This crate of bottles may have come from a wholesaler, business, stationer or school. The design of the bottles is sometimes called a ‘cottage’ or ‘boat’ shape. Each of the 70 Caldwell’s handmade glass ink bottles was mouth-blown into a two-piece mould, a method often used in the mid-to-late 19th century. The glass blower burst the bottle off the end of his blowpipe with a tool, leaving an uneven mouth and sharp edge on the bottle, which was usually filed. The bottle was then filled with ink and sealed with a cork. More expensive bottles would have a lip added, which was more time-consuming and costly to produce. The capacity for a bottle such as this was about 3 ½ oz (ounces) equal to about 100 ml. Pen and ink have been in use for handwriting since about the seventh century. A quill pen made from a bird’s feather was used up until around the mid-19th century. In the 1850s a steel point nib for the dip pen was invented and could be manufactured on machines in large quantities. The nis only held a small amount of ink so users had to frequently dip the nib into an ink well for more ink. Handwriting left wet ink on the paper, so the blotting paper was carefully used to absorb the excess ink and prevent smudging. Ink could be purchased as a ready-to-use liquid or in powdered form, which needed to be mixed with water. In the 1880s a successful, portable fountain pen gave smooth-flowing ink and was easy to use. In the mid-20th century, the modern ballpoint pen was readily available and inexpensive, so the fountain pen lost its popularity. However, artisans continue to use nib pens to create beautiful calligraphy. Caldwell’s Ink Co. – F.R. Caldwell established Caldwell’s Ink Company in Australia around 1902. In Victoria, he operated from a factory at Victoria Avenue, Albert Park, until about 1911, then from Yarra Bank Road in South Melbourne. Newspaper offices were appointed as agencies to sell his inks, for example, in 1904 the New Zealand Evening Star sold Caldwell’s Flo-Eesi blue black ink in various bottle sizes, and Murchison Advocate (Victoria) stocked Caldwell’s ink in crimson, green, blue black, violet, and blue. Caldwell’s ink was stated to be “non-corrosive and unaffected by steel pens”. A motto used in advertising in 1904-1908 reads ‘Makes Writing a Pleasure’. Stationers stocked Caldwell’s products and hawkers sold Caldwell’s ink stands from door to door in Sydney in the 1910s and 1920s. In 1911 Caldwell promised cash for returned ink bottles and warned of prosecution for anyone found refilling his bottles. Caldwell’s Ink Stands were given as gifts. The company encouraged all forms of writing with their Australian-made Flo-Eesi writing inks and bottles at their impressive booth in the ‘All Australian Exhibition’ in 1913. It advertised its other products, which included Caldwell’s Gum, Caldwell’s Stencil Ink (copy ink) and Caldwell’s Quicksticker as well as Caldwell’s ‘Zac’ Cough Mixture. Caldwell stated in a 1920 article that his inks were made from a formula that was over a century old, and were scientifically tested and quality controlled. The formula included gallic and tannic acids and high-quality dyes to ensure that they did not fade. They were “free from all injurious chemicals”. The permanent quality of the ink was important for legal reasons, particularly to banks, accountants, commerce, municipal councils and lawyers. The Caldwell’s Ink Company also exported crates of its ink bottles and ink stands overseas. Newspaper advertisements can be found for Caldwell’s Ink Company up until 1934 when the company said they were the Best in the business for 40 years.This large collection of similar ink bottles is of particular significance as the bottles have come from the same source, most have their original corks and some retain their original labels, which is rare. The method of manufacture of these bottles is also representative of a 19th-century handcraft industry that is now been largely replaced by mass production. The bottles and their contents are of state significance for being produced by an early Melbourne industry and exported overseas. This case of ink bottles is historically significant as it represents methods of handwritten communication that were still common up until the mid-20th century when fountain pens and modern ballpoint pens became popular and convenient and typewriters were becoming part of standard office equipment.Ink bottles in a wooden crate; 70 rectangular, hand-blown clear glass ink bottles. They have side seams, uneven thickness, especially at the bases, and rough, burst-off mouths. The shoulders on the long sides have horizontal grooves used for pen rests. The bottles vary; some have labels, some contain remnants of blue-black ink, and many have their original corks. The glass has bubbles and imperfections. The remnants of printed labels are on white paper with a swirly border and black text. The bottles contained Caldwell’s blend of blue black ‘Flo-Eesi’ ink.Printed on label; “CALDWELL FLO-EESI BLUE BLACK INK” “ - - - - “ Printed script signature “F.R. Caldwell”flagstaff hill, warrnambool, maritime village, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, great ocean road, ink, nib pen, writing ink, writing, copying, banks, lawyers, commerce, student, permanent ink, flo-eesi, blue black ink, stationery, record keeping, handwriting, writing equipment, writing accessory, office supply, cottage bottle, boat bottle, mouth-blown bottle, two-part mould, sheer-lip bottle, burst-lip, cork seal, f r caldwell, caldwell’s ink company, albert park, south melbourne, inkstands, stencil ink, copy ink, quicksticker, zac cough mixture

