Image from CD (Compact Diskette for use in computers) - see Reg Item 135. A series of three images of the Hawthorn Bridge over the Yarra, c1930, during the era with problems with the bridge. See separate article for more details. Richmond 6, Richmond, Richmond 3 on the CD as original files. .1 - Looking from the south west, at the Hawthorn bridge with the temporary wooden bridge being constructed on the south side. Has the cable tram depot in the photo and part of the Burnley racing course. Temporary track on the north side of the steel bridge and crossings can be seen. .2 - Looking along Bridge Road to the east with Hawthorn Bridge in the middle of the photograph. Shows the industrial and residential areas, Hawthorn Railway Station and part of the Burnley Race course, the cable tram depot building. W class tram in Church St Hawthorn and W class tram crossing the bridge on the north side temporary track. Note the cable tram used as a shelter on the north east corner of the bridge. .3 - Looking south along River St towards Bridge Road, with the Yarra River and Hawthorn Bridge on the left side of the photograph. Shows the industry in the area at the time, wool and skin Merchants, north side of the cable depot, housing and the outlook to the river!trams, tramways, hawthorn, yarra river, burnley, richmond, hawthorn bridge

Valentine's Series postcard, printed in Great Britain by Valentine’s Co. Ltd. (Valentine & Sons 1825-1963) for Australian distributionEarly postcard of the Hawthorn to Burnley Railway Bridge on the River Yarra. Station picnic on left. Tay Creggan on right. Buildings and location identified by Marshall Slattery in 1977. The postcard was printed in Great Britain and was published as one of Valentine's Series. "KH.87. Donated by Mrs B. Challen 2.2.76. Burnley to Hawthorn Railway Bridge. Station Picnic on left. "Tay Creggan" on right. Marshall Slattery 1977".river yarra, railway bridge - hawthorn, postcards -- hawthorn (vic.)

Black and white negative, by Wal Jack, of W2 238 (Hawthorn Route 27) and W2 625 (Spencer St?, Route 40) at Hawthorn Bridge Junction, Church St and Burwood Road, Hawthorn. In the background is the Hawthorn West Primary School. Photo dated 19-1-1941 in the Wal Jack album along with details of the location.trams, tramways, hawthorn bridge, church st, burwood road, route 40, route 27, w2 class, tram 238, tram 625

.1 - Pamphlet, A4, full colour printed on gloss paper titled "Tram Network Upgrade - Track Renewal -0 Wallen Road Hawthorn", advising of the proposal to replace the tram track on the Hawthorn Bridge, Wallen Road, 3/1/2017 to 9/1/2017. .2 - ditto, a latter version with more information on the rear page - added 20-1-17trams, tramways, trackwork, hawthorn bridge, bridges, wallen rd

Set of five printed notices regarding fares paid in cash on the cable tram system relating to the issuing of tickets when passing the limits of the first section - dated July 1920. .1 - "Northcote Cable Tramway Through Cash Fare Two Pence" - print number 1174. .2 - "North Melbourne Cable Tramway - Suburban Penny Section" - details the locations - print number 1087 - two copies held. .3 - "Carlton & Prahran Cable Tramways" - as for .2 - 1 copy only. .4 - "Richmond Cable Tramway" - as for .2 .5 - Notice to employees advising of a delay in the introduction of these sections - from above delayed to July 1920. Notice D494, dated 13/2/1920. See also Reg Item 3957 for a notice prior to the introduction.trams, tramways, mmtb, fares, cable trams, northcote, north melbourne, carlton, prahran, richmond, hawthorn bridge

