This Australian Comforts Fund badge is part of a set of eleven badges collected from the 1920s to the 1940s by Dr W. R. Angus. The badge was sold by the ACF in 1940 to raise funds for gifts to send to the Australian troops serving overseas. The badge is one of a set of badges that represents various organisations that he had interests in. The Australian Comforts Fund was a mostly female, volunteer-run organisation officially recognised by the Government. It began in 1916 as an amalgamation of groups of people who wanted to support the Australian troops abroad with Items of comfort to supplement the essential items provided by the Australian Military Forces. The ACF raised funds to purchase goods, pack them and send them overseas. One of their fund-raising activities was 'button days' where buttons such as this one were given to those who gave donations. The ACF closed down after World War I but was re-formed at the start of World War II. Items that the ACF sent to the troops included personal toiletry items such as toothbrushes and toothpaste, magazines, pyjamas, singlets and socks. They also provided sporting equipment, recreational music, writing materials and postcards. Special hampers were sent to the troops at Christmas time. The maker, P J King, (Percy John King), originally established his engraving and ie casting business in Russell Street, Melbourne in 1893 in partnership with Charles Walder Bridgland, continuing on his own from 1899. Percy and his son John Howard King set up a new business P J King Pty Ltd in 1928 making uniform buttons. In the late 1980s, it merged with two other companies that then became J J Cash, now known as Cash's Australia. The set of badges was donated to Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village by the family of Doctor Angus, Surgeon and Oculist. It is part of the “W.R. Angus Collection” which includes historical medical equipment, surgical instruments and material belonging to Dr Edward Ryan and Dr Thomas Francis Ryan, (both of Nhill, Victoria) and Dr Angus’ own belongings. The Collection’s history spans the medical practices of the two Doctors Ryan, from 1885-1926 plus that of Dr Angus, up until 1969. The W.R. Angus Collection: - The W.R. Angus Collection includes historical medical equipment, surgical instruments and material belonging to Dr Edward Ryan and Dr Thomas Francis Ryan, (both of Nhill, Victoria) and Dr Angus’ own belongings. The Collection’s history spans the medical practices of the two Doctors Ryan, from 1885-1926 plus that of Dr Angus, up until 1969. It includes historical medical and surgical equipment and instruments from the doctors Edward and Thomas Ryan of Nhill, Victoria. Dr Angus married Gladys in 1927 at Ballarat, the nearest big city to Nhill where he began as a Medical Assistant. He was also Acting House surgeon at the Nhill hospital where their two daughters were born. During World War II He served as a Military Doctor in the Australian Defence Force. Dr Angus and his family moved to Warrnambool in 1939, where Dr Angus operated his own medical practice. He later added the part-time Port Medical Officer responsibility and was the last person appointed to that position. Dr Angus and his wife were very involved in the local community, including the planning stages of the new Flagstaff Hill and the layout of the gardens there. Dr Angus passed away in March 1970.This badge represents the efforts of the women volunteers in Australia to support the Australian troops overseas in WWI and WWII. This badge is one of a set of significant badges that connects Doctor Angus with Australian organisations of the early-to-mid 20th century, including those relating to military service support. The W.R. Angus Collection is significant for still being located at the site it is connected with, Doctor Angus being the last Port Medical Officer in Warrnambool. The Collection includes historical medical objects that date back to the late 1800s.The ACF Badge is a star-shaped, gold, glittered red enamel and metal badge. The star has six points. The enamel surface is textured. The border and front inscription of the badge is gold. It is the badge of the Australian Comfort Fund, made by P.J. King and dated 1940. This badge is part of a set of badges collected by Dr W R Angus. the set represents organisations that he was involved in, and is part of the W.R. Angus Collection.Front: “ACF / 1940” Reverse embossed “P.J. KING”flagstaff hill, warrnambool, maritime museum, maritime village, great ocean road, shipwreck coast, metal badges, enamel badges, organisation badges, acf, presbyterian brotherhood, oikumene, w.r. angus, flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, australian comforts fund, button day, volunteer, australian military forces, christmas hamper, 1940 acf badge, fund-raising, p j king pty ltd, percy john king, donor's badge, world war ii, 1939-1945, australians at war, voluntary work, volunteers, home front, w.r. angus collection

The Robex traveller’s pouch may have originally contained men’s grooming set or toiletries such as shaving accessors and soap. The leather strap inside the lid was designed to hold items like a toothbrush, comb or razor. The owner, Dr W.R. Angus, had used the pouch to store his personal memorabilia including epaulettes and various Australian Army-issued items from WWII. It seems likely that he wore the epaulettes on a uniform when he worked his passage to or from the UK as a young Ship’s Surgeon, with the purpose of furthering his studies overseas in 1927-1928. He travelled outward on the SS Banffshire and homeward on the Commonwealth Line’s T.S.S. Largs Bay. The pouch dates from 1946 at the earliest. The Robex leather accessories brand was made by Lyall Robertson Pty. Ltd., Sandringham, Victoria. Robertson established his home business in the 1940s and went on to be a leading firm with over 200 staff. The Robex trademark was registered on July 5th, 1946. The leather pouch is now part of Flagstaff Hill’s comprehensive W.R. Angus Collection, donated by the family of Dr W R Angus (1901-1970), surgeon and oculist. The W.R. Angus Collection: - The W.R. Angus Collection includes historical medical equipment, surgical instruments and material belonging to Dr Edward Ryan and Dr Thomas Francis Ryan, (both of Nhill, Victoria) and Dr Angus’ own belongings. The Collection’s history spans the medical practices of the two Doctors Ryan, from 1885-1926 plus that of Dr Angus, up until 1969. It includes historical medical and surgical equipment and instruments from the doctors Edward and Thomas Ryan of Nhill, Victoria. Dr Angus married Gladys in 1927 at Ballarat, the nearest big city to Nhill where he began as a Medical Assistant. He was also Acting House surgeon at the Nhill hospital where their two daughters were born. During World War II Dr Angus served as a Military Doctor. He was a Surgeon Captain for the Australian Defence Forces, Army Medical Corps, stationed in Ballarat, Victoria, and in Bonegilla, N.S.W. He completed his service just before the end of the war due to suffering from a heart attack. Dr Angus and his family moved to Warrnambool in 1939, where Dr Angus operated his own medical practice. He later added the part-time Port Medical Officer responsibility and was the last person appointed to that position. Both Dr Angus and his wife were very involved in the local community, including the planning stages of the new Flagstaff Hill and the layout of the gardens there. Dr Angus passed away in March 1970.This traveller's pouch is significant for its connection with the firm Lyall Robertson Pty Ltd of Victoria, a home-based enterprise of the 1940s with quickly grew to employ much staff to make its good quality goods. It is also connected with the local doctor, W.R. Angus and Warrnambool's Medical History. Dr W R Angus (1901-1970), surgeon and oculist, collected a range of military objects including those he personally used during his time as Surgeon Captain in the Australian Defence Forces in World War II. The W.R. Angus Collection is significant for still being located at the site it is connected with, Doctor Angus being the last Port Medical Officer in Warrnambool. The Collection includes historical medical objects that date back to the late 1800s.Traveller's pouch; tan water buffalo calf leather with brass zipper closure, cream-coloured fabric lining, and leather straps inside the lid for securing items. A silver embossed logo is on the lining of the base of the pouch. The Robex brand was made by Lyall Robertson Pty. Ltd in Victoria. The pouch belonged to Dr W R Angus and is now part of the W. R. Angus Collection.Stamped inside the base “ROBEX / WATER BUFFALO” and a silver logo [shield] flagstaff hill, warrnambool, maritime village, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, great ocean road, flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, dr w r angus, w.r. angus collection, australian army, world war 2, second world war, ww 2, army issue, wwii, traveller's pouch, personal grooming accessory, robex, buffalo calf leather, lyall robertson pty. ltd, ss banffshire, t.s.s. largs bay, leather goods, travel goods

