Member of the Wodonga Historical Society. Many of her prize-winning photos are held in the Society Collection. MATE's WODONGA - T. H. Mate opened his first store in Albury in 1850. The company was sold to Burns Philp in 1946, although they continued trading as Mate’s. Burns Philp policy was to maintain the identity of stores they took over with the same staff and management. The Mate’s store in Wodonga was built by local builders A. B. and M. A. Chick. It was a 3 level development in High Street opposite Woodland Grove. It included a mezzanine eating area. Mate’s closed in 1976 when Burns Philp sold the business to Waltons. In 1987 they became Venture Stores. This building also later became Highpoint and Fosseys which closed in 2000. In 2023 it is the Gateway Health building.This photo collection is significant as it documents how the businesses and buildings in Wodonga have evolved and contributed to community throughout the 20th century.2 black and white images of the Mate's Store in Wodonga. Image 1 shows the completed building. Image 2 shows the store under construction. On image 1: Across the top of the building: "MATE'S" Above the door: "MATE'S A BURNS PHILP STORE" wodonga businesses, high st wodonga, mates wodonga

Miss Olive Codling was a Foundation Member and a Life Member of the Wodonga Historical Society. Many of her prize-winning photos are held in the Society Collection. She also held a range of roles and committee positions in a wide range of Wodonga community organisations. These included the Horticultural Society, the Wodonga Arts Council, the Wodonga Camera Club and the Wodonga Lapidary Club. Woodland Grove is located in the triangular reserve at the corner of High and Hovell Streets, Wodonga. ‘Woodland Grove". It was named in honour of John Woodland at the same time as the opening of the band rotunda in September 1920. John Woodland, Wodonga Shire’s first president, was born in Kent, England, in 1829 and came to Sydney with his parents in 1839. He arrived in the Wodonga district about 1853, where he created a successful carrier's business. He first lived on the Old Barnawartha Estate and a few years later purchased land at Green Hills, Wodonga West, where he farmed and also ran a hotel. The hotel licence was relinquished to give attention to duties as secretary and clerk of works to Wodonga Shire, which was then the Wodonga Riding of the Shire of Yackandandah. He was a main agitator for the separation of Wodonga district from Yackandandah Shire. This was successful in 1876, and he became the first president of Wodonga Shire. He held this post for two years, then taking on the role of shire secretary in 1878 until 1913. He concurrently undertook the role of clerk of works (engineer) from 1896 to 1907. As clerk of works he prepared the plans and specifications for, and supervised the construction of the big bridges on the Albury road and at Bonegilla and other important works. In his mid 70s, he proffered his resignation on a number of occasions but it was not accepted. Despite physical weakness and impaired vision, John continued his duties to the end, with the help of his daughter Rose Murphy. Rose became shire secretary for 20 years after her father’s death in 1913.This photo collection is significant as it documents the naming of a public area in Wodonga to honour an original and long-serving member of the Wodonga Shire Council.A black and white photo of Woodland Grove in High Street, Wodonga. It includes the rotunda, the water tower and the soldier's memorial. There is a post and wire fence in the foreground as well as several trees and rose bushes. Beneath the photo: "WOODLAND GROVE / Rotunda - Water Tower - Memorial"high st wodonga, woodland grove, john woodland

Miss Olive Codling was a Foundation Member and a Life Member of the Wodonga Historical Society. Many of her photos are held in the Society Collection. The Wodonga Post Office was constructed on the corner of Sydney Road (High Street) and South Street in 1874. It was Wodonga’s second Post Office. The original post office opened on June 1, 1856 near Wodonga Creek. This building was originally built of red brick, although it was later painted over in white. It had an attached residence in South Street and was connected to it by a door. The residence was later demolished to move the mail boxes which had faced High Street, to South Street. The brick Telephone Exchange was constructed in 1946 behind the Post Office but separated from it. It operated as a manual exchange until the late 1960’s or early 1970’s. In 1985 a new post office was opened further south in High Street. This building, greatly renovated, is now part of the Wodonga Community College.This photo collection is significant as it documents how the businesses and buildings in Wodonga have evolved and contributed to community throughout the 20th century. A black and white image of the 2nd Wodonga Post Office. There are 6 windows across the front of the building and the name Wodonga Post Office below a round clock. To the left of the building is the royal insignia of the crown above the letters E.R. A sign for the Commonwealth Saving Bank of Australia is also attached to the wall.high st wodonga, wodonga post office, businesses wodonga

