Prior to carrying out a detailed condition report of the cetacean skeletons, it is useful to have an understanding of the materials we are likely to encounter, in terms of structure and chemistry. This entry invites you to join in learning about the composition of whale bone and oil. Whale bone (Cetacean) bone is comprised of a composite structure of both an inorganic matrix of mainly hydroxylapatite (a calcium phosphate mineral), providing strength and rigidity, as well as an organic protein ‘scaffolding’ of mainly collagen, facilitating growth and repair (O’Connor 2008, CCI 2010). Collagen is also the structural protein component in cartilage between the whale vertebrae and attached to the fins of both the Killer Whale and the Dolphin. Relative proportions in the bone composition (affecting density), are linked with the feeding habits and mechanical stresses typically endured by bones of particular whale types. A Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) skeleton (toothed) thus has a higher mineral value (~67%) than a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758) (baleen) (~60%) (Turner Walker 2012). The internal structure of bone can be divided into compact and cancellous bone. In whales, load-bearing structures such as mandibles and upper limb bones (e.g. humerus, sternum) are largely composed of compact bone (Turner Walker 2012). This consists of lamella concentrically deposited around the longitudinal axis and is permeated by fluid carrying channels (O’Connor 2008). Cancellous (spongy) bone, with a highly porous angular network of trabeculae, is less stiff and thus found in whale ribs and vertebrae (Turner Walker 2012). Whale oil Whales not only carry a thick layer of fat (blubber) in the soft tissue of their body for heat insulation and as a food store while they are alive, but also hold large oil (lipid) reserves in their porous bones. Following maceration of the whale skeleton after death to remove the soft tissue, the bones retain a high lipid content (Higgs et. al 2010). Particularly bones with a spongy (porous) structure have a high capacity to hold oil-rich marrow. Comparative data of various whale species suggests the skull, particularly the cranium and mandible bones are particularly oil rich. Along the vertebral column, the lipid content is reduced, particularly in the thoracic vertebrae (~10-25%), yet greatly increases from the lumbar to the caudal vertebrae (~40-55%). The chest area (scapula, sternum and ribs) show a mid-range lipid content (~15-30%), with vertically orientated ribs being more heavily soaked lower down (Turner Walker 2012, Higgs et. al 2010). Whale oil is largely composed of triglycerides (molecules of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule). In Arctic whales a higher proportion of unsaturated, versus saturated fatty acids make up the lipid. Unsaturated fatty acids (with double or triple carbon bonds causing chain kinks, preventing close packing (solidifying) of molecules), are more likely to be liquid (oil), versus solid (fat) at room temperature (Smith and March 2007). Objects Made From the Whaling Industry We all know that men set forth in sailing ships and risked their lives to harpoon whales on the open seas throughout the 1800s. And while Moby Dick and other tales have made whaling stories immortal, people today generally don't appreciate that the whalers were part of a well-organized industry. The ships that set out from ports in New England roamed as far as the Pacific in hunt of specific species of whales. Adventure may have been the draw for some whalers, but for the captains who owned whaling ships, and the investors which financed voyages, there was a considerable monetary payoff. The gigantic carcasses of whales were chopped and boiled down and turned into products such as the fine oil needed to lubricate increasing advanced machine tools. And beyond the oil derived from whales, even their bones, in an era before the invention of plastic, was used to make a wide variety of consumer goods. In short, whales were a valuable natural resource the same as wood, minerals, or petroleum we now pump from the ground. Oil From Whale’s Blubber Oil was the main product sought from whales, and it was used to lubricate machinery and to provide illumination by burning it in lamps. When a whale was killed, it was towed to the ship and its blubber, the thick insulating fat under its skin, would be peeled and cut from its carcass in a process known as “flensing.” The blubber was minced into chunks and boiled in large vats on board the whaling ship, producing oil. The oil taken from whale blubber was packaged in casks and transported back to