This promotional photograph by the Tobacco Growers Association was in response to a 1935 meeting of tobacco growers from Victoria, South Australia and Queensland which produced four major resolutions for the industry covering the remainder of the 1900s. These four resolutions were: (1) Adequate tariff protection (2) Control of pests and diseases (3) Orderly marketing (4) The formation of an advisory council of growers. History has produced the following results. (1) adequate tariff protection was never achieved,(2) control of disease through benzol vapour (CSIRO) breakthrough, was later identified as carcinogenic, (3) orderly marketing was achieved through (4) the establishment of the Tobacco Growers Association(19840. In October 2006, by way of Government buy back of tobacco leases from growers, resulted in the end of Tobacco farming in Australia (after 136 years of planting the first crop). It was also significant that the major tobacco companies such as Philip Morris and The British American Tobacco Australasia advised the industry that it would source its tobacco requirements overseas by 2009.The death of the tobacco industry(2006) resulted in the expansion of the dairy , sheep, beef cattle, venison and lama wool producers in the Kiewa Valley and surrounding regions. The remnants of the Tobacco Industry can still be viewed throughout the Kiewa Valley and adjacent regions on the former tobacco farms which still have the tobacco drying sheds and now converted into hay sheds. The problems from the large quantities of carcinogenic infused soil of farmlands in the region, still remains a problem now and for future generations. This particular photograph shows the lack of understanding by farmers and the contracted labour, at that time, and is demonstrated by the lack of protection of hands when handling seedlings and attached soil. Hand and foot protection was rarely used, even when later warnings were issued of the carcinogenic toxicity of the soil. The majority of farm owners, up until Health authorities stepped in the later stages of 1900s, were skeptical of city scientists' "carcinogenic" health warnings and it was only after the younger generation of farmers, who had graduated from Agricultural colleges, encompassed the scientific approach to farm management. The "she'll be right mate" attitude of the farming/rural community has since the 1970s been slowly dissipating. Stricter controls of herbicides and pesticides used in agriculture are now in force.Coloured photograph pasted onto a thick wood chip backing. Two galvanised eyelets at the top of the frame, 50mm from each end, with a twine cord stretch from each, for hanging purposes. See also KVHS 0054A, KVHS0054C to KVHS 0054FA sign, which has been removed from the picture at some previous point in time is "Pulling seedlings for planting"tobacco, farming, rural industry, licences, ollie mould, blue mould, benzol vapour, photograph

This promotional photograph by the Tobacco Growers Association was in response to a 1935 meeting of tobacco growers from Victoria, South Australia and Queensland which produced four major resolutions for the industry covering the remainder of the 1900s. These four resolutions were: (1) Adequate tariff protection (2) Control of pests and diseases (3) Orderly marketing (4) The formation of an advisory council of growers. History has produced the following results. (1) adequate tariff protection was never achieved,(2) control of disease through benzol vapour (CSIRO) breakthrough, was later identified as carcinogenic, (3) orderly marketing was achieved through (4) the establishment of the Tobacco Growers Association(1984). In October 2006, by way of Government buy back of tobacco leases from growers, resulted in the end of Tobacco farming in Australia (after 136 years of planting the first crop). It was also significant that the major tobacco companies such as Philip Morris and The British American Tobacco Australasia advised the industry that it would source its tobacco requirements overseas by 2009.The remnants of the Tobacco Industry can still be viewed throughout the Kiewa Valley and adjacent regions on the former tobacco farms which still have the tobacco drying sheds and now converted into hay sheds. The problems from the large quantities of carcinogenic infused soil of farmlands in the region, still remains a problem now and for future generations. This particular photograph shows the lack of understanding by farmers and the contracted labour, at that time, and is demonstrated by the lack of protection of hands when handling seedlings and attached soil. Hand and foot protection was rarely used, even when later warnings were issued of the carcinogenic toxicity of the soil. The majority of farm owners, up until Health authorities stepped in the latter stages of 1900s, were skeptical of city scientists' "carcinogenic" health warnings and it was only after the younger generation of farmers, who had graduated from Agricultural colleges, encompassed the scientific approach to farm management. The "she'll be right mate" attitude of the farming/rural community has since the 1970s been slowly dissipating. Stricter controls of herbicides and pesticides used in agriculture are now in force. The death of the tobacco industry(2006) resulted in the expansion of the dairy , sheep, beef cattle, venison and lama wool producers in the Kiewa Valley and surrounding regions.Coloured photograph pasted onto a thick wood chip backing. Two galvanised eyelets at the top of the frame, 50mm from each end, with a twine cord stretch from each, for hanging purposes. See also KVHS 0054A ,KVHS 0054B and KVHC 0054D to KVHS 0054F A sign, which has been removed from the picture at some previous point in time is "The Tobacco crop being topped (flower removed)". tobacco, farming, rural industry, licences, ollie mould, blue mould, benzol vapour

This promotional photograph by the Tobacco Growers Association was in response to a 1935 meeting of tobacco growers from Victoria, South Australia and Queensland which produced four major resolutions for the industry covering the remainder of the 1900s. These four resolutions were: (1) Adequate tariff protection (2) Control of pests and diseases (3) Orderly marketing (4) The formation of an advisory council of growers. History has produced the following results. (1) adequate tariff protection was never achieved,(2) control of disease through benzol vapour (CSIRO) breakthrough, was later identified as carcinogenic, (3) orderly marketing was achieved through (4) the establishment of the Tobacco Growers Association(1984). In October 2006, by way of Government buy back of tobacco leases from growers, resulted in the end of Tobacco farming in Australia (after 136 years of planting the first crop). It was also significant that the major tobacco companies such as Philip Morris and The British American Tobacco Australasia advised the industry that it would source its tobacco requirements overseas by 2009.The remnants of the Tobacco Industry can still be viewed throughout the Kiewa Valley and adjacent regions on the former tobacco farms which still have the tobacco drying sheds and now converted into hay sheds. The problems from the large quantities of carcinogenic infused soil of farmlands in the region, still remains a problem now and for future generations. This particular photograph shows the lack of understanding by farmers, at that time, and is demonstrated by the lack of protection of hands and no masks over their noses, when handling plants. Hand, nose and foot protection was rarely used, even when later warnings were issued of the carcinogenic toxicity of the soil. The majority of farm owners, up until Health authorities stepped in the latter stages of 1900s, were skeptical of city scientists' "carcinogenic" health warnings and it was only after the younger generation of farmers, who had graduated from Agricultural colleges, encompassed the scientific approach to farm management. The "she'll be right mate" attitude of the farming/rural community has since the 1970s been slowly dissipating. Stricter controls of herbicides and pesticides used in agriculture are now in force. The death of the tobacco industry(2006) resulted in the expansion of the dairy , sheep, beef cattle, venison and lama wool producers in the Kiewa Valley and surrounding regions.Coloured photograph pasted onto a thick wood chip backing. Two galvanised eyelets at the top of the frame, 50mm from each end, with a twine cord stretch from each, for hanging purposes. See also KVHS 0054A to KVHS 0054C and 0054E to KVHS 0054FA sign, which has been removed from the picture at some previous point in time is "The Tobacco fully grown prior to start picking"tobacco, farming, rural industry, licences, ollie mould, blue mould, benzol vapour