During World War One, to finance the war the Commonwealth Government had a series of war loans, and then peace loans. To recover the cost of the war and fund soldier pensions the government launched 'Peace Loan' campaigns after the war. The various Shires in each State were given quotas that they were expected to raise. The Central Peace Loan Committee endorsed the issue of a metal tablet to each district which secured its quota. The tablet was made of bronze, and it was to be fixed on the wall of the local municipal building. It bore the name of the town, borough or shire to which it was awarded, and the name of the mayor or president. The inscription explaining the object of the award appeared over the signatures of the Prime Minister and the Treasurer of the Commonwealth. In the case of districts which secured double their quota the tablet also included the Commonwealth coat-of-arms. This plaque was presented to the Shire of Wodonga for exceeding its allocated quota which had been set at £10,000. The Wodonga community subscribed more than £12,845 to the Peace Loans which was acknowledged with the presentation of the plaque.A bronze rectangular plaque with raised text and an border. A hole in each corner allowed the plaque to be secured to a wall. COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA / PEACE LOAN/ A.D. 1919/ TO COMMEMORATE THE OVERSUBSCRIPTION / OF THE ALLOTTED QUOTA OF THIS LOAN / BY/ THE SHIRE OF WODONGA/ W. TWOMEY PRESIDENT / W. A. WATT TREASURER/ W. M. HUGHES PRIME MINISTER"ww1, peace loans australia, shire of wodonga peace loans

This plaque commemorates the official opening of the liveweight selling facilities at the Wodonga Municipal Saleyards, named the W. G. Page Saleyards, in 1980. Liveweight selling usually involves a curfew where cattle have to be at the saleyard by a specific time before the sale in order for them to be weighed prior to auction. Cattle that do not make the curfew time are sold on a $/head basis. The last sales at this facility took place in February 2015 before being replaced by the privately-run Barnawartha North's Northern Victoria Livestock Exchange. William George Page was Shire and City Engineer in Wodonga from 1965 until 1989. When he arrived the Shire of Wodonga had a population of 17,000 people. In 1966 Wodonga was selected as a city for special growth assistance. In 1972 Bill Page presented a new Town Plan to the Wodonga Council. Over the ensuing years he dedicated himself to bring this plan to fruition. He often had to argue and campaign with the Albury-Wodonga Corporation to push for the interests of development in Wodonga. This included winning a planning appeal to allow the saleyards to be relocated to Bandiana on the outskirts of Wodonga. Bill Page retired on health grounds in July 1989. The Council honoured him with a farewell dinner and renamed the saleyards at Bandiana the W.G. Page Saleyards in his honour.The Mayor , Cr Valentina Gillard, said "Every development in Wodonga in the past 24 years has a bit of Bill Page in it". William Page died 3 months later at 58 years old.A bronze forged metal plaque with detailed inscription. Bolts to fix plaque to the wall are still attached.RURAL CITY OF WODONGA / THIS PLAQUE/ COMMEMORATES THE OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE/ LIVEWEIGHT SELLING FACILITIES AT / THE WODONGA MUNICIPAL SALEYARDS /BY/THE HON. DIGBY CROZIER, M.L.C., / MINISTER FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT/ ON WEDNESDAY, 4TH MARCH, 1981 CR. H. W, DRAPER, J.P. MAYOR R. I. O'TOOLE TOWN CLERK , CR. I. J. MACAULAY MARKETS CHAIRMAN W. G. PAGE CITY ENGINEERlivestock sales wodonga, liveweight cattle sales, municipal saleyards wondonga