The book was used by Charles Bacon who studied at the University of Nevada in the late 1930s/early 1940s. Bacon worked at Bunker Hill Mines and Kellogg Idaho, before arriving in Australian in 1951. He worked for CN Myers, a company involved with paper converting. CN Myers was a family business (on Charles Bacon's maternal line). Robert Peele was Professor Emeritus of mining Engineering at the School of Mines, Columbia University.Maroon hardcovered books. .1) Volume 1 - Chapters include Mineralogy, Geology and Mineral Deposits, Earth Excavation, Explosives, Rock Excavation, Tunneling, Shaft Sinking in Rock, Shaft sinking in Unstable and Waterbearing Ground, Boring, Underground Transport, Mine Ventilation. .2) Volume 2 - Chapers include Compressed Air Practice, Electric Power for mine Service, Surveying,Underground Surveying, Mine Geologic Maps and models, Cost of mining, Mining Laws, Ore sampling, Assaying, Aerial Tramways and Cableways, Gold Amalgamation and Cyanidation, etc.Inside front cover "Charles Bacon"charles bacon, mining engineering, mining, engineering, university of nevada, mackay school of mines, explosives, timbering

This cable tram Gripman’s badge, or driver’s badge, was part of a tram driver’s uniform. The inscriptions on the front of the badge identify it as belonging to Gripman number 14, at the South Melbourne Car House depot of the Tramways Board. The Gripman Badge would be re-issued whenever another Gripman takes over the position. Cable trams were invented in America in 1873. In Melbourne, cable trams were in use from 1885 until 1940, with a network of up to 1200 cable cars or 'dummies' and trailers travelling at around 9.5 miles (15km) per hour along 46 miles (74km) of double tracks. The Gripman drove the dummy car, operating the heavy levers to connect the gripping gears to the cable installed in a slot in the road. To turn at intersections he would skilfully disconnect, freewheel around the corner and carefully reconnect to the continuously operating steel cable. Large winding gears in an Engine House along the line pulled the cable along, powered by steam engines and later electric engines. The gripping gears were in the centre of the car's floor with seating all around the sides, a dangerous place for curious children. , whose worried parents would guide them into the tram that was towed behind the dummy car. The Melbourne Tramways Board operated the cable trams between July 1916 and November 1919 after taking over from the privately operated Melbourne Tramway and Omnibus Company. In 1919, the Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board (MMTB) took over the Tramways Board. Stokes & Sons: - The maker of the badge, Thomas Stokes, migrated to Melbourne from Birmingham in 1854 and set up business in Mincer Lane as a die-sinker, producing medals, tokens, buttons and silverware, and an engraving service. He moved to Flinders Lane in 1856. After a time, in 1894, the business became Stokes & Sons Pty: Ltd, electroplates and badge makers at Post Office Place in Melbourne. The maker's mark 'Stokes & Sons' was made on badges until 1962. LOCAL CONNECTION: -t was common practice to recycle the used cables from the tramway. For example, the Wollaston Bridge in Warrnambool, Victoria, is suspended by recycled cable tram Melbourne. (Other recycled cables were used for fencing wire.) -Portland's cable tram is an example of the cable trams used in Melbourne from 1885 to 1940.This badge was used to identify a Gripman who operated a cable car tram's dummy car for the Tramways Board in Melbourne between 1916 and 1919. It represents the need for people to be able to identify workers in the service industry, a need still addressed today by staff ID badges and digital identification. The badge also represents the period in Melbourne's history when cable cars were used for public transport for over four decades, gradually changing from steam to electric power. Trams still have an important role in Melbourne's public transport. Badge, round hollow metal dome with two open metal guides on the back. A cable tram Gripman (driver) badge with embossed inscriptions on the front and stamped on the back. There is a logo of entwined letters T and B on the front. It identifies Gripman number 14, South Melbourne, Tramway Board. It was made by Stokes & Sons of Melbourne. Impressed into the front: "S / 14 / M" "GRIPMAN" Logo intertwined "T" and "B" Embossed on reverse "STOKES &o SONS"flagstaff hill, flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, warrnambool, maritime museum, maritime village, great ocean road, shipwreck coast, badge, gripman, stokes & sons, numesmatics, tramway, tram, tram driver, uniform, cable tram, identification, cable car driver, tramway board, south melbourne, melbourne tramways board, tb, mtb, mmtb, melbourne and metropolitan tramways board, tramway button, gripman button, id, identification badg, staff badge, name badge, employee, grip car, dummy car