This promotional photograph by the Tobacco Growers Association was in response to a 1935 meeting of tobacco growers from Victoria, South Australia and Queensland which produced four major resolutions for the industry covering the remainder of the 1900s. These four resolutions were: (1) Adequate tariff protection (2) Control of pests and diseases (3) Orderly marketing (4) The formation of an advisory council of growers. History has produced the following results. (1) adequate tariff protection was never achieved,(2) control of disease through benzol vapour (CSIRO) breakthrough, was later identified as carcinogenic, (3) orderly marketing was achieved through (4) the establishment of the Tobacco Growers Association(19840. In October 2006, by way of Government buy back of tobacco leases from growers, resulted in the end of Tobacco farming in Australia (after 136 years of planting the first crop). It was also significant that the major tobacco companies such as Philip Morris and The British American Tobacco Australasia advised the industry that it would source its tobacco requirements overseas by 2009.The remnants of the Tobacco Industry can still be viewed throughout the Kiewa Valley and adjacent regions on the former tobacco farms which still have the tobacco drying sheds and now converted into hay sheds. The problems from the large quantities of carcinogenic infused soil of farmlands in the region, still remains a problem now and for future generations. This particular photograph shows the lack of understanding by farmers and the contracted labour, at that time, and is demonstrated by the lack of protection of hands when handling the tobacco leaves and nose from tobacco dust. Hand and foot protection was rarely used, even when later warnings were issued of the carcinogenic toxicity of the soil. The majority of farm owners, up until Health authorities stepped in the later stages of 1900s, were skeptical of city scientists' "carcinogenic" health warnings and it was only after the younger generation of farmers, who had graduated from Agricultural colleges, encompassed the scientific approach to farm management. The "she'll be right mate" attitude of the farming/rural community has since the 1970s been slowly dissipating. Stricter controls of herbicides and pesticides used in agriculture are now in force. The death of the tobacco industry(2006) resulted in the expansion of the dairy , sheep, beef cattle, venison and lama wool producers in the Kiewa Valley and surrounding regions.Coloured photograph pasted onto a thick wood chip backing. Two galvanised eyelets at the top of the frame, 50mm from each end, with a twine cord stretch from each, for hanging purposes. See also KVHS 0054A to KVHS 0054D and KVHS 0054Ftobacco, farming, rural industry, licences, ollie mould, blue mould, benzol vapour, photograph

This promotional photograph by the Tobacco Growers Association was in response to a 1935 meeting of tobacco growers from Victoria, South Australia and Queensland which produced four major resolutions for the industry covering the remainder of the 1900s. These four resolutions were: (1) Adequate tariff protection (2) Control of pests and diseases (3) Orderly marketing (4) The formation of an advisory council of growers. History has produced the following results. (1) adequate tariff protection was never achieved,(2) control of disease through benzol vapour (CSIRO) breakthrough, was later identified as carcinogenic, (3) orderly marketing was achieved through (4) the establishment of the Tobacco Growers Association(19840. In October 2006, by way of Government buy back of tobacco leases from growers, resulted in the end of Tobacco farming in Australia (after 136 years of planting the first crop). It was also significant that the major tobacco companies such as Philip Morris and The British American Tobacco Australasia advised the industry that it would source its tobacco requirements overseas by 2009.This particular photograph shows prospective buyers (from the major processing firms of Philip Morris and British American Tobacco Australasia) inspecting the dried tobacco leaves at the Melbourne sales, before 2009, when they moved to overseas growers.The remnants of the Tobacco Industry can still be viewed throughout the Kiewa Valley and adjacent regions on the former tobacco farms, which still have the former tobacco drying sheds but now converted into hay sheds. The death of the tobacco industry(2006) resulted in the expansion of the dairy , sheep, beef cattle, venison and lama wool producers in the Kiewa Valley and surrounding regions. The problems from the large quantities of carcinogenic infused soil of farmlands in the region, still remains a problem now and for future generations. The tighter restrictions of where the final product can be smoked and the higher tax levied (no tariff protection) was the main contributor to this one time lucrative industry's demise.Coloured photograph pasted onto a thick wood chip backing. Two galvanised eyelets at the top of the frame, 50mm from each end, with a twine cord stretch from each, for hanging purposes. See also KVHS 0054A to KVHS 0054EA sign, which has been removed from the picture at some previous point in time is "Tobacco sale floor"tobacco, farming, rural industry, licences, ollie mould, blue mould, benzol vapour, photograph