This plaque commemorates the opening of the Wodonga Municipal Saleyards, named the W. G. Page Saleyards, in 1980. The last sales at this facility took place in February 2015 before being replaced by the privately-run Barnawartha North's Northern Victoria Livestock Exchange. William George Page was Shire and City Engineer in Wodonga from 1965 until 1989. When he arrived the Shire of Wodonga had a population of 17,000 people. In 1966 Wodonga was selected as a city for special growth assistance. In 1972 Bill Page presented a new Town Plan to the Wodonga Council. Over the ensuing years he dedicated himself to bring this plan to fruition. He often had to argue and campaign with the Albury-Wodonga Corporation to push for the interests of development in Wodonga. This included winning a planning appeal to allow the saleyards to be relocated to Bandiana on the outskirts of Wodonga. Bill Page retired on health grounds in July 1989. The Council honoured him with a farewell dinner and renamed the saleyards at Bandiana the W.G. Page Saleyards in his honour.The Mayor , Cr Valentina Gillard, said "Every development in Wodonga in the past 24 years has a bit of Bill Page in it". William Page died 3 months later at 58 years old.This plaque commemorates an important centre in the development and support of the livestock industry around Wodonga.A bronze plaque bearing the symbol of the Rural City of Wodonga in the upper left corner and an inscription to commemorate the opening of the Wodonga Municipal Saleyards. It includes a detailed inscription.RURAL CITY OF WODONGA / THIS PLAQUE WAS UNVEILED / ON 29TH JULY 1980 / BY /THE HON. J. C. BALFOUR M.P. / ACTING MINISTER FOR AGRICULTURE /TO COMMEMORATE THE OPENING OF THE / WODONGA MUNICIPAL SALEYARDS CR. G. R. CHAMBERLAIN, J.P. MAYOR CR. I . J. MACAULAY CR. M. J. McEACHERN CR. D. I. SCHUBERT, B'E'N', J.P CR. H. W. DRAPER, J.P. CR. D.J .IVERSON CR. E. E. CHESTER CR I. D. WATSON CR. L. C. BOYES CR. B. F. ROGERS CR. P. M. STONE. J.P CR. B. McLEAN TOWN CLERK R. I. O"TOOLE A.I.M.A., A.R.M.I.T, M.A.I.H.S CITY ENGINEER W. G. PAGE, B.E, M.I.E (AUST) B.S .E.W.S L. G. E. A saleyards wodonga, w. g. page saleyards, livestock sales wodonga

A module of reading and requirements for the training module. The pages are kept within a vinyl covered 2 ring binder. Text is printer on white paper and contains illustrations.fictionThis training module was available to enginemen who had completed Modules 1 to 5 (1983 Scheme). The manual contained fault finding checklists and standard procedures to be carried out if faults occured. Every driver was required to be conversant with and follow the instructions. Enginemen issued with this manual had to carry it with them at all times when in charge of a diesel electric locomotive. vline safety, vline training, railways victoria

185 pp bg fictionThis training module was available to enginemen who had completed Modules 1 to 5 (1983 Scheme). The manual contained fault finding checklists and standard procedures to be carried out if faults occured. Every driver was required to be conversant with and follow the instructions. Enginemen issued with this manual had to carry it with them at all times when in charge of a diesel electric locomotive. vline safety, vline training, railways victoria

A collection of 5 different instruction manuals for the Westinghouse Brake system for locomotives. They date from 1937 until 1963. The 3 green covered volume have a hardcover, but the red manuals are paperbackfictionThis training module was available to enginemen who had completed Modules 1 to 5 (1983 Scheme). The manual contained fault finding checklists and standard procedures to be carried out if faults occured. Every driver was required to be conversant with and follow the instructions. Enginemen issued with this manual had to carry it with them at all times when in charge of a diesel electric locomotive. vline safety, vline training, railways victoria

366 pages plus an index to regulations up tp page xxvii and blank pages for notesfictionThis training module was available to enginemen who had completed Modules 1 to 5 (1983 Scheme). The manual contained fault finding checklists and standard procedures to be carried out if faults occured. Every driver was required to be conversant with and follow the instructions. Enginemen issued with this manual had to carry it with them at all times when in charge of a diesel electric locomotive. vline safety, vline training, railways victoria

2 small booklets for instruction related to traffic control and signals, Both have paper covers, one on red paper and the other is pink. Each one is bound with staples along the centre fold and printed in black ink.fiction These manuals were printed by Victorian Railways in 1927 and 1969 and therefore document the changes in signalling systems over this time frame.vline training, railways victoria, railways signalling systems

A collection of Locomotive operation manuals. All are paperback and feature an image of the relevant locomotive on the cover. Relevant illustrations are included in each publication. Cover is of card and they are bound with staples.fictionThe manuals refer to the following locomotives:- Westrail L Class (November 1983) originally built by Clyde Engineering from 1967 for the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) for use on the Eastern Goldfields Railway between Perth and Kalgoorlie. In 1983, three were leased to V/Line to haul services on the standard gauge Melbourne to Albury line, sometimes extending through to Sydney.A class (January 1984) were initially used for "Intercity" passenger services within Victoria. In this service, they operated at speeds up towards 125 km/h. Later, they were also used for freight services.N class (September 1985) produced by Clyde Engineering and entered service in 1985 and still operating in 2023. 422 Class diesel-electric locomotives (August 1983), designed by Clyde Engineering were introduced in January 1969. Following crew training, the engines entered service on the Main Southern line between Sydney and Albury and the Illawarra line from Sydney to Port Kembla and Moss Vale. Among the passenger services they hauled were the Southern Aurora and the Spirit of Progress. From 1982, they began to operate through to Melbourne. This ceased in February 1990 when non-air-conditioned locomotives would no longer be accepted by Victorian drivers.railways victoria, diesel-electric locomotives