This exercise book was owned by Audrey Sack and was donated by David Sack at the same time as a typewriter in its case plus accessories (refer to RN 3087). It has hand written notes of Commercial Principles class lessons from Warrnambool High School, written by Audrey Sack including pages dated 1938 and 1939. Audrey was the daughter of William Sack, owner of the business Sacks Jewellers at 115 Liebig Street, Warrnambool. William commenced trading in the early 1900’s; and the typewriter was used by Audrey in the business from the late 1930’s through to about 1996 when the business was sold. William and his wife June had three children, Eric, Audrey and David. The children were owners/partners of Sack’s Jewellers after William’s passing in 1976. Eric and David were ‘owners of the business’, with Audrey carrying out much of the clerical work. Eric died in about 1984 and David sold the practise in 1996. During the 65 years of business the typewriter was used for all the normal applications of a jeweller’s; preparing invoices, guarantees, taxation records. But in addition the four members of the Sack family were very involved in Church activities, particularly in lay administration and lay preaching in the Baptist Church, and the typewriter gained a lot of after-hours use. The family actively supported overseas Missions in India, SE Asia, and Africa. After the sale of the business in 1996, Audrey took the typewriter home for her community activities (David got a computer). In the 1980’s David volunteered as the Clock Repairer at Flagstaff Hill for the historical instruments. In the early days this took some long hours to get the clocks working, but in recent years he has just been ‘on call’ if needed. He is an alert 85 year old and just in the last 12 months has given up a busy schedule of Sunday Lay Preaching around the district. (2015)The exercise book is associated with a typewriter and text book, which is of local significance, being previously owned and used in a local business established for about 100 years.Book, student's exercise book with brown paper cover over soft cover. White pages have printed blue lines. Notes written in script with nib pen. Correction marks are on some pages. The book has entries from front to just past the centre pages, the turned upside down and written from back to almost centre pages. It belong to Autrey Sack, who was a Commercial Practices student at Warrnambool High School. Handwritten ink pen inscriptions are on the front cover and within the book. Notes are dated as 1938 and 1939."Commercial Principles" "Audrey Sack /. Commercial / W.H.S."flagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, commercial principles, warrnambool high school, sack’s jewellers warrnambool, william sack, david sack, audrey sack, sack’s jewellers, exercise book, student notes, business education

Pierce Butler (1865-1927) was born in Kilmore and moved to Bendigo aged 12. He initiall worked with Mr Trumble, chemist before he became assistant to Mr A Collins in his new practice in View Street opposite the Bank of Victoria. At this time he was primarily a dentist. He then became the dentist operating out of London's pharmacy, 24 Pall Mall. By 1910 he was advertising as a dispenser and dentist at London's pharmacy. By 1915 he was operating his own business as a chemist and dentist in Mitchell St where he continued until his death. In 1891 he married Elizabeth Anderson (1867-1937) and they lived in Macrae Street. Pierce Butler was also a Justice of the Peace. Small round cardboard Pill Box from P. Butler, Mitchell Street, Bendigo. Inscribed. Pill box is empty."Take one pill daily Miss C. Dawe 31003"chemist pills, p. butler chemist

The Bruck Inhaler is a modification of the Clover Inhaler, designed by Lambert Bruck. Bruck added a glass dome which enabled the level of ether to be monitored during administration. This was a revolutionary change as it removed guess work from the process.The Bruck Inhaler is a historically, aesthetically and scientifically significant piece. The basic design is based on the Clover Inhaler, but with a rounded bottom. The idea of a glass viewing window was possibly inspired by Wilson-Smith Inhaler. The Bruck Inhaler is historically significant as it is the first inhaler to be made with a completely clear lower glass section. This improved the usability for the ether administrator, and eliminated much of the guesswork associated with dosage and ether levels, which in turn improved the patient experience. This piece provides a strong local link to both anaesthetic and general medical practice at the turn of the century. The design is credited to Ludwig Bruck of Sydney, and was presumably manufactured in the same area. Bruck, as the attributed designer, holds much relevance to the significance of the object, as connected with him is much historical information about the social context of medical practice. Ludwig Bruck was a prominent figure in the medical industry. He started his medical career in Sydney as a Medical Transfer Agent, and later owned a shop at 16 Castlereagh Street, Sydney. This business is listed in the 1903 Register of Firms as a Medical Agent and Importer of Medical Instruments and Books. Bruck was vocal as a journalist and published analyses of medical statistics, as well as the well known Australasian Medical Dictionary and Handbook, which included the “List of Unregistered Medical Practitioners”. Ludwig Bruck was an immigrant. He was of German descent, which placed him in a precarious position within Sydney society during the turn of century. Bruck conducted several public conversations with prominent members of the Australian Natives Association through the Sunday News in regards to his disagreement of the employment of medical practitioners by the ANA specifically to corroborate their health insurance policies. He was also a stalwart supporter of the Australian arm of the British Medical Association, being the publisher of the first and subsequent editions of The Australian Medical Gazette. Bruck chose to end his life with a combination of poison and chloroform on 14 August 1915, after being accused of trading with the enemy during World War One. His suicide note stated his horror at leaving his business partner to deal with the tarring of his reputation as the reason for his decision. The Bruck Inhaler has aesthetic significance as it is a beautiful example of turn of the century surgical design and craftsmanship. Aseptic methods of surgery were well known by 1909, and the aesthetic design of the Bruck Inhaler conformed to these principles. The ability for the surgeon to unscrew, clean and sterilize each part of the Inhaler contributes to the streamlined design of the piece. The Buck Inhaler holds scientific significance. There is the capacity for further research to be undertaken on the object. Geoffrey Kaye often collected multiple examples of equipment, usually one for reverse engineering and another for teaching. There are currently two examples of the Bruck Inhaler in the collection, presenting an opportunity for further technical research on the object. The inhaler is oval shaped with one half made of glass to allow observation of the ether level. A vertical cross tube, 22mm in diameter passes between the face-piece and the bag [missing]. There is a stopcock for admission of oxygen or nitrous oxide opposite the bag attachment. There is a central tube, 28mm in diameter, with controllable ports on either side. There is also a tear-drop shaped fask mask.Hand engraved on side of base: L. Bruck / Sydneyclover, joseph, bruck, lambert, inhaler, rebreather, nitrous oxide, oxygen, williams, probyn