This camera was made for the mobile photographer and the camera manufacturer Kodak was at the peak of production. Mr. George Eastman, the company's founder, who invented roll film, which could withstand the outdoor activities and therefor replaced photographic plates. In 1900, the Box Brownie camera was first released Kodak's motto was' "You push the button, we do the rest," The film used in this camera was Kodak Verichrome 620 introduced in 1936 and only went out of production 2009. This camera was a vintage 1970s one. Between 1963 and 1970 the company sold 50 million of this type of camera. The production of smaller and more user friendly digital cameras, mainly from Japan finally nailed the coffin lid on the Kodak Company. Ironically, one of Kodak's engineers called Steve Sasson, devised a camera that could save images using electronic circuits. The images were transferred onto a tape cassette and were viewable by attaching the camera to a TV screen, however Kodak tried to maintain its photographic film products beyond its "use by date". In1975 Kodak becomes the first company to make a digital camera, however the Japanese manufacturers could make smaller and more compact cameras ending Kodak's monopoly and eventual demise.This particular "box brownie" was used by Margaret Shefford, nee Turner, who with her husband retired, in the 1980s, to Mount Beauty. The camera was purchased in the 197's and used on their cruise to England. The significance of this item is that at the time of its introduction to Mount Beauty the camera was a "state of the art", for general public, camera introduced by an ever increasing influx of retirees. This identifies the Kiewa Valley not only as an attraction for sightseers and overseas tourists but also retirees. The social implications of this trend will continue to provide a broader requirement for medical and other facilities geared up to the requirements of an aging population. As a lot of cities in Australia have increasing levels of violence (mainly drug related) rural "retreats" are becoming more sought after by sections of "the gentle populous"This is a black metal rectangular camera, rounded on the ends and has silver colored fittings(stainless steel) and a small leather handle on hinges the left side (facing the lens). The folding lens and shutter component fold out from the main compartment. Two metal arms swing out and hold the lens and collapsible lens body to the required length. When not in use this collapsible (folding) lens extension is fastened to the main body structure providing security and preventing damage to the folding material. The camera has a collapsible eye piece or view finder at the top end. The right hand bottom end has a cylindrical film wider (polished steel). Inside there are two cylindrical cavities, one holding the roll of unexposed film and the other (winder) end a cylinder onto which the unexposed film is wound through for each picture frame. There is a locking mechanism to hold the folding lens structure to the main box structure. See KVHS 0419B for its carrying caseNo external makings but when the lens is folded out it exposes manufacturing information on metal base around the lens " Kodette II B I shutter"(B= Bulb and I= Instant), underneath this, in larger print, is "'FOLDING 'BROWNIE' SIX - 20" below the lens and in smaller print, "made in Great Britain" and underneath this "by KODAK ltd"kodak kodette ii, folding brownie camera, photography, hobby personal item, tourist gadgets.

From the 1970's onward the relative isolation of regional areas was improving in "leaps and bounds". Social amenities, and life styles were changing at a great rate. Items such as this camera (recreational/life style/non professional) capture of the altering socio economic balance of rural based activities provided the catalyst for greater appreciation by city dwellers to the benefits of rural life. The greater levels of communicative avenues, especially the visual (photography, pictures, television and the internet), from the beginning of this period and throughout the time frame (1970 to the 2000s) has cut the major restraints of what was rural "isolationism".The significance of this type of camera, being a small two lens (normal, telescopic) and portable piece of equipment, allowed non professional tourists, locals or visitors to visually display the uniqueness of the Kiewa Valley and Alpine regions. This method of promotional and intimate visual reproduction of not only physical but also through personal involvement, of the photographer to the audience, a greater psychological impact, by the nature of intimacy involved. This type of photography is one of the most effective stimuli to promote the unique qualities of the Kiewa Valley region.This Item is dual lens (22mm,44mm) camera comprising of an elongated oblong shape, black hard plastic shell. It has a slightly rough surface(for a better fingers grip), two latches are located at the back, one to release the camera from its hinged protective cover and one to move to the next picture frame (film is within a cartridge).On swing cover "Kodak Tele 1 " on back in small print "MADE IN USA" On camera body "KODAK TELE EKTRA 1" underneath "CAMERA" and on slide switch(front) to change lenses:"Tele" and "Norm" kodak two lens camera, photographic hobby usa made camera

This book is a "snapshot" in time (1950s) detailing life in Australia covering a time when a "man's word and handshake" were his moral and quasi legal bond, and the now relative defunct saying "smoko" (having a "time out" from work for a cigarette and tea or coffee). The book spans an era where the male was still the "head" of the family even though for a majority of families the women took on the many "male only" roles during the World War II period. This shift in the leadership of the family hierarchy is mentioned, so ever slightly, (not to offend the still predominant macho male image) in both rural and city environments. The effects of the war, and later the push for women's emancipation and equality in both family, social, workplace and political areas of life, since this book was published, is now finally resolved. However there are still some sections of the recent migrate population where this male dominance is causing a few problems.The significance of this book is not only because it was donated by Mrs C. Roper ( from the Roper Family, a pioneer Kiewa Valley and surrounding Region family - originally beef cattle graziers) but also a Kiewa Valley resident and family, experiencing the shift in the social and economical life of post World War II rural Australia. The strong heritage link to this region of many families still residing within its boundaries, is a clear affirmation of the bond that the Kiewa Valley and its Regions have upon family unity. This unity within the rural environment is something that is attracting more and more families from sometimes alienating city life.This printed coloured sketched, or painted paper sleeve of the book is freely wrapped over a dark red hard cover. Into the front of the cover is pressed a standing pose of a farmer with long sleeves rolled up over his elbows. Behind him and to the right are what appears to be three sacks of wheat and next to him is a merino sheep. To the left and down are two dogs one with a fox in its jaws. The book contains 240 pages, 300 illustrations in gravure and 25 pictures in full colour. The inside fly leaf is a colour photograph of a rural scene with dirt road running in the centre and to the left a farm house and a five bay open storage barnOn the tittle page is a signature "C Roper"country life, australian "outback", rural industries, life on the land, swag-man of the bush