the whaling ship’s home port (such as New Bedford, Massachusetts, the busiest American whaling port in the mid-1800s). From the ports it would be sold and transported across the country and would find its way into a huge variety of products. Whale oil, in addition to be used for lubrication and illumination, was also used to manufacture soaps, paint, and varnish. Whale oil was also utilized in some processes used to manufacture textiles and rope. Spermaceti, a Highly Regarded Oil A peculiar oil found in the head of the sperm whale, spermaceti, was highly prized. The oil was waxy, and was commonly used in making candles. In fact, candles made of spermaceti were considered the best in the world, producing a bright clear flame without an excess of smoke. Spermaceti was also used, distilled in liquid form, as an oil to fuel lamps. The main American whaling port, New Bedford, Massachusetts, was thus known as "The City That Lit the World." When John Adams was the ambassador to Great Britain before serving as president he recorded in his diary a conversation about spermaceti he had with the British Prime Minister William Pitt. Adams, keen to promote the New England whaling industry, was trying to convince the British to import spermaceti sold by American whalers, which the British could use to fuel street lamps. The British were not interested. In his diary, Adams wrote that he told Pitt, “the fat of the spermaceti whale gives the clearest and most beautiful flame of any substance that is known in nature, and we are surprised you prefer darkness, and consequent robberies, burglaries, and murders in your streets to receiving as a remittance our spermaceti oil.” Despite the failed sales pitch John Adams made in the late 1700s, the American whaling industry boomed in the early to mid-1800s. And spermaceti was a major component of that success. Spermaceti could be refined into a lubricant that was ideal for precision machinery. The machine tools that made the growth of industry possible in the United States were lubricated, and essentially made possible, by oil derived from spermaceti. Whalebone The bones and teeth of various species of whales were used in a number of products, many of them common implements in a 19th century household. Whales are said to have produced “the plastic of the 1800s.” The bone of the whale which was most commonly used wasn’t technically a bone, it was baleen, a hard material arrayed in large plates, like gigantic combs, in the mouths of some species of whales. The purpose of the baleen is to act as a sieve, catching tiny organisms in sea water, which the whale consumes as food. As baleen was tough yet flexible, it could be used in a number of practical applications. And it became commonly known as whalebone. Perhaps the most common use of whalebone was in the manufacture of corsets, which fashionable ladies in the 1800s wore to compress their waistlines. One typical corset advertisement from the 1800s proudly proclaims, “Real Whalebone Only Used.” Whalebone was also used for collar stays, buggy whips, and toys. Its remarkable flexibility even caused it to be used as the springs in early typewriters. The comparison to plastic is apt. Think of common items which today might be made of plastic, and it's likely that similar items in the 1800s would have been made of whalebone. Baleen whales do not have teeth. But the teeth of other whales, such as the sperm whale, would be used as ivory in such products as chess pieces, piano keys, or the handles of walking sticks. Pieces of scrimshaw, or carved whale's teeth, would probably be the best remembered use of whale's teeth. However, the carved teeth were created to pass the time on whaling voyages and were never a mass production item. Their relative rarity, of course, is why genuine pieces of 19th century scrimshaw are considered to be valuable collectibles today. Reference: McNamara, Robert. "Objects Made From the Whaling Industry." ThoughtCo, Jul. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/products-produced-from-whales-1774070.Whale bone during the 17th, 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries was an important industry providing an important commodity. Whales from these times provided everything from lighting & machine oils to using the animal's bones for use in corsets, collar stays, buggy whips, and many other everyday items then in use.Whale bone Vertebrae with advanced stage of calcification as indicated by deep pitting. Off white to grey.None.warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, whale bones, whale skeleton, whales, whale bone, corsets, toys, whips, whaleling industry, maritime fishing, whalebone