Series of four Black and White Photographs cable trams in Melbourne at the Bridge Road terminus or city during the mid 1920's/ .1 - Bridge road terminus with the car house or depot on the left hand side with the destination of Spencer St. .2 - Gripman possibly checking his watch with a depot worker? stepping off the tram. .3 - family stepping off the tram with cable trailer 368 in the view - Elizabeth St, near Flinders St? See Brian Weedon's notes re the photo and the trailer. .4 - As for .1 - with an X marked above the lady and a very large motor car passing. Printed on Kodak Paper. Adam Chandler advised by email 5/8/2020: " note there's a destination box fitted to the grip - from memory, these started to be used from the mid-1920s with the dummy and trailer repaints into the brown colour? That also looks to be either a 1925 or 26 Buick - the "moustache" shape at the top of the front radiator grille and the distinctly angled lower sash of the windscreen are further hints. Given the Richmond line closed in 1927 for conversion I'd say some time between 1924 and 29 June 1927." Also see image i5.pdf for further notes regarding the photographs and the Bridge Road tram depot building - use the original pdf file to read. Image i6, has had the "X" removed - done by Darren Hutchesson.On rear in ink in each print, "Cable car Melbourne" and "286 Anzac Hy/Marion Rd Adelaide SA, collection of late Don Schultz"trams, tramways, cable trams, bridge road, flinders st, richmond depot, hawthorn bridge, tram 368

Black & white photo ex Postcard? titled 'Where two roads meet', showing a horse tram ( Hawthorn Bridge to Auburn Road (Riversdale Road) and Prahran and Malvern No. 36 on Glenferrie Road with Deepdene destination, at the intersection of Riversdale & Glenferrie Roads, Hawthorn. Corner block (SE) behind photo has a 'For Sale' sign on it, with houses in background. Now a block of shops. Tram No. 36 is an F class car, later renumbered - see p14 of Destination City, 4th edition. See also inscriptions. Questions: How horse tram number determined and date of photograph??`` Reimaged 17/7/2017 both front and back.'T101, No. 26 horse tram of Hawthorn Tramway Trust in Riversdale Road. No. 36 toastrack (enclosed cross seat) of the Prahran & Malvern Trams in Glenferrie Road, Hawthorn 1917. Horse trams ran from Auburn Road to Hawthorn Bridge and connected with the Richmond cable trams. W.Jack.'trams, tramways, pmtt, horse trams, riversdale road, glenferrie rd , tram f 36

One of a series of photographs, taken by Edgar James Dower in the second decade of the twentieth century. Born and raised in Olinda, his family later moved to Surrey Hills. He worked as an adult as a clerk in the city office of the Metropolitan Gas Company, and in his role as a 'collector', he was able to photograph scenes including the construction of tramlines and associated buildings in Kew, Hawthorn, Camberwell and Surrey Hills. Later he established a real estate agency with his brother - the E.J. Dower Real Estate Agency, Dandenong Office.The image is an historically significant record of the development of transport infrastructure which was used to connect Victorians in the first two decades of the twentieth century. This development resulted from increases in population and the consequent extension of Melbourne's suburbs. The photographs, both individually and collectively, richly detail the labour of workers and the tools and machinery used to create and extend Melbourne's tram network in the years preceding and during World War 1.Digital copy of an original mounted photograph of the removal of the horse tram tracks in Riversdale Road, Hawthorn, in preparation for laying the new electric tramline.Annotated verso: "Pulling up Hawthorn horse tram line in Riversdale Road, which ran from Hawthorn Bridge to Auburn Road"theme --- travelling by tram, theme -- connecting victorians by transport and communications, trams -- boroondara (vic.), horse tram -- hawthorn (vic.), riversdale road

The "Viva" was a steamboat operated by George Dent that ran on the Yarra River between Princes Bridge and Hawthorn Bridge from 1860-1861. Printer flyer pasted onto cardboard advertising ferry services between Melbourne and Hawthorne [sic]. Corrections to ferry departure times are in black handwritten ink. Flyer has losses around edges and stains from 'blue-tack' verso. Black ink, printed recto: "PIC-NIC PARTIES/ AND OTHERS./ A Steamer to Hawthorne Twice a day./ On and after Monday Next, 26th march, the/ STEAMER/ "VIVA"/ Will Run daily, (Sundays Excepted) between Melbourne and/ HAWTHORNE,/ Landing Passengers at Survey Paddock, Gardner's Creek, and/ any other place along the Yarra Banks./ Leavers Hawthorne Bridge 10 a.m./ 2 p.m./ 5.30 p.m./ Leaves Princes' Bridge, melbourne 12 p.m./ 4 p.m./ Fare One Shilling/ EACH WAY./ N.B.-Parties wishing to send packages or parcels by the Steamer th(?).../ will be received and a receipt given at the waiting room, Melbourne, or on board.../ by George Dent, who will execute any orders in Town./ Small Packages, - 6d. Large Packages, - 1s/ Abbot & Co., Printers, Melbourne.viva steamboat, dent, george, hawthorne, yarra river, princes bridge, melbourne, survey paddock, gardner's creek