This item wasused before diesel, electric and battery drilling apparatus were used by farmers, and other trades requiring a portable yet reliable method of drilling holes. As this item is a 3/4 inch hole drill it would be suitable for fencing and providing holes for structural studs. As with all outdoor farm equipment, man power was required (be it the farmer or farm hands). Fitness of the operator was at a high standard but protective gloves were not highly thought of as it was before occupational, health and safety regulations became mandatory over all manual handling activities, be they on rural properties or town/city factories. This period was one where the male ego was at its pinnacle i.e. the harder the tasks the more of a man was required. Hard manual work was not only the "way to go" but also a necessity. Evolution of cheap portable electric/battery powered tools opened up a more efficient method available, especially to those with less muscle strength. This item personifies the rugged environment of the rural workplace. The Kiewa Valley with its main emphasis on farming and grazing provided ample opportunity to use this construction implement. The manufacturer being a Scottish tool company is very significant in the era when this hole maker was in high demand. British steel products were of high grade and had a good record of reliability. The reliability of any tool was a solid factor for farmers and tradesmen in this semi-isolated region (Circa early 1900s) within the Kiewa Valley and its regional area. This factor,although not as crucial, post 1960s, when Asian manufacturers entered the market place and produced cheaper tools and transportation and supplies was more frequent and reliable, the need for the more expensive British made tools diminished considerably. After the influx of tradesmen from war torn Europe (post 1945) and the increased availability of tradesmen in the Kiewa Valley and its region the price of tools was and still is not as crucial and the cost of all required tools has become a minimal part of the equation. It is only with the emerging younger trades person, farmer and grazier, who have more, "one eye on production costs" and no "old ties to the motherland" inert mind set that quality tools such as this auger and other hand tools "must be made to last a life time" is no longer part of the modern work environment.This cast iron, hand operated Auger has a short barrel shaped cylinder at one end (known as the "Eye") and at the other end a Helical screw blade (screws the cutting edge into wooden material, thereby creating a hole 3/4 inch diameter in the wood) . The barrel section at the top permits a metal or wooden leverage plank to be inserted. The main rod has a 180mm long cutting/screw blade running from the bottom up towards the "eye" end. From the end of the screw blade to the handle is 380mm and cylindrical, but this changes at 550mm from the "eye" end to a 14mm x 10mm rectangular shape shaft.This shaft end is welded to the "Eye".On the shaft below the "eye" is stamped " MATHESON GLASGOW" on the front side and a spade (cards) symbol on the back.auger, hand drill, fencing, tool, rural trades, brace & bit

This photo was most likely taken at the site of the proposed McKay Creek Power Station. Excavation of this site was commenced in 1951 but an access road (a rough, narrow track) was put it in 1948 and widened in 1954. The State Electricity Commission would have milled logs from this area at their mill at Howman's Gap. The timber was used for building of housing and camps and provided a much needed resource as there was a general shortage of this commodity. The power station was relocated underground owing to repeated problems with landslides in the area. Restricted financial resources and the repositioning of the power station retarded construction activities and it was not completed until early 1961. An historical pictorial record of the type of machinery used in the 1950's - logging truck with bogie attached, the bull dozer and winch for hauling logs to the truck and note the lack of protective clothing!Black and white photograph showing a logging truck, bogie and bull dozer with winch for hauling the logs to the truck. Two men are on the truck, a driver on the bull dozer and a large log on the bogie. Hand written on the back of photo "Logging at McKay Creek".logging, mckay creek, timber, machinery

Work commenced at Rocky Valley Dam site in early 1947 and proceeded until May. Resumed work in October after the winter and a camp for the accommodation of workmen was commenced at this time. Work continued in 1948 with the establishment of work facilities, including the erection of two large excavators. At the dam site the river was diverted through a temporary pipeline. Work proceeded in the summer months with the placing of concrete in the foundations and earth and rock fill for the construction of the wall. Rocky Valley and associated spillway and outlet works were completed in March, 1959. A very good representation of the type of machinery available in the 1940's used for excavation of the dam and the construction of the dam wall.Black and white photograph of Rocky Valley Dam wall under construction. There are at least three cranes plus workmen in the photo. This is taken from the Heathey's Spur side of the dam wall looking back toward Sun Valley.Hand written on back of photograph "Rocky Valley Dam Wall Excavation" in blue ink.rocky valley, dam, wall, machinery

This item was before diesel, electric and battery drilling apparatus were used by farmers, and other trades requiring a portable yet reliable method of drilling holes. As this item is a 3/4 inch hole drill it would be suitable for fencing and providing holes for structural studs. As with all outdoor farm equipment, man power was required (be it the farmer or farm hands). Fitness of the operator was at a high standard but protective gloves were not highly thought of as it was before occupational, health and safety regulations became mandatory over all manual handling activities, be they on rural properties or town/city factories. This period was one where the male ego was at its pinnacle i.e. the harder the tasks the more of a man was required. Hard manual work was not only the "way to go" but also a necessity. Evolution of cheap portable electric/battery powered tools opened up a more efficient method available, especially to those with less muscle strength.This item personifies the rugged environment of the rural workplace. The Kiewa Valley with its main emphasis on farming and grazing provided ample opportunity to use this construction implement. The manufacturer being a Scottish tool company is very significant in the era when this hole maker was in high demand. British steel products were of high grade and had a good record of reliability. The reliability of any tool was a solid factor for farmers and tradesmen in this semi-isolated region (Circa early 1900s) of the Kiewa Valley and its regional area. This factor,although not as crucial, post 1960s, when Asian manufacturers entered the market place and produced cheaper tools and transportation and supplies was more frequent and reliable, the need for the more expensive British made tools diminished considerably. After the influx of tradesmen from war torn Europe (post 1945) and the increased availability of tradesmen in the Kiewa Valley and its region the price of tools is not as crucial and the cost of all required tools has become a minimal part of the equation. It is only with the emerging younger trades person, farmer and grazier, who have more, "one eye on production costs" and no "old ties to the motherland" inert mind set that quality tools such as this auger and other hand tools "must be made to last a life time" is no longer part of the modern work environment.This cast iron hand operated drill, has a short barrel-shaped cylinder, known as "the eye" welded across the main rod and is 30mm in circumference. It also has a hole drilled to allow a screw to be fastened onto the hand stock ( not available).The main rod is solid for 400mm and then has been flattened and coiled (Helical screw blade) for another 200mm. At the end of the larger screw blade there is a smaller gauged starter blade with a pointer thread 15mm long. This Auger produces a 1/8th inch hole (metric measurement not used at time of manufacture) See KVHS 0469 for 3/4 inch hole and KVHS 0471 for another 1/8th inch hole.A number 5 stamped on the flat sideauger, hand drill, fencing, tool, rural trades, brace & bit