Used by a cable tram conductor to record the number of 2d fares collected from passengers. The Bell punch recorded the number of times a hole was punched in the slip. They were used by the cable trams until the mid-1920s when they were phased out and replaced by "flimsy" paper tickets. The item has been punched many times. Printed for the Tramway Board (1916 to 1919). Has space for 44 journeys. On one side, has space for the name Line, Date, Badge, car, time of starting, and signature, if a student conductor. Printed for use in the down direction. See item 7425 for an example in the Up Direction.Demonstrates a Cable Tram tram Conductors record of the trips sold/fare collected.Ticket - Trip Slip - cable tram Bell Punch type - grey card, 2d fare.See abovetrams, tramways, tickets, cable trams, bell punch, tramway board, tb

The FB was promoted as being longer, lower, more spacious and more powerful than the FC model, but in reality it was only slightly so on each count overerall length was 5.5 inches (140 mm) greater, although the wheelbase remained the same. The engine bore was still 3 inches (76 mm), the last model with that specification. Engine capacity was 138 cubic inches (2.16 L) but the compression ratio was raised. However, the resulting extra 4 brake horsepower (3 kW) of power did not compensate for the greater weight of the FB, so performance was inferior to that of its predecessor. Changes were also made to the brakes, front coil springs, air cleaner and clutch. Obvious styling differences were the lower bonnet, finned rear mudguards with new taillights (on the sedans and wagons only) and a wrap-around windscreen. Seating was improved, as was the instrument panel. A refinement of the FC model but appearance significantly changed with a wraparound windscreen, lower bonnet and finned rear guards.. This vehicle was purchased in NSW The interior was in excellent condition bur required extensive exterior work to bring it back to its original condition, It had a mileage of 8500. A refinement of the FC model but appearance significantly changed with a wraparound windscreen, lower bonnet and finned rear guards. It was the first Holden with acrylic paintwork.Two tone grey body , four door FB Holden sedan. Finned rear mudguard,. Holden Special Registered number 63452-Hholden, automobile, 1960, car

Contains Heidelberg Golf Club Bowling Club office bearers, club information, members' contact details and a calendar of events. 20 p., stapled, grey cover with black writing and logo. Logo on front and back coversNotations throughoutheidelberg golf club, members handbooks, program of events, heidelberg golf club bowling club, syllabus

The striking image on the poster shows men crowded on the deck after the successful action against the Italian Cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni on 19 July 1940. On 19 November 1941, while returning from convoy duty in Java, HMAS Sydney was engaged by the German armed merchant cruiser Kormoran 130 miles off the West Australian coastline. The faces of many of the 645 servicemen who died in Australia’s greatest naval tragedy feature on this special poster produced to commemorate the anniversary of the loss of the HMAS Sydney. For more than six decades the location of the Sydney had remained a mystery until the wreckages of both HMAS Sydney and the German Armed Merchant Cruiser Kormoran were discovered around 112 nautical miles off Steep Point, Western Australia. The sinking of the Sydney and the loss of all her crew in the Second World War is the single greatest naval tragedy Australia has experienced in Australian waters.Black plastic frame with grey mount containing poster/photograph of Navy crew on ship and in foreground. top left corner - Lest We Forget Bottom of print - HMAS SYDNEY 19 November, 1941 hmas sydney, ww2, 19/11/1941, kormoran, ran

Army issue wool blanket issued to the soldiers during the Vietnam conflict. Brown army issue wool blanket with green stripes and grey blanket stitching around the border.blanket, edgley, vietnam

Programme used at Gymkhana on 10.3.1956 at Bradvale football ground, proceeds from Gymkhana going to the hall building fund.A4 grey paper folded in three. Printed on all sides, programme for Bradvale Gymkhana 1956.Text: " BRADVALE / GYMKHANA / ON / BRADVALE FOOTBALL OVAL / Saturday, 10th March / 1956.programmes, events, gymkhanas

Horse drawn plough in rural setting.Three horses, two bay and one grey, pulling a plough with a person on the back in rural scene. stawell rural harvesting

On the night of 30-31 January 1942 this small force of 1131 Australian soldiers were stationed at Ambon, an island which formed part of the Netherland East Indies (now Indonesia). An invasion of approximately 20,000 Japanese overwhelmed Gull Force and the majority of the Australian soldiers were taken prisoner. The execution of 229 at Laha, starvation, over work, disease and the absence of medical supplies led to horrific loss. At the cessation of hostilities only 352 of the original 1131 had made it back to Australia. 779 members of Gull Force made the supreme sacrifice and now lie in foreign fields. The Battle of Ambon (30 January – 3 February 1942) occurred on the island of Ambon in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), during World War II. Japan invaded and conquered the island in a few days, facing Dutch, American and Australian forces. The chaotic and sometimes bloody fighting was followed by a series of major Japanese war crimes. Allied casualties in the battle were relatively light. However, at intervals for a fortnight after the surrender, Japanese personnel chose more than 300 Australian and Dutch prisoners of war at random and summarily executed them, at or near Laha airfield. In part, this was revenge for the sinking of the Japanese minesweeper, as some surviving crew of the minesweeper took part.. Three-quarters of the Australians captured on Ambon died before the war's end. Of the 582 who remained on Ambon, 405 died. They died of overwork, malnutrition, disease and one of the most brutal regimes among camps in which bashings were routine. Blood Oath, a 1990 Australian feature film is based on the real-life trial of Japanese soldiers for war crimes committed against Allied prisoners of war on the island of Ambon, in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), such as the Laha massacre of 1942.Brown timber frame with gold coloured inner edge containing badge and tribute on grey backgroundGull Force 2/21 Battalion Ambon Laha In memory of and tribute to the Officers and Men of "Gull Force" comprising of 2/21 Battalion and attached Units.gull force, 2/21 battalion, ambon, ww2