This plaque commemorates the official opening of an occasional child care centre and pre-school in South St, Wodonga in 1989 by the Governor of Victoria Dr. Davis McCaughey. With strong population growth in Wodonga community services had expanded rapidly throughout the 1980s. The first child minding centre had opened in 1975. BY 1987 Upper Murray Family Care provided full-day family day care and occasional care and there were also 2 private child care centres. By 1986 there were 350 full-time places and 75 part-time places, but pre-schools were unable to fill the demand for another 511 applicants. This new facility helped to ease a little of the problem. As well as the inscription included here, the name of the Mayor, all members of the Wodonga Council, City Engineer, Architect and Builder are listed on the plaque.This item illustrates an important development in the provision of pre-school and child care services in Wodonga.A bronze rectangular plaque with detailed inscription, designed to be attached to the wall of a building. There is a hole in each corner for bolts to be inserted. The text is raised above the surface of the plaque. It features the symbol of the shield of the Rural City of Wodonga in the top left corner.fiction"RURAL CITY OF WODONGA WODONGA OCCASIONAL CHILD CARE CENTRE AND SOUTH STREET PRE-SCHOOL CENTRE OFFICIALLY OPENED BY HIS EXCELLENCY DR. DAVIS MCCAUGHEY, A.C., GOVERNOR OF VICTORIA ON 9TH DAY OF MAY 1989child care facilities wodonga, children's services wodonga, pre-schools wodonga

A maroon coloured volume with black text including the title, brief outline of its purpose and publication date.fictionThis book aimed to provide information about how the best performance could be obtained from a locomotive. It provided knowledge about the construction of a locomotive and reasons for equipment provided in order to develop in engineman an appreciation of the machines of which they were in charge.vline training, railways victoria, operation of locomotives

A small booklet with a brown cover and a foreword section outlining the purpose of the publication. This copy has been covered in brown paper to protect the covered. The title has then been handwritten on the paper by the owner.fictionThis booklet was prepared by the executive committee of the Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Enginemen in order to assist its members to become proficient in the Rules and Regulations, Engine Working, Westinghouse Brake, and other subjects, which were essential for the proper performance of their daily duties, and to especially assist those who were preparing for examination for Driver's Certificate. It included a foreword written by W. C. H. COLLINS, General Secretary.vline safety, vline training, railways victoria, railway unions

2 booklets documenting Union regulations for railway employees, the 1979 publication on green paper and the 1987 publication on buff coloured paper. Both have staple binding on the spine.fictionThese handbooks document changes in industrial awards put in place to regulate the work conditions and safety in the railways. The 1979 Information Handbook was issued by the Central Council of Combined Railway Unions. The 1987 publication by the Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Enginemen outlined the Locomotive Operating Grades Award as implemented by the Victorian State Transport Authority.vline safety, vline training, railways victoria, australian federated union of locomotive enginemen

2 small publications outlining changes to existing regulations. Both bear the logo of the Victorian Public Transport Corporation and are printed in black ink.fiction These booklets outline changes to regulations governing rules and operational procedures of Victorian Railways. The white booklet outlines Supplementary Rules and regulations Amendments for the operation of locomotive hauled driver only passenger trains in 1992. The pink booklet is a guide to the 1994 book of rules and operating procedures. It included major changes with respect to existing safe working policy so was a critical document issued to all staff to be read in conjunction with the full book of rules. vline safety, vline training, railways victoria, public transport corporation victoria

A large collection of Victorian Railways Newsletters dating from 1962 to the late 1980s. Each booklet is 19 pages a features a combination of articles, illustrations and news items.fictionThese booklets document development and news items from Victorian Railways from 1963 until the late 1980s. During this period the corporate name changed to VLine but the newsletter continued to be published as VLine Newsletter. The newsletter continues to be published for employees of VicRail in the 2020srailways victoria, railways newsletter

An 8 page leaflet printed on buff coloured paper with brown print. It includes 3 photos and an itinerary for the celebrations.fiction This item was written for the celebration of the centenary of the linking by rail of Victoria and New South Wales systems on June 14, 1883. It gives a brief history of the stages and stories surrounding the linking of the lines and the events which occurred in 1883. It also contains a programme of activities held in Albury and Wodonga as part of the celebrations a century later.vline safety, vline training, railways victoria