This photograph was taken during construction of the Rocky Valley Dam and wall. Work was commenced in early 1947 but had to be suspended during winter and then resumed in October. Work continued in 1948 with the establishment of work facilities and, at the dam site, the river was diverted through a temporary pipeline. Rocky Valley and associated spillway and outlet works were completed in 1959.A pictorial record of the construction of the rock and earth filled dam wall at Rocky Valley. Shows the extent of the project undertaken and the fact that a lot of the work was done manually by pick and shovel - note the workmen using picks and sledge hammers on the lower half of the photo.A black and white photograph showing the excavation of the dam at Rocky Valley looking towards Heathey's SpurHand written on the back of photograph in blue ink "Rocky Valley showing dam excavation" rocky valley, dam, wall, picks, sledge hammers

This item was before diesel, electric and battery drilling apparatus were used by farmers, and other trades requiring a portable yet reliable method of drilling holes. As this item is a 3/4 inch hole drill it would be suitable for fencing and providing holes for structural studs. As with all outdoor farm equipment, man power was required (be it the farmer or farm hands). Fitness of the operator was at a high standard but protective gloves were not highly thought of as it was before occupational, health and safety regulations became mandatory over all manual handling activities, be they on rural properties or town/city factories. This period was one where the male ego was at its pinnacle i.e. the harder the tasks the more of a man was required. Hard manual work was not only the "way to go" but also a necessity. Evolution of cheap portable electric/battery powered tools opened up a more efficient method available, especially to those with less muscle strength.This item personifies the rugged environment of the rural workplace. The Kiewa Valley with its main emphasis on farming and grazing provided ample opportunity to use this construction implement. The manufacturer being a Scottish tool company is very significant in the era when this hole maker was in high demand. British steel products were of high grade and had a good record of reliability. The reliability of any tool was a solid factor for farmers and tradesmen in this semi-isolated region (Circa early 1900s) of the Kiewa Valley and its regional area. This factor,although not as crucial, post 1960s, when Asian manufacturers entered the market place and produced cheaper tools and transportation and supplies was more frequent and reliable, the need for the more expensive British made tools diminished considerably. After the influx of tradesmen from war torn Europe (post 1945) and the increased availability of tradesmen in the Kiewa Valley and its region the price of tools is not as crucial and the cost of all required tools has become a minimal part of the equation. It is only with the emerging younger trades person, farmer and grazier, who have more, "one eye on production costs" and no "old ties to the motherland" inert mind set that quality tools such as this auger and other hand tools "must be made to last a life time" is no longer part of the modern work environment.This cast iron hand operated drill, has a short barrel-shaped cylinder, known as "the eye" welded across the main rod and is 30mm in circumference. It also has a hole drilled to allow a screw to be fastened onto the hand stock ( not available).The main rod is solid for 400mm and then has been flattened and coiled (Helical screw blade) for another 200mm. At the end of the larger screw blade there is a smaller gauged starter blade with a pointer thread 15mm long. This Auger produces a 1/8th inch hole (metric measurement not used at time of manufacture) See KVHS 0469 for 3/4 inch hole and KVHS 0470 for another 1/8th inch hole.auger, hand drill, fencing, tool, rural trades, brace & bit

In December 1939 the excavation of the diversion tunnel at the site of Junction (Lake Guy) Dam was commenced and finished in February, 1940.This allowed the stream to be diverted to facilitate the dam wall construction. This is a 'slab and buttress' dam. It is framed with timber and concrete then poured into the structure. A contract was let to Lewis Construction Co. for the construction of the dam, and the first batch of concrete was placed in September, 1940. Industrial trouble caused some delays but there was also slow progress on the part of the contractor and the work was taken over by the S.E.C., terminating the contract. The dam was completed in March, 1944. The lake is named after Mr. L.T. Guy who was the Resident Engineer, in charge of construction work and associated activities on the Kiewa area, from 1939 until November 1946. An historical pictorial record taken for the State Electricity Commission of Junction Dam (Lake Guy) on spill. Mt. Arthur is in the background and there is still evidence of the destruction of trees from the 1939 bushfires. Black and white photograph of Lake Guy Dam . The dam is spilling and Mt. Arthur is in the background. Hand written on back of photograph in blue ink " Lake Guy Dam".dam, lake, water, mr. l.t.guy

Howman's Gap camp was erected in 1948. The proposed dam to be built at this site was postponed in 1954 because of financial restraints imposed by the government at this time. It was to have supplied water for No. 2 Power Station at the Junction of the Pretty Valley and Rocky Valley branches of the East Kiewa River. This power station was not constructed until 2008 - 2010 and now gets it water from McKay Creek Power Station. The site of this camp is now occupied by the Howman's Gap Alpine Centre. Some of the original buildings still remain. An excellent photographic record of the type of buildings and size of the camp for accommodation of workmen during construction of the Kiewa Hydro Electric Scheme.Black and white photograph of the buildings erected at Howmans Dam site as accommodation for workmen.Handwritten in blue ink on the back of photograph "Howmans Dam Camp"howman's gap, camp, water, dam

This item was reprinted in 1949 (first edition in 1934) in Great Britain and used in Victorian Infant school classes.This was in the era where "mother England" was still the favourite source of educational text books for Australian primary schools. "Australianism" was frowned upon by educational institutions as being not proper English. This belief lingered on for a longer period in private schools, where "ockerism" was a dirty word. It was not until the mid 1950s that the Australian dialect and social mores were accepted as suitable for educational activities.This item was used in Mount Beauty Primary School as part of a teacher's curriculum. The fact that it was in a rural area, Kiewa Valley did present a slightly different learning atmosphere than in the larger towns and cities. The majority of parents within the Kiewa Valley, had a slight resentment of the "high and mighty" attitude of city dwellers with a "plum in their mouths" and the effectiveness of city bred teachers was how to overcome these ingrained mores. The mentioning of European nations and lifestyles was to the pupils in the infant schools far more like "fairyland" than the realism that they experienced on the "land". However at this age level fantasy was more important than reality. Australian fantasy tales e.g. Blinky Bill (circa 1930s) introduced main characters that infants could identify, especially in rural schools.This item is a green coloured hard backed book containing 384 double sided pages. Nearly all pages have black writing and free hand sketches. There are some pages of duplicated sheet music.See KVHS 0046, KVHS 0047, KVHS 0048 for the other volumes held.On the spine is "MACMILLANS TEACHING IN PRACTICE" below this "PROJECTS and PICTURES" underneath "VOL 1". On title page "edited by E.J.S.Lay" underneath VOLUME ONE. Below this there is printed a two branch wreath within these an "Olympic" type torch.infant school curriculum, teacher's aid reference, instruction book