Grey and Army green leather and cotton gloves. Type 65/FRP - 1, size 9.Gloves, flying summer Type 65/FRP - 1 MIL-G-81188A (AS) Order No. 52285 FSH. 8415-935-6330 Size 9161 reconnaissance flight

Provided by Rob Haldane. Believed to have been associated withy PF Lifeboat and taken to Port Lincoln, South Australia in 1952. Could have been used as a mooring /warping anchor. Reference: verbal Rob Haldane.Iron anchor, Admiralty pattern, with folding arm and locking pin. 3 flukes. Painted greyNonelifeboat, anchor

From title page: A Tribute to the Belgian King and People from representative men and women throughout the world.Hard, cardboard cover, buckram. Cream background with dark green print on front & spine. Front cover decorated with wreaths & lines border & wreath of oak leaves with crown & sword in silhouette. 187 cut, edges, dull gold, beige pages. Black / white illustrations & coloured paintings on glossy paper plates.Handwritten in grey lead pencil on front fly leaf: “J.L.R” Handwritten in red pencil on front fly leaf: “J. Roberts”book, king, albert

Born: St Petersburg, Russia 1873; Arrived: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 1887; Lived and worked: England, France, Wales, Egypt, Palestine 1900-1921; Died: Cobbity, New South Wales, Australia 1930InterwarGift of J. Brackenreg, Artarmon Galleries, 1979Drawing of head with short hair, neck and shoulders. Black timber frame.Recto: Signed, titled and dated "G.W.Lambert / J.W.L. McHugh – April 28th / 1925" in grey pencil across lower centre of composition.drawing, portrait, face, man

The original owners were The Burgi Family.A very old small thick photograph album made of dark tan leather with an elaborate embossed floral tan and gold design on the front cover. The back cover has plain lined patterns in a square shape with the spine having black lines across it. The brass clasp on the side is in working order. It contains 15 thick double sided pages which have sepia family photographs inserted. There is one side missing a photograph. Each picture has the name of the photographic studio printed at the bottom of the photo. The whole album as quite worn and damaged.'Burgi' is written in blue biro on the left endpaper at the front. 'DARBY SLEVIN' is written in grey pencil at the bottom of the photo on page 6.photographs, albums, photograph albums, photographic accessories

A small black self textured covered Churches of Christ Hymn book (with supplement). The title is printed in gold lettering towards the top of the front cover. The edges of the pages are faded blue. At the back of the book there is a Responsive Scripture Readings as well as Supplementary Hymns. T the front is a Preface, Contents and Index to first Lines of Hymns. Inserted inside the hymn book is a faded black and white small photograph of two boys playing on rocks near a stream. On the back of the photograph stamped in black ink - A 831.non-fictionA Churches of Christ Hymn Book (with supplement) It has the words for all the hymns included. It is an Australia Edition religious books, hymns

Sales plan for land in the suburb of Sandringham, bounded by Bluff Road, Bay Road and William Street, and incorporating Frances Street.The developing urban area of Highett (then called Sandringham) within the City of Kingston. This land sale pamphlet illustrates the subdivision of land within the municipality and the changing demographic of the district as new houses are constructed close to infrastructure.Colour pamphlet advertising for sale 35 lots in Sandringham Rises, Sandringham. Incorporates a map of the estate bordered by Bluff Road, Bay Road and William Street, including Frances Street.Handwritten in grey pencil next to the words 'THREE O'CLOCK': 1888 Handwritten in blue ben next to the words '& BUSINESS SITES': 1888land sales, sandringham, highett

Green tobacco tin with blue decoration and blue writing.The Greys Size Two Silk Cut Virginia| Major Drapkin & Co. London Branch of the United Kingdom Co Pty Ltd.personal effects, smoking accessories

An old rare damaged brown heavily embossed patterned hardcover book, The Life of The Rev. John Wesley, A.M. by Richard Watson. The spine is missing. There are loose pages particularly at the front with pencil and ink inscriptions. A sewing pin is holding the black and white portrait of John Wesley to the endpaper. The spine edge inside has grey tape holding the endpapers together. There are dirty marks, severe tanning and foxing noted all through this 1851 edition. 485p. with a few pages at the back of further religious works by the publisher John Mason.non-fictionThe life of The Rev. John Wesley, A.M. sometime fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford and founder of the Methodist Societies.religion, biography, methodist church history