60lbs rail that was used throughout the Victorian rail network. In 1887 Gibbs, Bright and Co. had a contract with Victorian Railways for railway and canal construction and supply of Krupp Rails. Gibbs, Bright and Co were merchant bankers and shipping agents and merchants who where also Directors of the GWR ( Great Western Railway ) and the Ship The "Great Britain" in England Gibbs, Bright and Company had principally been involved in shipping and trading, mainly in the West Indies, but following the discovery of gold in Victoria they established an office in Melbourne and soon became one of the leading shipping agents and merchants in the Colony. They expanded into passenger shipping and soon established offices in Brisbane, Sydney, Newcastle, Adelaide and Perth as well as launching passenger services between England, Mauritius and New Zealand. Gibbs, Bright also held a number of financial agencies from British mortgage, finance and investment companies as well as representing several British insurance companies in Australia. In addition they conducted a growing import business as well as an export business that included livestock, dairy produce, wool and flour. Also the company played a substantial part in the development of Australia's mineral resources, starting with lead in 1895, and later venturing into tin, gold, copper, cement and super phosphates. In Australia, after WWI, many of the larger companies were managing their own import and export so Gibbs, Bright and Company tended to focus its Agency business on smaller companies while expanding their interest into other markets such as timber, wire netting, zinc, stevedoring, road transport, marine salvage, gold mining as well as mechanical, structural, electrical and marine engineering. The Company's shipping interests continued to grow as well and still formed a major part of its business. In 1948 the parent company in England took the major step from tradition when they changed the business from a partnership into a private limited company. The name was the same, Antony Gibbs and Sons Limited, and in practice the effect of the change was very little. Some of the firm's branches and departments had already become limited companies and the formation of a parent company simplified the structure. The Australian operation was in time changed to Gibbs Bright & Co Pty Ltd in 1963. In 1848 Alfred Krupp becomes the sole proprietor of the company which from 1850 experiences its first major growth surge. In 1849 his equally talented brother Hermann (1814 - 1879) takes over the hardware factory Metallwarenfabrik in Berndorf near Vienna, which Krupp had established together with Alexander Schöller six years earlier. The factory manufactures cutlery in a rolling process developed by the brothers. Krupp's main products are machinery and machine components made of high-quality cast steel, especially equipment for the railroads, most notably the seamless wheel tire, and from 1859 to an increased extent artillery. To secure raw materials and feedstock for his production, Krupp acquires ore deposits, coal mines and iron works. On Alfred Krupp's death in 1887 the company employs 20,200 people. His great business success is based on the quality of the products, systematic measures to secure sales, the use of new cost-effective steel-making techniques, good organization within the company, and the cultivation of a loyal and highly qualified workforce among other things through an extensive company welfare system. From 1878 August Thyssen starts to get involved in processing the products manufactured by Thyssen & Co., including the fabrication of pipes for gas lines. In 1882 he starts rolling sheet at Styrum, for which two years later he sets up a galvanizing shop. The foundation stone for Maschinenfabrik Thyssen & Co. is laid in 1883 with the purchase of a neighboring mechanical engineering company. In 1891 August Thyssen takes the first step toward creating a vertical company at the Gewerkschaft Deutscher Kaiser coal mine in [Duisburg-]Hamborn, which he expands to an integrated iron and steelmaking plant on the River Rhine. Just before the First World War he starts to expand his group internationally (Netherlands, UK, France, Russia, Mediterranean region, Argentina). info from The company thyssenkrupp - History https://www.thyssenkrupp.com/en/company/history/the-founding-families/alfred-krupp.htmlHistoric - Victorian Railways - Track Rail - made by Krupp in 1888Section of VR Krupp 1888 Rail mounted on a piece of varnished wood. Rail made of ironpuffing billy, krupp, rail, victorian railways

Murrup Laarr translates as 'Ancestral Stones' in Wadawurrung. This artwork by Dr Deanne Gilson is located in the North Gardens Indigenous Sculpture Park. The park is a significant project for the City of Ballarat and features works by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artists, celebrating the richness and diversity of culture and telling important cultural stories. Dr Deanne Gilson is a Wadawarrung Traditional Custodian and established artist. She installed the first artwork commissioned by the City of Ballarat for the Sculpture Park in early 2019. Murrup Laarr is a contemporary artwork consisting of a traditionally-built stone hut in the middle of a circle of basalt standing stones, marked with ceramic plates reflecting the stories and symbols of dreaming, memory, ceremony.The artwork is of aesthetic and cultural, social and spiritual significance to the people of Ballarat and to Wadawurrung peopleA traditional hut made from river stone and stacked rocks, with the hut surrounded by large basalt rocks with plaques featuring unique designs on stoneware plates imbedded into them. Murrup Laarr (Ancestral Stones), 2019 / By Deanne Gilson / Wadawurrung people have always used stones to mark places of ceremony and important business. The stones are the holders of memory and knowledge, Country and Spirit. They mark the cosmos and seasons. They follow the sun, marking the summer and winter solstice, important dates for planting and harvesting and telling stories of past, present and future. / The stones are alive and still present. Murrup Laar has been created using local basalt stones to tell Wadawurrung stories of dreaming, memory and ceremony. / “Creating Murrup Laarr (Ancestral Stones) at this time has placed Aboriginal people and practices back on Country and created a place to tell our stories. I am very honoured to have had this opportunity. An Aboriginal stone circle existed in Ballarat pre-colonisation; by putting back what was lost throughout colonisation I pay homage to my ancestors, past, present and emerging”/ – Deanne Gilson, March 2019 murrup laarr, wadawurrung