This item was reprinted in 1949 (first edition in 1934) in Great Britain and used in Victorian Infant school classes.This was in the era where "mother England" was still the favourite source of educational text books for Australian primary schools. "Australianism" was frowned upon by educational institutions as being not proper English. This belief lingered on for a longer period in private schools, where "ockerism" was a dirty word. It was not until the mid 1950s that the Australian dialect and social mores were accepted as suitable for educational activities.This item was used in Mount Beauty Primary School as part of a teacher's curriculum. The fact that it was in a rural area, Kiewa Valley did present a slightly different learning atmosphere than in the larger towns and cities. The majority of parents within the Kiewa Valley, had a slight resentment of the "high and mighty" attitude of city dwellers with a "plum in their mouths" and the effectiveness of city bred teachers was to overcome these ingrained mores. The mentioning of European nations and lifestyles was to the pupils in the infant schools far more like "fairyland" than the realism that they experienced on the "land". However at this age level fantasy was more important than reality. Australian fantasy tales e.g. Blinky Bill (circa 1930s) introduced main characters that infants could identify, especially in rural schools.This item is a green coloured hard backed book containing 768 double sided pages. Nearly all pages have black writing and free hand sketches. There are some pages of duplicated sheet music. See KVHS 0045, KVHS 0047, KVHS 0048 for the other volumes held.On the spine is "MACMILLANS TEACHING IN PRACTICE" below this "PROJECTS and PICTURES" underneath "VOL 2". On title page "edited by E.J.S.Lay" underneath VOLUME TWO. Below this there is printed a two branch wreath within these an "Olympic" type torch.infant school curriculum, teacher's aid reference, instruction book

This item was reprinted in 1949 (first edition in 1934) in Great Britain and used in Victorian Infant school classes.This was in the era where "mother England" was still the favourite source of educational text books for Australian primary schools. "Australianism" was frowned upon by educational institutions as being not proper English. This belief lingered on for a longer period in private schools, where "ockerism" was a dirty word. It was not until the mid 1950s that the Australian dialect and social mores were accepted as suitable for educational activities.This item was used in Mount Beauty Primary School as part of a teacher's curriculum. The fact that it is in a rural area, Kiewa Valley did present a slightly different learning atmosphere than in the larger towns and cities. The majority of parents within the Kiewa Valley, had a slight resentment of the "high and mighty" attitude of city dwellers with a "plum in their mouths" and the effectiveness of city bred teachers was to overcome these ingrained mores. The mentioning of European nations and lifestyles was to the pupils in the infant schools far more like "fairyland" than the realism that they experienced on the "land". However at this age level fantasy was more important than reality. Australian fantasy tales e.g. Blinky Bill (circa 1930s) introduced main characters that infants could identify, especially in rural schools.This item is a green coloured hard backed book containing 2067 double sided pages. Nearly all pages have black writing and free hand sketches. There are some pages of duplicated sheet music.The last 13 pages contain the index of the total 5 volumes of the set. See KVHS 0045, KVHS 0046, KVHS 0047 for the the volumes held.On the spine is "MACMILLANS TEACHING IN PRACTICE" below this "PROJECTS and PICTURES" underneath "VOL 5". On title page "edited by E.J.S.Lay" underneath"VOLUME FIVE". Below this there is printed a two branch wreath within these an "Olympic" type torch.teacher's aid reference, instruction book, infant school curriculum

Although this book revolves around the supply of power(Electricity) from brown coal it does cover the period 1937 onwards when the Kiewa Hydro Electricity Scheme was first mooted. This area was believed to be far away from aerial bombardment should the coastal power stations be attacked by air in World War II(1939 -1945). After the war, post 1945, the demand for a continual power supply, not affected by seasonal coastal flooding was together with a lower cost of hydro electricity power the major incentive for the Victoria Government of the day to proceed (in the 1940s) with The Kiewa Hydro Electricity Scheme. In 1946 Victorian government sought greater independence from the New South Wales black coal supplies.The significance of this book to the Kiewa Valley and its outlying regions is that it details why the development of an Alpine region was and now still is pocketed with a European flavour both in buildings and in town vegetation(trees and flowers). European (post World War II refugees) where attracted to these alpine areas not only for hard labouring positions but also for their technical skills and some street names offer a distinct European lineage rather than convict or of earlier English settler. The construction phase accommodation continued after completion of the Kiewa Hydro Electricity Scheme to become popular venues for an increasing winter tourism industry. This book has a brown hard cover encapsulated by a cream sleeve with brown and black print. On the front of the sleeve is an embossed circular motif with centre piece S.E.C. emblem and around this the words "50 YEARS OF SERVICE" and below this" STATE ELECTRICITY COMMISSION OF VICTORIA". The book contains 313 double sided pages of black print and black and white photographs.On front of paper sleeve "Brown Power A Jubilee History of the State Electricity Commission of Victoria Cecil Edwards". On the second page, below the Title "Brown Power" there is a pasted, printed presentation certificate, with the S.E.C. emblem and these printed words " Presented by the Chairman and Commissioners to A.G. MILLIST, ESQ. in recognition of long and valued service with the Commission"electricity, victorian power supplies, hydro electricity, brown coal, cecil edwards