The Wodonga Pharmacy was opened on 8 September 1952 at 166 High Street, Wodonga by Albury chemist Mr. Arthur Fussell. The building had previously been Charlie Edmonson's white goods store. A year later it was acquired by Mr. Ken Moir who had moved from Shepparton, Victoria to manage the business. The original premises were sold so the business moved to 176 High Street in 1954. Ken Moir sold the business to Graham Crapp, Harold Dennis and Robert Wood 30 years later.This item represents a local business and contributes to documentation of the development of businesses in Wodonga.Black and white photo of old pharmacy building in Wodonga mounted on cardboard.fiction Along front of upper facade: "KODAK FILM / The WODONGA PHARMACY"wodonga pharmacy, arthur fussell, businesses wodonga

This booklet is a small paperback of 27 pages including some images explaining the background of the Victorian Division of the Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Enginemen.fictionThis booklet was produced by the Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Enginemen in 1975. On that date the Victorian Division of the Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Enginemen was 114 years old, making it the oldest continuous railway union in the world. It was formed as the Locomotive Engine Drivers' Association in 1861- just 7 years after the first railway, Flinders Street, Melbourne to Sandridge (now Port Melbourne) was officially opened. This booklet also marked the occasion of the first major renovations to the Union's premises and facilities since the building was completed in December 1914.australian federated union of locomotive enginemen, afule, railway unions

A publication of 34 pages produced by Environment Victoria Inc. It has brown cover featuring an image of a locomotive superimposed over an outline map of Victoria. It consists of 36 pages including appendices, references, a map of an Environment Victoria Enhanced Victorian Passenger Rail Network and a map of the Victoria's Regional and Rural Bus service.fiction This document is a response by Environment Victoria to the Fast Train Report. It advocates the establishment of an integrated transport approach in Victoria including the need for a Rural and Regional Planning Strategy to be developed in conjunction with the Metropolitan Strategyrailways environmental impact, victorian railways, environment victoria

A collection of replicas of survey maps acquired to build the Wodonga to Tallangatta Railway line. Each survey includes a diagram of a portion of the line showing survey measurements and details of the land which that portion of the line will run through. It also includes the name of the landowner from whom the necessary land was acquired.The first section of the Wodonga to Tallangatta line opened in 1889 and was further extended in 1891. It was a vital community link until the passenger service closed in September 1961. The last regular goods train on the line ran on 21st April 1978. These maps give detail of the surveying and building of the line.victorian railways, wodonga to tallangatta rail service

A separator is a centrifugal device that separates milk into cream and skimmed milk. Separation was commonly performed on farms in the past. Most farmers milked a few cows, usually by hand, and separated milk with a hand operated machine for domestic use. The milk was poured into the bowl on the top and the handle had to then be turned fast enough to get the separator up to speed adequate to separate the cream and the milk. The milk would come out of one spigot and the cream out of the other. In general practice some of the skimmed milk was consumed by the family, while the rest may have been used to feed calves and pigs. Enough cream was saved to make butter, and the excess was sold. In many cases excess could be bartered or swapped with neighbours for other items of produce. ALFA-LAVAL SEPARATORS The principal works and head office of Aktiebolaget Separator was established by Gustaf de Laval in Stockholm. The first Laval milk separator was patented in1884. In Australia three old established firms commenced pioneering the Alfa Laval cream separators in about 1885. These were A. W. Sandford & Co. Ltd., in Adelaide, J. Bartram & Son, of Melbourne, who have ever since been the Victorian agents of Aktiebolaget Separator. In New South Wales and Queensland, the pioneering firm was Waugh & Josephson Ltd. J. Bartram & Son, the distributor of the separator in this collection, established their business in Melbourne in 1881. In 1892 Bartram & Son estimated that 1,130 of these machines were operating throughout Victoria. This item is significant as it is representative of domestic and dairying machinery used throughout rural areas of Australia in the early to mid 20th century.The separator is made in 3 sections. The base is made from cast iron. The cover and vat are made from silver painted tin. There are 2 outlet spouts. The detachable handle, made from cast iron and wood, is held in place by a screw. A name plate featuring the Victorian distributor, J Bartram & Son of Melbourne and a plate outlining patent information are attached to the base by screws.Around edge of wheel "Aktiebolaget Separator Stockholm/ 2236"dairying industry, dairy machinery, milk separators