'Whose Ethics?':Codifying and enacting ethics in research settings Bringing ethics up to date? A review of the AIATSIS ethical guidelines Michael Davis (Independent Academic) A revision of the AIATSIS Guidelines for Ethical Research in Indigenous Studies was carried out during 2009-10. The purpose of the revision was to bring the Guidelines up to date in light of a range of critical developments that have occurred in Indigenous rights, research and knowledge management since the previous version of the Guidelines was released in 2000. In this paper I present an outline of these developments, and briefly discuss the review process. I argue that the review, and the developments that it responded to, have highlighted that ethical research needs to be thought about more as a type of behaviour and practice between engaged participants, and less as an institutionalised, document-focused and prescriptive approach. The arrogance of ethnography: Managing anthropological research knowledge Sarah Holcombe (ANU) The ethnographic method is a core feature of anthropological practice. This locally intensive research enables insight into local praxis and culturally relative practices that would otherwise not be possible. Indeed, empathetic engagement is only possible in this close and intimate encounter. However, this paper argues that this method can also provide the practitioner with a false sense of his or her own knowing and expertise and, indeed, with arrogance. And the boundaries between the anthropologist as knowledge sink - cultural translator and interpreter - and the knowledge of the local knowledge owners can become opaque. Globalisation and the knowledge ?commons?, exemplified by Google, also highlight the increasing complexities in this area of the governance and ownership of knowledge. Our stronghold of working in remote areas and/or with marginalised groups places us at the forefront of negotiating the multiple new technological knowledge spaces that are opening up in the form of Indigenous websites and knowledge centres in these areas. Anthropology is not immune from the increasing awareness of the limitations and risks of the intellectual property regime for protecting or managing Indigenous knowledge. The relevance of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in opening up a ?rights-based? discourse, especially in the area of knowledge ownership, brings these issues to the fore. For anthropology to remain relevant, we have to engage locally with these global discourses. This paper begins to traverse some of this ground. Protocols: Devices for translating moralities, controlling knowledge and defining actors in Indigenous research, and critical ethical reflection Margaret Raven (Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy (ISTP), Murdoch University) Protocols are devices that act to assist with ethical research behaviour in Indigenous research contexts. Protocols also attempt to play a mediating role in the power and control inherent in research. While the development of bureaucratically derived protocols is on the increase, critiques and review of protocols have been undertaken in an ad hoc manner and in the absence of an overarching ethical framework or standard. Additionally, actors implicated in research networks are seldom theorised. This paper sketches out a typology of research characters and the different moral positioning that each of them plays in the research game. It argues that by understanding the ways actors enact research protocols we are better able to understand what protocols are, and how they seek to build ethical research practices. Ethics and research: Dilemmas raised in managing research collections of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander materials Grace Koch (AIATSIS) This paper examines some of the ethical dilemmas for the proper management of research collections of Indigenous cultural materials, concentrating upon the use of such material for Native Title purposes. It refers directly to a number of points in the draft of the revised AIATSIS Guidelines for Ethical Research in Indigenous Studies and draws upon both actual and hypothetical examples of issues that may arise when requests are made for Indigenous material. Specific concerns about ethical practices in collecting data and the subsequent control of access to both the data itself and to published works based upon it are raised within the context of several types of collections, including those held by AIATSIS and by Native Title Representative Bodies. Ethics or social justice? Heritage and the politics of recognition Laurajane Smith (ANU) Nancy Fraser?s model of the politics of recognition is used to examine how ethical practices are interconnected with wider struggles for recognition and social justice. This paper focuses on the concept of 'heritage' and the way it is often uncritically linked to 'identity' to illustrate how expert knowledge can become implicated in struggles for recognition. The consequences of this for ethical practice and for rethinking the role of expertise, professional discourses and disciplinary identity are discussed. The ethics of teaching from country Michael Christie (CDU), with the assistance of Yi?iya Guyula, Kathy Gotha and Dh�?gal Gurruwiwi The 'Teaching from Country' program provided the opportunity and the funding for Yol?u (north-east Arnhem Land Aboriginal) knowledge authorities to participate actively in the academic teaching of their languages and cultures from their remote homeland centres using new digital technologies. As two knowledge systems and their practices came to work together, so too did two divergent epistemologies and metaphysics, and challenges to our understandings of our ethical behaviour. This paper uses an examination of the philosophical and pedagogical work of the Yol?u Elders and their students to reflect upon ethical teaching and research in postcolonial knowledge practices. Closing the gaps in and through Indigenous health research: Guidelines, processes and practices Pat Dudgeon (UWA), Kerrie Kelly (Australian Indigenous Psychologists Association) and Roz Walker (UWA) Research in Aboriginal contexts remains a vexed issue given the ongoing inequities and injustices in Indigenous health. It is widely accepted that good research providing a sound evidence base is critical to closing the gap in Aboriginal health and wellbeing outcomes. However, key contemporary research issues still remain regarding how that research is prioritised, carried out, disseminated and translated so that Aboriginal people are the main beneficiaries of the research in every sense. It is widely acknowledged that, historically, research on Indigenous groups by non-Indigenous researchers has benefited the careers and reputations of researchers, often with little benefit and considerably more harm for Indigenous peoples in Australia and internationally. This paper argues that genuine collaborative and equal partnerships in Indigenous health research are critical to enable Aboriginal and Torres Islander people to determine the solutions to close the gap on many contemporary health issues. It suggests that greater recognition of research methodologies, such as community participatory action research, is necessary to ensure that Aboriginal people have control of, or significant input into, determining the Indigenous health research agenda at all levels. This can occur at a national level, such as through the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Road Map on Indigenous research priorities (RAWG 2002), and at a local level through the development of structural mechanisms and processes, including research ethics committees? research protocols to hold researchers accountable to the NHMRC ethical guidelines and values which recognise Indigenous culture in all aspects of research. Researching on Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar: Methodologies for positive transformation Steve Hemming (Flinders University) , Daryle Rigney (Flinders University) and Shaun Berg (Berg Lawyers) Ngarrindjeri engagement with cultural and natural resource management over the past decade provides a useful case study for examining the relationship between research, colonialism and improved Indigenous wellbeing. The Ngarrindjeri nation is located in south-eastern Australia, a ?white? space framed by Aboriginalist myths of cultural extinction recycled through burgeoning heritage, Native Title, natural resource management ?industries?. Research is a central element of this network of intrusive interests and colonising practices. Government management regimes such as natural resource management draw upon the research and business sectors to form complex alliances to access funds to support their research, monitoring, policy development, management and on-ground works programs. We argue that understanding the political and ethical location of research in this contemporary management landscape is crucial to any assessment of the potential positive contribution of research to 'Bridging the Gap' or improving Indigenous wellbeing. Recognition that research conducted on Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar (country/body/spirit) has impacts on Ngarrindjeri and that Ngarrindjeri have a right and responsibility to care for their lands and waters are important platforms for any just or ethical research. Ngarrindjeri have linked these rights and responsibilities to long-term community development focused on Ngarrindjeri capacity building and shifts in Ngarrindjeri power in programs designed to research and manage Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar. Research agreements that protect Ngarrindjeri interests, including cultural knowledge and intellectual property, are crucial elements in these shifts in power. A preliminary review of ethics resources, with particular focus on those available online from Indigenous organisations in WA, NT and Qld Sarah Holcombe (ANU) and Natalia Gould (La Trobe University) In light of a growing interest in Indigenous knowledge, this preliminary review maps the forms and contents of some existing resources and processes currently available and under development in the Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia, along with those enacted through several cross-jurisdictional initiatives. A significant majority of ethics resources have been developed in response to a growing interest in the application of Indigenous knowledge in land and natural resource management. The aim of these resources is to ?manage? (i.e. protect and maintain) Indigenous knowledge by ensuring ethical engagement with the knowledge holders. Case studies are drawn on from each jurisdiction to illustrate both the diversity and commonality in the approach to managing this intercultural engagement. Such resources include protocols, guidelines, memorandums of understanding, research agreements and strategic plans. In conducting this review we encourage greater awareness of the range of approaches in practice and under development today, while emphasising that systematic, localised processes for establishing these mechanisms is of fundamental importance to ensuring equitable collaboration. Likewise, making available a range of ethics tools and resources also enables the sharing of the local and regional initiatives in this very dynamic area of Indigenous knowledge rights.b&w photographs, colour photographsngarrindjeri, ethics, ethnography, indigenous research, social justice, indigenous health