Diggers & Mining. Diggers and Miners. This fact is recorded on a tablet on the former strong room, all that remains of the bank. Picture shows the strong room half surrounded by vegetation with a cow and some people in the front. Markings: 57 994.5 WAL. Used as a teaching aid.hanimounteducation, tertiary, goldfields

'Returned cheques by The English,Scottish & Australian Bank paid for 3rd and 6th dividends of Central Deborah Gold Mining Co. NL'. Two lots wrapped in brown paper. Each hand written 'Central Deborah stating number of which dividend' and was managed by McColl,Rankin & Stanistreet Legal Managers & Accountants.England,Scottish and Australian Bankdocument, gold, central deborah gold mine, central deborah gold mine, gold mine, mccoll rankin & stanistreet, bendigo, business records

'Unused Cheques for Sixth Dividend by The Union Bank Of Australia for Central Deborah Gold Mining Co. dated 30th September 1946'. Blue in colour, printed 'Not Negotiable' attached with covering letter composed by McColl,Rankin & Stanistreet Legal Managers & Accountants.The Union Bank Of Australiadocument, gold, central deborah gold mine, central deborah gold mine, gold mine, mccoll rankin & stanistreet, bendigo, business records

'Cheque Book issued to McColl,Rankin & Stanistreet Legal Managers & Accountants by The Union bank Of Australia for the Cental Deborah Gold Mine'. No. 21421-21598, part used. On cover printed Company forms (3 signatures) and stamped No.3The Union Bank Of Australiadocument, gold, central deborah gold mine, central deborah gold mine, gold mine, mccoll rankin & stanistreet, the union bank of australia, business records

'Cheques issued for first dividend from Central Deborah Gold Mine'. Blue in colour,date of transaction marked by stamp.The English,Scottish and Australian Bank Limiteddocument, gold, central deborah gold mine, central deborah gold mine, gold mine, mccoll rankin & stanistreet, f.h sparkman, bendigo, business records

'Bank Account Book for Central Deborah Gold Mine Co. from McColl,Rankin & Stanistreet Legal Managers & Accounts Bendigo'. Printed on label 'IN ACCOUNT CURRENT WITH THE UNION BANK OF AUSTRALIA LIMITED'. Hand writing 'Central Deborah Gold Mining Company No Liability'. Stamped on label 'PLEASE RETURN AFTER INSPECTION'.The Union Bank Of Australiacottage, miners, central deborah gold mine, gold, mine, mccoll rankin & stanistreet, the union bank of australia, bendigo, business records.

'Bank account book for the Central Deborah Gold Mine Co. from McColl,Rankin & Stanistreet-Legal Managers & Accountants Bendigo'. Printed on label 'IN ACCOUNT CURRENT WITH THE UNION BANK OF AUSTRALIA LIMITED'. Hand Writing 'Central Deborah Gold Mining Company N.L Trust 9c.The Union Bank Of Australiadocument, gold, central deborah gold mine, central deborah gold mine, gold, mine, mccoll rankin & stanistreet, the union bank of australia, bendigo, business records

'Bank Account Book for Central Deborah Gold Mining Co. from McColl,Rankin & Stanistreet-Legal Managers & Accountants Bendigo'. Printed on label 'IN ACCOUNT CURRENT WITH THE UNION BANK OF AUSTRALIA LIMITED'. Hand writing 'Central Deborah Gold Mining Co. No. liabilty No.1 a/c.The Union Bank Of Australiadocument, gold, central deborah gold mine, central deborah gold mine, gold mine, gold, mine, mccoll rankin & stanistreet, the union bank of australia, bendigo, business records.