This item is a good example of a pre 1960's school science reference books. It contains sketches of experimental apparatus and not colored photographs of later text books. Although the sketches are very instructional they do not show the various colours obtained when mixing some compounds. The history of reprints demonstrates the quality of the information and the ease of study for students using this book. The era of this publication was a time when sources for knowledge in schools was restricted to mainly school books and teacher demonstrations. The student in the 2 Millennium has a far greater reference source available e.g. the internet. This book is significant to the Kiewa Valley as the Davies family (Tas Davies, penned on the first page), belong to the early settlers of the valley. The book acknowledges that although the region was relatively isolated up to the mid 1900s, the good teaching methods of local schools did not suffer in this rural area. This region was not in the backwaters of scholarly development and modern progressive thought. As with "school of the air" distances in rural areas, between centres of learning and recipients, became irrelevant provided that the social stimulant to learn exists. The "local school" mind set within rural areas was, even before the improvement of the communication "explosion" of the early 1900s followed by the internet facilities of the late 1900s, the greatest drive in cutting the anomalies between city and rural learning facilities. Government decentralising higher education facilities into regional centres (Wodonga - Albury) provided greater access for the learned mind.This item (book) has a faded red colour, hard cover with black print and rectangular design. Within this design is an encircled double "M" and "&" (in the left inverted V of the M) and a "Co" (in the right inverted V of the M). On the front cover "MACMILLAN'S SCHOOL CLASS BOOKS CHEMISTRY" and on the spine "ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY" underneath "REMSEN" and at the bottom"MACMILLAN & Co"school, chemistry, text books, science experiments

This book was a highly regarded reference book for students in primary and lower secondary schools within Victoria from the late 1800s to the mid 1900s. The book provided students with the fundamental knowledge of botany for the era in which it was produced. As this book was targeting a junior schooling level (basic), it could cover a greater and extended reader population. Teaching institutions could, because of its straight forward, basic written information, retain this book's circulation for a greater length of time, thereby optimising the return against the greater initial costs of importing it from England.This book was produced in a time where learning was at a relatively slower pace (due to a smaller source and supply of material). The availability of a large range of cheap reference books such as that offered from 1971 on wards via the internet "Project Guttenberg" in the form of electronic books, has dramatically provided a larger source of reference material. The significance of this book on botany, is that it was highly effective for the era in which it was produced and in particular the students at a rural based school. Being in a rural area students were able to identify local vegetation to the various life cycles of plants presented in this mainly United Kingdom/European referenced book. The students in the Kiewa Valley and attending a rural school, where in a position to study all the fundamental teaching that this book encompassed. This in one way provided students in the valley a slightly better appreciation between book and real life (on the land, in the field and by the river). Later publications of this book had additional Australian references in them.This hard covered book(cloth strengthened) is faded(aged) beige in colour and consists of 204 pages. It is printed in English (black print) on both sides and contains illustrations of both free hand sketches and photographs of plants, both foliage and roots systems. The book is arranged in three sections: three pages of preface, two of contents (28 chapters). The last four pages contain the appendix and index.On spine "BOTANY" underneath "R.H. YAPP" and at bottom the Cambridge coat of Arms and below this "CAMBRIDGE" The front cover "BOTANY" underneath this "A JUNIOR BOOK FOR SCHOOLS" and below this a an illustration of a four leaf petal(flower of Germander Speedwell) the same as appears on the cover of edition 2, however this book is edition 3. At the bottom is "R.H. YAPPschool, botany, text books, science experiments, nature

Stripping of the foundations commenced in 1948 and the first concrete in the dam was poured in May, 1949. With the suspension for the winter months of work on the High Plains, it was possible to increase the number of men, and work then proceeded at a steady pace for the remainder of the year. Some interruption was caused by a flood in September, which over topped the rockfill coffer dam. By the end of 1950 17,000 yards of material had been excavated from the foundations and 4,000 cubic yard of concrete placed. Work at Clover Dam was completed in 1953, but two bays were left open for flood emergency. The pondage was filled on the 16th August, 1954. A pictorial record of the placing of concrete foundations of Clover Dam and also shows the methods of construction used at this site in 1949.Black and white photograph taken during the construction of Clover Dam. Shows early stages of the concrete foundations, cranes and the railway line which was constructed to bring materials to the site. Handwritten in blue ink of back of photograph "Clover Dam Foundations"dam, foundations, concrete, construction

In July, 1941 work commenced on the site of the power station with the building of a coffer dam and excavation for the power station building and machine foundations followed. Work proceeded, and the access bridge, transformer foundations and transfer track were completed in April, 1943 and the power station building in May, 1943. Installation of the machines was then proceeded with and No. 1 machine was run for the first time in June 1944. No. 2 machine was completed in April, 1944 and placed in service in May.A pictorial record for the State Electricity Commission of the first Power Station commissioned in the Kiewa Hydro Electric Scheme.Black and white photograph of the bridge and entrance to No. 3 Power Station (Clover Power Station).Handwritten on back of photograph in blue ink "No. 3 Power Station".clover, power station, machine, kiewa scheme

The Olivetti company was founded in Italy in 1908.This particular typewriter is a Olivetti Lettera 22, oblique front stroke and portable manufactured after 1950. The 1950s and 1960s was a time when British manufactured goods were still purchased by many Australian consumers. The later 1960s onwards, there was a shift, mainly in the cities, to European made goods. The invasion of Japanese manufactured goods was relatively slower, especially in rural areas. The demand for long lasted and dependable merchandise was in the rural area still the most important criteria. The ease of setting up this typewriter and its compact mobility was its major benefit to trades people and travelling professionals, e.g. rural doctors, other medical professionals, accountants, lawyers and educators. This item facilitated the growing numbers of professional nomads requiring a relatively light office stationery package e.g. travelling novelist, writer, businessman and academics. This typewriter needed no electrical or battery power to operate it. Outback Australia, where at this point in time, was still relatively isolated from a good available electrical power reticulation and battery power, and therefore could not be totally measured as a highly efficient office environment.Although this typewriter was purchased from a business in Penrith, Sydney, N.S.W., it is significant that it travelled easily to the Kiewa Valley, demonstrating the mobility of certain sections of the community. This typewriter was designed by an Italian industrial designer, Marcello Nizzoli, in line with the art deco style of the 1930s and the colour and flexibility of the vibrant 1950s. The underlying theme of manufacturing in the 1950s was to produce equipment that was more efficient than what was inherited from the earlier period of 20th century. Improvements were made to this Olivetti typewriter by Giuseppe Beccio by reducing the number of parts made from 3,000 to 2,000. This reduction of parts and therefore cost of production was the major principle of the Japanese manufacturing juggernauts of the post World War II era. Efficiency and low costs material was becoming prime factors in the success of rural industries from the 1960s. Competition from overseas producers was starting to affect rural industries and the removal of the large range of tariff protection, especially rural products, required not only a shift of farm management but a more efficient cost savings modus operandi. This Olivetti Lettera 22, oblique front stroke portable (weighs 4kg) mechanical typewriter has a coral coloured plastic casing. The keys are made of black hardened plastic with white lettering, numbers and symbols (imperial fractions, and pound). It has a QWERTY keyboard as opposed to the Italian QZERTY. It has a lever to move the ribbon between black, neutral (for mimeograph stencils)and red colours (a red key is provided for highlighting specific words,letters or symbols) . This machine is fitted with only a black ribbon. It has a black rubber paper rollers and chromed metal parts on the carriage way. It has four rubber feet underneath the main body. On the left side of the roller there is a lever to adjust the roller from fixed (when mobile) through 1,2 and 3 line space gradients. This model has a key for zero but not one for the number one (uppercase letter l is used) see KVHS 0459 for the carrying bag.On the cover over the ribbon wheels letter strikers has a plate marked "Lettera 22" and the back plate behind the paper roller and in front of the paper supports has a silver metal label marked "olivetti made in great britain".commercial, mobile office equipment, mechanical typewriter