Australian Policy Activism in Language and Literacy presents the dynamics of language and literacy policy activism in Australia by capturing accounts of many of those most deeply engaged in Australia?s distinctive practice of Language and Literacy policy-making and its effects. This book describes how policy texts came about. 1. From policy to anti-policy: how fear of language rights took policy-making out of community hands /? Joseph Lo Bianco 2. Australia's language /? Paul Brock 3. Politics, activism and processes of policy production: adult literacy in Australia /? Rosie Wickert 4. Although it wasn't broken, it certainly was fixed: interventions in the Australian Adult Migrant English Program 1991-1996 /? Helen Moore 5. Advocating the sustainability of linguistic diversity /? Michael Singh 6. The cost of literacy for some /? Anthea Taylor 7. (E)merging discourses at work: bringing together new and old ways to account for workplace literacy policy /? Geraldine Castleton 8. The melody changes but the dance goes on - tracking adult literacy education in Western Australia from 'learning for life' to 'lifelong learning': policy impacts on practice 1973-1999 /? Margaret McHugh, Jennifer Nevard and Anthea Taylor 9. Sleight of hand: job myths, literacy and social capital /? Ian Falk 10. National literacy benchmarks and the outstreaming of ESL learners /? Penny McKay 11. Open for business: the market, the state and adult literacy in Australia up to and beyond 2000 /? Peter Kell 12. Inventiveness and regression: interpreting/?translating and the vicissitudes of Australian language policy /? Uldis Ozolins 13. Deafness and sign language in government policy documents 1983-1990 /? Des Power 14. Imprisoned by a landmark narrative? Student/?teacher ratios and the making of policy /? Merilyn Childs 15. Ideologies, languages, policies: Australia's ambivalent relationship with learning to communicate in 'other' languages /? Angela Scarino and Leo Papademetre 16. Reconciled to what? Reconciliation and the Norther Territory's bilingual education program, 1973-1998 /? Christine Nicholls 17. Sing out that song: the textual activities of social technologies in an Aboriginal community /? Jack Frawley.language activism, linguistic diversity, adult literacy, education, sign language, reconciliation, esl programs

Clara Jane Matthews was born in 1870 as the eldest daughter of Robert Matthews. She married William Frederick Busse on the 5th of December, 1894 at St Columb’s church, Hawthorn. Clara and her husband lived on Main Street in Chiltern, and her husband was a Clerk of Courts in Chiltern and Wodonga throughout his life. Clara and William also owned a 640 acre farm called Clairedale Park, four miles (6.5km) outside of Barnawartha. They had both crops and sheep on the property, and adopted innovative farming practices. It appears that Clara was heavily involved in the farm business, as she is listed as a purchaser of sheep in multiple stock reports between 1914 and 1918. This is very unusual for the era, as women were not generally involved in stock markets, especially if her husband was still alive. Clara’s husband’s work at the court likely meant that he wasn’t able to travel to the markets in order to purchase stock. Clara’s taking the reigns in this manner was highly unusual, and signals just how strong of a woman she must have been. Clara Busse died in Chiltern in 1968, when she was 98 years old. She is also the mother of Wilfred C Busse, who was an author and a member of the Chiltern Athenaeum. This photograph is of a woman who lived most of her life in Chiltern, and undoubtedly contributed to the community of the town within her 98 years. She will most likely be remembered as the wife of William Frederic Busse, Clerk of Petty Sessions, or as the mother or Wilfred Clarence Busse, author and barrister. Although the records of her time almost entirely connect her with the men of her life, her father, husband and then her son, some digging can reveal that she was an entire person of her own, who broke norms of her time and is worthy of being remembered for her own sake.Black and white rectangular photograph printed on matte photographic paper mounted on board in a textured metallic frameObverse: Clara Jane Busse / (nee Mathews) / Mother of W. C. Busse / clara jane busse, clara busse, c j busse, busse, women in agriculture, remarkable women, 20th century women, women's history, working women, wilfred busse, wilfred clarence busse

Formal identification of the property to be bought as the first Melbourne Legacy residence sent to Legatee E. Russell, Chair of the Hostel Committee. The survey is hand drawn and meticulously measured.The documents demonstrate business practices in the 1940s with regard to the purchase of property, as well as being an important record of the first property to be purchased by Melbourne Legacy as a residence for children.00310.1 Letter from Dudley A. Tregent, Solicitor, dated 15 January 1943, to Legatee E. Russell, Chair of the Hostel Committee, enclosing the survey sketch plan. White paper, black letterhead and typing, two holes punched for filing 00310.2 Survey sketch plan by Meudell, Gillespie & Co, dated 13 January 1943. Black type and printing, with some red shading and writing, on white foolscap paper. 00310.3 Letter from Meudell, Gillespie & Co to Mr. D.A. Tregent, Solicitor. Quarto, black typing, red underlining, on white.00310.1 Signed by D.A. Tregent 00310.2 Signed by Percival A. Jordan 00310.3 Signed by Percival A. Jordanholmbush initial negotiations, properties, holmbush

The initial valuation of Holmbush was revised from £6,633 to £6,921 in light of the fact that on reflection the valuer, Angus McIntyre, thought he should increase the allowance for depreciation because of the property being 20 years old.The documents demonstrate business practices in the 1940s with regard to the purchase of property, as well as being an important record of the first property to be purchased by Melbourne Legacy as a residence for children.00311.1 black type and printing on white foolscap letterhead punched with 2 holes for filing 00311.2 black type on white foolscap punched with 2 holes for filing 00311.3 black type on white quarto punched with 2 holes for filing 00311.4 black type on white quarto punched with 2 holes for filing00311.1 Initialled in blue ink, illegible 00311.2 'Yeo. Crossthwaite & Co A. McIntyre F.C.I.V. (illegible) Valuer" in black ink 00311.3 Initialled by Legatee E. Russell in red ink holmbush initial negotiations, holmbush, properties

A letter from the Chairman of the Hostel Committee dated 5th March 1943 to the President of Melbourne Legacy outlining the expenditure to acquire and modify Holmbush to become the Hostel. Mentions purchase price, fees, furniture and furnishing costs. Also outlining the maintenance of the property until the Hostel is operational and handed over to the new Hostel Committee.Shows the business practice of Committees providing internal correspondence to record important expenditure and decision making, as well as being an important record of the first property to be purchased by Melbourne Legacy as a residence for children.Quarto copy paper, black and white, two hole punched for filing.Initialled (illegible) copy.holmbush initial negotiations, holmbush

00331.1 A copy of the letter from the solicitor to the real estate agents that handled the transaction to claim for the return of items included in the purchase of the Holmbush property that were removed by the previous owner. 00331.2 A note to accompany the copy of the letter.Business practices in the 1940s around the purchase of the first property by Melbourne Legacy as a residence for children.00331.1 Quarto white copy paper, black type, two hole punched for filing. 00331.2 White note paper, black type, two hole punched for filing.holmbush initial negotiations, holmbush