'Bank Account Book for Central Deborah Gold Mining Co. from McColl,Rankin & Stanistreet-Legal Managers & Accountants Bendigo '. Printed on label 'IN ACCOUNT CURRENT WITH THE UNION BANK OF AUSTRALIA LIMITED'. Hand writing 'Central Deborah Gold Mining Co. No. Liability Supreme Account Bendigo'.The Union Bank Of Australiadocument, gold, central deborah gold mine, central deborah gold mine, gold, mine, mccoll rankin & stanistreet, the union bank of australia, bendigo, business records

BHS CollectionLarge book with red cover. The book has an index from A to L, in the index the names of individual mining companies are listed with a page reference directing to where more detailed information about the company could be found, this part of the book has 502 pages. Each page has the name of the company and the directors/managers at the top. The columns are divided with headings: date, particulars of cheques, credit, debit, balance, interests due to the bank interests due by the bank. The ledger covers the years from 1893 to 1895.On the spine: Individual ledger A to L - C.B of A.L N.B.mining companies, ledger

Land was first selected at Murphy's Flat in 1865. The first Wesleyan church was built in 1866 and from 1869 this was used as State School 149. A purpose built school, No. 1311 opened mid 1876. The areas name was changed to Murphy's Creek in 1915.A blue and white exercise book. Attached within are various subscription receipts in the front and back, including the "Australian Home Journal," "Singer Sewing Machine Company," and an "Annual Audit of Depositors' Pass-books by the State Savings Bank of Australia. Also included in approximately half the book are handwritten record of correspondence notes in blue ink, many regarding sewing from 1949-1956.The Shell Exercise Book. Name: M. Symons (Handwritten Blue Ink). Grade: Murphys Creek. School: Via, Tarnagulla, Victoria (Handwritten Blue Ink). Receipts, Etc.(Handwritten Blue Ink), Approved by the Education Department. Shell Series. On the back is printed Arithmetic Tables and a Multiplication Tableexercise book, receipts, tarnagulla

Baggaley colletion: 15a State Savings Bank of Victoria savings slip. Red printing on beige paper 15b 'Acorn series' R & M limited, Tax Stamps Record Book. Belonging to Mona Bailie, 131 Wills Street, Bendigo. For period 20/12/1934 to 2/08/1935

COLLECTION OF RECORDS OF BENDIGO AND DISTRICT OLD PEOPLES WELFARE SOCIETY / Manilla folder / writing note on front B.O.P.W.S.Salvation Army , St Lukes , St Vincents De Paul , Bendigo Uniting Church Outreach , Notice to Members / inside includes news clippings , Bank statements , passbook , letters / history of the society , mention of founder Ken Hesse , Annual Return , Rules , map of Golden Oaks Villagedocument, ken hesse

COLLECTION OF RECORDS OF BENDIGO AND DISTRICT OLD PEOPLES WELFARE SOCIETY INC. / black stiff cardboard ring binder - dates on front 30.6.94 -30.6.95 / notes on side audited 1/7/93-30.6.94 B.B.S.V. Vouchers 1/7/94-30.6.95 / internal documents include Bendigo Bank Ltd Account Statement, receipts for charity donations, lettersdocument

Collection of records of Bendigo and District Old Peoples Welfare Society Inc./ Large green hard cardboard covered book front shows gold lettering - Collins Analysis Book , 61 Series - black texter note - No 3 A/C - 1/7/64 -1/1/77/ white label - BOPWS 1/7/64-1/1/77 (3)/ inside pages include No 3 Account Senior Citizens Club - showing Donations / Income and Expenditure / ANZ Bank Account detailsdocument