Shirt and trousers combination made of dark blue, light blue, beige and brown colour in stripes, cotton fabric. Cream colour, plastic buttons. Cream colour drawstring. 1. Shirt with long sleeves with no cuffs, collar, one front pocket and placket front, with buttons. Manufacturers white cotton label inside back of collar. 2. Trousers, long legs with drawstring at waist. 3. Manufacturers label, lightweight cardboard, previously sewn to shirt. Black and red print with purple stamp information. Also handwritten information, grey lead pencil.Manufacturers information- 1. Blue and red embroidered details "GUARANTEED/DEFIANCE/BRAND". 2. Lightweight cardboard details "MENS AND BOYS/ Pyjamas/ for/ SERVICE and COMFORT/ Distinctive/ Cloth/ Defiance/ Exclusive/ Designs/ RENOWNED/THROUGHOUT AUSTRALIA/ NO./ SIZE." Purple stamp "100/ O.S." Grey lead pencil "3 D/-/ 16/6". 3. Reverse side of label - handwritten grey lead pencil. "I am a refined type of/ gal desiring a boy friend/ if you would write I shall/ be only to pleased to answer/ I am 18 (1941)/ Norma Poulton/ 96 Flinders Street/ 4th Floor/ Melbourne" The handwritten note and pair of pyjamas were sent to an unknown soldier serving during World War Two.clothing, pyjamas, ww2

Black and white photograph mounted on grey frame. 3 Police Officers mounted on Horses (grey, white and dapple). They are all in the middle of a grass field [presentation of some sort?] and there's a big crowd watching in the background. Horse numbers: 230, 228, 229Handwritten: Acquisition No 241 White sticker on frame: 9/7/80 // Received from S.C. Steve Muir, 'Police Life' on this date.victoria police museum, police officers, police academy, police force, mounted force, police horse

Black & white photograph of a dark coloured horse in a trotting sulky. The sulky is high and is very close behind the horse. The man in the sulky is wearing a suit and a hat. The photo is mounted on dark grey cardboard and has a paler grey border out from the photo.W. Vincent Kelly, Mitchell St., Bendigophotograph, horse, foster & wilson collection, photograph, trotting horse

Colour photo: Royal Mail Hotel, Corner Williamson and Hargreaves Streets, Bendigo. Three storey hotel, the bottom in brown and grey bricks, the top two storeys painted in grey. The name Royal Mail Hotel in red letters above main entrance.bendigo, hotel, royal mail

Men's Y shaped button braces of black, white and taupe elastic grey leather back join. Lower back section is cream coloured elastic. Grey leather button holders on each end. Silver coloured metal buckles and length extenders.costume accessories, male, braces taupe with black/white stripes

The Villa Alba Museum is cultural institution committed to the collection, study and display of 19th century interior decorative finishes, and the components of 19th and 20th century interior decoration. These include artefacts (wallpapers, textiles, carpet samples), furnishings, printed materials (catalogues, books, periodicals), and pictures (photographs).Wallpaper sample of a Morris & Co., pattern. Monochrome, repeat pattern of a front facing bird contained in a roundel in pale grey on a darker grey ground, regularly interspersed on a geometric design. Sample is a later Morris-style wallpaper block reproduction from the 1970s. decorative arts & design, wallpapers -- morris & co, wall coverings – history, wallpapers – history, interior decoration – history

The photograph was taken at an Ithacan Club picnic some time during the late 1930s. Races have always been a popular feature of the picnic. The then president, Andreas Papadopoulos is congratulating the three place-getters, from L-R unknown, unknown, Hector Anagnostatos (Andrews). Andreas Papadopoulos was president from 1934 - 1939. Hector Anagnostatos was president from 1953-1955.A sepia photograph mounted on grey board which has a darker grey border. Three men dressed in singlets and trousers are standing in sports arena and a man in a suit is shaking the hand of one of the men. Some people are seated in a grandstand behind the group on the oval. Written on the back: AGP - 8

The Spot Cafe at 281 Elizabeth Street was established in 1912 and was owned by Athanasios Raftopoulos, Michalis Mavrokefalos ands Anastasios Flocas. The waiter standing second from the left is Hector Andrews. It was one of the many cafes owned and operated by Ithacans in the Melbourne CBD during the first half of the twentieth century.A black and white photograph mounted on grey board with a darker grey border.Three men and a lady, who are employees, are standing outside a cafe. Two of the men are waiters, the lady is in a white uniform and the other man is wearing a white apron over his trousers and shirt.restaurants, ithacan businesses