This particular edition was published in a period (1950s), when textbooks for primary and secondary schools were published by London based publishing houses such as LONGMAN. This particular publishing house brand is now only used by the Longman Schools in China. This reference book was one of the basic reading material for students learning the "English" language opposed to the "Americanised English". The two versions of English now in use are mainly influenced by the greater influx of American based media and the internet. At the time of this publication however print media was at its peak and the English used was from the United Kingdom. Although the written language is in English, the majority subject matter is of Australian origin. This text book is very significant in demonstrating the type of English taught in rural schools during the period and before the internet and the American based spell check programs now in use. The subtle changes in both the spoken and written English, due to the modern internet facilities, can be seen by the "texting" language of school aged students, post "world wide web" and mobile telephones. This English text book is a moment in time, when the isolation of rural communities had greater affect upon the standard of both the written and spoken language. It was a time when Britain was still thought of as "the mother land" and the English used was that brought to Australian by the original settlers and over time developed an "Australian flavour".Plastic covered soft green colored cardboard cover in black print. Pages (150) are printed in black ink on both sides and in different fonts.Front cover "INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH" underneath "J. Aughterson" underneath a squiggle of three half circles. underneath "LONGMANS". Spine: "AUGHTERSON INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH LONGMANS"school curriculum, secondary education, rural schools

This item was produced for commercial shops and other traders in a period, 1800 to the 1950s. They were used because they were extremely cost effective, speedy, easy to learn and simple to use. It was also at a time before pocket calculators and electric cash tills were produced. The reckoners were a fast and accurate accounting book for a ever increasing bulk purchasing industry. These reckoners were at the start of a business principle "time is money" The reckoner was also looked upon as a way of reducing staff errors in the calculation field. This reckoner was highly valued to a rural industry in the Kiewa Valley because of the bulk produce being bought and sold here. Produce such as milk, tobacco, cattle, timber and fruits relied on weights and quantities calculation for cost pricing. Electrical machines were not of use in "the field or paddock" where important price negotiations took place. For a successful business to keep going accuracy was upper most to producers. It was still a time where honest transactions built reputations and tardiness ruined them. It was a time when a producer's word was his bond and a gentleman's handshake was as good as a contract. This attitude lasted a lot longer in rural regions than in the city. A producer's reputation was based on face to face negotiations and honesty.This hard cover book (blue in colour) contains 210 pages of black numbers and headings on light yellow pages (aged). The numbers refer to calculations of per unit price of goods and percentages.Top of front cover "Inglis Reckoners" underneath "The 'Express' Ready Reckoner", underneath "with All the Pence up to 1(pound symbol), Interest, Wages, Discount, Tables Etc." The spine: The Express Ready Reckoner with all the pence up to 1 (pound symbol) Interest Wages Discount Tables &c." underneath " The Express Series Vol 1" at the bottom of spine "Gall & Inglis"inlis, ready reckoner, imperial calculations

This atlas, printed in 1944, details not only the geographic and political boundaries of the world as it was at that time but also the snap shot of life of the time. This snap shot in time covers the major Australian cities, the major farming, grazing, industrial and sporting/recreational activities. Also there are snap shots of similar activities from other global areas. The period also covered World War II, detailed by a photo of "shell making", munitions, required by Australian soldiers. The great political and territorial changes made as a result of World War II can be clearly identified for example , Israel (the Jewish homeland). The various prewar colonies of major European nations.This atlas was used by children of a Kiewa Valley family and shows the value and the general educational exposure that these children had at this time. The rural setting and within the backdrop of a world war did not severely alter the life style of children in this region. The "news reels" shown in cinemas of cities and larger towns were the only visual realisations of major events of global significance available to these children. The information provided by this atlas allowed students to glimpse at what the "outside world" was. The majority of these students would possibly never see these regions for themselves. The great communication facilities of the late 1900s and beyond, was still only science fiction.This atlas has a thick (350 g/m) red cardboard cover with bold black lettering and shading. The cover is set out within a shield like frame. The shield is held up by two square markings, each with a four part circular pattern and a cord entwining two pendulum structures ending with a bowl figure at the bottom. There is a semi circular form enclosing a printed book contents list. The inside cover has the atlas title and contents and the publisher details. The atlas contain 56 pages of world and Australian maps, vegetation and rainfall maps. Within this atlas there are 27 double sided pages of black and white photographs depicting life styles, buildings, landscapes and prominent and significant to Australia males from 1652 to 1944. The pages are of approximately 200 g/m and have the yellow aged appearance.On front cover "Philips' Australian COMMONWEALTH ATLAS" and underneath "Containing" underneath "60 PHYSICAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC MAPS". Publisher George Philip & Son, Limited 32 Fleet Street, London E.C. 4. Inside cover are: written, in freehand and in ink the following names and dates; "J.Muller Form V 1945", "L L Muller Form IV 1946", "N.J. Muller Form I + II + III 1948 +49 + 50" and "D Muller Form I 1949". also handwritten and in pencil is "Peter Leslie". On the last page is a small freehand sketch of Australia in biro.1940s school curriculum, rural education, 1940s atlas, australian atlas