Letter dated 8 March 1943 to H.T. Greenway confirming his authorisation to work on the gardens and grounds of Holmbush until a Manager is appointed.Business practice of formalising arrangements by letter.Green copy paper, black text of a letter from E Russell to H Greenway.Amended and initialled in ink by E. Russell, Chairman Hostel Committeeholmbush administration, holmbush

Kennedy and sons, Roselea Dairy operated in Kew (<1930-1945>). In 1945 Thomas Kennedy, Michael Kennedy and Patrick John Kennedy traded as Kennedy and sons, Roselea Dairy at 80 Pakington St, Kew. (Victorian Government, 07 December 1945). Tom Kennedy, Jnr, and his wife, Lucy, lived at 109 Pakington St Kew. Tom Kennedy Jnr. died 02 November 1963. Lucy Kennedy died 28 November 1987. "CONTEMPT OF COURT. MILK-CARTER GUILTY. Breach of an Injunction. A Supreme Court writ has been issued by Thomas Kennedy, sen., Thomas Kennedy, jun., Patrick John Kennedy, and Michael Kennedy, trading as Kennedy and Sons, Rose Lea Dairy, against Gordon Allberry Shepherdly, of Barnard street, North Kew, milk-carter, claiming an injunction and damages. Plaintiffs carry on business at Pakington street. Kew, and Melville street, Hawthorn, and they claim In their writ an injunction restraining the defendant from soliciting or endeavouring to obtain the custom of people who were customers of plaintiffs when Shepherdly was employed by them under an agreement dated March 13 1928. Plaintiffs also claim damages. Mr Read (instructed by Messrs. Moule, Hamilton, and Derham) appeared for plaintiffs before Mr. Justice Macfarlan in the Practice Court yesterday, to ask for an order for the committal of Shepherdly to prison, or alternatively, for an order that plaintiffs be at liberty to Issue a writ of attachment against him for contempt of court in soliciting or endeavouring to obtain the custom of plaintiffs' customers. The affidavits set out that Shepherdly was employed by plaintiffs from March I3, 1928. until June 6. 1930. An Interlocutory injunction had been granted pending trial of the action for a permanent injunction. Shepherdly, who appeared in person yesterday, said that he had a sick wife and two children. He had not served any of the customers referred to since the granting of the injunction. He had passed them over to another man for whom he was working. Mr Justice Macfarlan - In doing that you have committed a breach of the injunction, and I have no alternative but to order that you be sent to gaol. I will make an order that you be committed to prison until further order of the Court. I will direct, however, that the order be not executed until Tuesday next. If you can then satisfy the Court that you have ceased to serve, or take any part in serving, the customers of Kennedy and Sons, the order will not be executed. (The Argus, 11 July 1930) Rare, if damaged milk bottle from an historic Kew dairyMilk bottle produced for and retailed by Kennedy & Sons Kew. The dairy operated under various names, and at one stage was described as the Rose Lea Dairy. The dairy was situated on the corner of Eglinton and Pakington Streets, Kew. "Kennedy & Sons / Kew / Nursery Milk / This bottle is the property of T.Kennedy & Sons, Kew/ and cannot be legally used by others."kennedy's dairy, kennedy and sons, dairies - kew (vic), milk bottles - kew - melbourne - victoria, thomas kennedy, michael kennedy

Presentation to the Sergeants' Mess of 8/13 VMR by Cadre Staff member Sergeant RC Tetley when leaving the regiment at the completion of his posting. The presentation of a gift of this type was a common practice in regimental circles.A bespoke object with relevance to the character of an RAAC regiment using as it does a shell case from a fighting vehicle used by 8/13 VMR and indicative of business procedure in Mess meetings.Chairman's gong made of a chrome plated 76mm shell case suspended from a chrome plated metal frame mounted on a stained wooden base. Silver 8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regiment hat badge is mounted on front side of base. Stained wood and chrome plated metal gavel sits on two rests on rear side of base. Small engraved plaque attached to base at rear.On presentation plaque: "Presented to 8/13 VMR Sgts Mess by 2782108 Sgt RC Tetley Dec 1984"; and markings on base of shell case: "76mm ARMD C PW 175 ME 1970"sergeants' mess, 8/13 vmr, tetley

Trudi HARLEY Born Korumburra, Victoria Born in country Victoria Trudi Harley graduated with a Bachelor of Education (Art and Craft) at Victoria College, Burwood. After teaching for 10 years in both Government and Independent schools in Melbourne she worked as a Sales Executive and Art Educator for Cavalier Art Supplies for 16 years. Recently Trudi Harley completed a Bachelor of Arts (Visual Arts) (Honours) with Distinction between 2008 – 2009, and a Master of Arts (Research), Visual Art between 2010 – 2012 at the University of Ballarat (now Federation University). Maintaining an artistic practice while in a business partnership Trudi Harley owns and runs Atelier Art Supplies in Williamstown, Victoria, which is a major supporter of the arts in the western suburbs of Melbourne/ This item is part of the Federation University Art Collection. The Art Collection features over 2000 works and was listed as a 'Ballarat Treasure' in 2007.Artist's Statement: As an artist am continually drawn to ‘what makes us who we are’ and as a result the work, whatever it may be, is a reflection on what makes me who I am. In this I refer to perception, experience and memory as aspects that contribute to our sense of reality. By using these references I intend to engage the audience and develop a sense of connection and community through the visual image. ‘Fallen’ was not necessarily a reflection on my own life but of life in general as I recall at the time I had a family member who was struggling to cope with their own reality. I can also recall at the time reflecting on the adage ‘walk a mile in my shoes’ and the pressures we all face in life. Added to this were my own influences of upbringing, I have always been particularly drawn to fabrics and patterns as my mother was/is (getting a little old now) a seamstress and my father was a bit of a ‘perfectionist’. During my honours study I came across the term ‘Esperpento’ which included such visual elements as exaggeration and unusual viewpoints. Fallen was a comment on the psychology associated with expectations in life, or more importantly those expectations placed on offspring by their parents. This painting reflected the consequences of not living up to those expectations. It is unfortunate that in life, by the time you get to the point of realising that you have the opportunity to set your own standards, that you’ve probably embodied a great many set of values by osmosis and that you’ve now claimed them as your own. The view is from above to dramatize the subject, the figure placed compositionally in the top right hand corner to open up the picture plane and allow for the narrative to continue outside the visual area of the canvas. It was also in this painting that I rubbed back some of the darker oil paint to allow the lighter underpainting to show through.art, artwork, trudi harley, harley, carpet, portrait, self-portrait, alumni

Crumps Dairy (Milk Pasteurising Depot) was located at 6 Benson Street, Surrey Hills on the corner of Weybridge Street until c1973. It was demolished after it had been badly vandalised. The business closed after cartons replaced glassperishables including milk, bread, meat and fruit and vegetables bottles for sale of milk. It was one of many small local facilities for processing and delivering milk that existed from the early 1920s. Eric William Walker Crump (1903-1981) headed the family business. Also involved were Kevin Eric Crump, Eric William Scanlan. NB/ Also held in this collection is a copy of a project by Chatham Primary School student, Susanne Pascoe, dated 1956 which includes photos of the dairy's operations. An oral history by Dave Croft, a driver for the dairy, who lived close by, is also relevant. The account also mentions 'Towt'. Canterbury Oliver Towt (1890-1962) was another dairyman whose premises was on the corner of Chatham and Mont Albert Roads.This is material evidence of business practice c1920s-1960s when accounts for goods received, especially perishables, were often hand-delivered on a weekly basis, with monies owed collected at the door. A paper account printed red on cream (discoloured) paper with the details of the date, account holder and address typed in and the amount owed hand-written in blue ink. The attached receipt has been stuck onto the account and filled out in grey pencil and blue ink. The amounts are in pounds, shillings and pence.Typed: 2/1; 2 OCT. 1958 M/- MATTHEWS, 42 GUILDFROD RD. SURREY HILLS, E.10dairies, crumps dairy, crumps milk pasteurising depot, kevin eric crump, eric william scanlan, eric william walker crump, towt's dairy, canterbury oliver towt, accounts, receipts, guildford road, geoff matthews, ruth matthews, benson street, towts rosehill dairy

Crumps Dairy (Milk Pasteurising Depot) was located at 6 Benson Street, Surrey Hills on the corner of Weybridge Street until c1973. It was demolished after it had been badly vandalised. The business closed after cartons replaced glassperishables including milk, bread, meat and fruit and vegetables bottles for sale of milk. It was one of many small local facilities for processing and delivering milk that existed from the early 1920s. Eric William Walker Crump (1903-1981) headed the family business. Also involved were Kevin Eric Crump, Eric William Scanlan. NB/ Also held in this collection is a copy of a project by Chatham Primary School student, Susanne Pascoe, dated 1956 which includes photos of the dairy's operations. An oral history by Dave Croft, a driver for the dairy, who lived close by, is also relevant. The account also mentions 'Towt'. Canterbury Oliver Towt (1890-1962) was another dairyman whose premises was on the corner of Chatham and Mont Albert Roads.This is material evidence of business practice c1920s-1960s when accounts for goods received, especially perishables, were often hand-delivered on a weekly basis, with monies owed collected at the door. A paper account printed red on cream (discoloured) paper with the details of the date, account holder and address typed in and the amount owed hand-written in blue ink. The attached receipt has been stuck onto the account and filled out in grey pencil and blue ink. The amounts are in pounds, shillings and pence.Typed: 2/1; 16 OCT. 1958 M/- MATTHEWS, 42 GUILDFROD RD. SURREY HILLS, E.10dairies, crumps dairy, crumps milk pasteurising depot, kevin eric crump, eric william scanlan, eric william walker crump, towt's dairy, canterbury oliver towt, accounts, receipts, guildford road, geoff matthews, ruth matthews, benson street, towts rosehill dairy

Crumps Dairy (Milk Pasteurising Depot) was located at 6 Benson Street, Surrey Hills on the corner of Weybridge Street until c1973. It was demolished after it had been badly vandalised. The business closed after cartons replaced glassperishables including milk, bread, meat and fruit and vegetables bottles for sale of milk. It was one of many small local facilities for processing and delivering milk that existed from the early 1920s. Eric William Walker Crump (1903-1981) headed the family business. Also involved were Kevin Eric Crump, Eric William Scanlan. NB/ Also held in this collection is a copy of a project by Chatham Primary School student, Susanne Pascoe, dated 1956 which includes photos of the dairy's operations. An oral history by Dave Croft, a driver for the dairy, who lived close by, is also relevant. The account also mentions 'Towt'. Canterbury Oliver Towt (1890-1962) was another dairyman whose premises was on the corner of Chatham and Mont Albert Roads.This is material evidence of business practice c1920s-1960s when accounts for goods received, especially perishables, were often hand-delivered on a weekly basis, with monies owed collected at the door. A paper account printed red on cream (discoloured) paper with the details of the date, account holder and address typed in and the amount owed hand-written in blue ink. The attached receipt has been stuck onto the account and filled out in grey pencil and blue ink. The amounts are in pounds, shillings and pence.Typed: 2/1; 18 SEPT. 1958 M/- MATTHEWS, 42 GUILDFROD RD. SURREY HILLS, E.10dairies, crumps dairy, crumps milk pasteurising depot, kevin eric crump, eric william scanlan, eric william walker crump, towt's dairy, canterbury oliver towt, accounts, receipts, guildford road, geoff matthews, ruth matthews, benson street, towts rosehill dairy

Theodolites are a highly accurate instrument that measures angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The theodolite has a long history, with the term first found in 1571 in a surveying textbook 'A geometric practice named Pantometria' by Leonard Digges. (source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite). Cooke Troughton & Simms began when John Troughton starting selling products in Fleet Street, London in 1782. He went into partnership with his brother Edward in 1807 who expanded the business considerably. William Simms, a former apprentice with the company was taken as a partner and then manager after Edward died in 1835 and the company became Troughton & Simms. By 1887 the company was able to produce all the parts necessary for their instruments and the company employed nearly 200 people and was one of the most well respected firms of instrument makers of the 1800's. James Simms, son of William who had inherited the company died in 1915 and the company was turned into a limited liability company by his two sons William and James. Things however were not so easy for the two sons and in 1922 the business was brought out by their rival T. Cooke & Sons becoming Cooke, Troughton & Simms. Theodolites are used by surveyors as part of their everyday work and although there is no specific information regarding the provenance of this particular one it is assumed it was used locally by the City of Bendigo and / or the Lands Department.A grey theodolite no 39161 made by Cooke, Thoughton & Simms. Various moving parts showing signs of extensive use particularly on the uprights on the main body and around knobs and dials where the paint is worn back to brass.Cooke, Thoughton & Simms Ltd / York. England / No 39161. Sticker; DPS - Asset No / (barcode) / 0010173city of greater bendigo administration item, lands and survey department bendigo