Photocopy of a timetable for Tourist Tram Services - Camberwell and South Melbourne Depot - running each Sunday from 4/2/1979. Gives the times from Princess Bridge and from Hawthorn (Riversdale and Power St). Gives notes on the trams V214 and X2 676 and some notes. Notes the trams provided by State Ministry of Tourism and Employee's passes not recognised. Gives fares.Has "NEC 2/79"trams, tramways, mmtb, timetables, tourist trams, princes bridge, hawthorn, tram 676, tram 214

Booklet - 38 pages, printed on off white page, centre stapled, titled "Directory and Tramway Guide issued by the Hawthorn Tramways Trust", specifically advertising Wattle Park and showing Princes Bridge and the Yarra on the front cover and a photo of Hawthorn depot on the rear cover. Gives details of Wattle Park, its opening, many photos, members of the Trust, Engineer and Manager and Acting Secretary, Stopping points for the round and fares to Wattle Park, section fares, maps of the tram routes and connections with other tramways and railway stations. Has timetables for Burnley and other major points, special and emergency services, the coloured lights used on the trams, and a map for land sales at Riversdale Heights estate. Advertisements for Mutual stores, Melbourne Electric Supply Co., Moule, Hamilton and Kindle for the sale of land at Riversdale Heights and a map showing the estate location. Both copies have alterations or corrections to the route signage letters - marked in red - from the Minutes of the HTT Board meetings, the Trust were not happy with the finished product and was reluctant to pay for them - see Minutes of Meeting No. 99 of 5-7-1918. Two copies held - one with red marks on the front cover.trams, tramways, htt, wattle park, princes bridge, hawthorn depot, timetables, mesco, real estate

One of a series of photographs, taken by Edgar James Dower in the second decade of the twentieth century. Born and raised in Olinda, his family later moved to Surrey Hills. He worked as an adult as a clerk in the city office of the Metropolitan Gas Company, and in his role as a 'collector', he was able to photograph scenes including the construction of tramlines and associated buildings in Kew, Hawthorn, Camberwell and Surrey Hills. Later he established a real estate agency with his brother - the E.J. Dower Real Estate Agency, Dandenong Office.The image is an historically significant record of the development of transport infrastructure which was used to connect Victorians in the first two decades of the twentieth century. This development resulted from increases in population and the consequent extension of Melbourne's suburbs. The photographs, both individually and collectively, richly detail the labour of workers and the tools and machinery used to create and extend Melbourne's tram network in the years preceding and during World War 1.Two faded original horizontal photographs, mounted on vertical card showing external and internal features of the Hawthorn Tram Depot during its construction phase. The top photo shows a panoramic view of the exterior while the second photo shows workers posed within the building.Recto: "The tramways building in course of creation. C/r of Power St & Wallen Road, Hawthorn. Showing one of the original horse drawn trams which ran from Hawthorn Bridge to Auburn Road".. theme --- travelling by tram, theme -- connecting victorians by transport and communications, tramways -- hawthorn

Set of two Colour slides, Kodak, white cardboard of trams at the intersection of Burwood Road and Church St Hawthorn. .1 - Tram 320 - route 48, North Balwyn turning into Church St from Hawthorn Bridge or Bridge Road. .2 - Tram 249, showing route 28, turning into Burwood Road, to Burwood Road. Slides dated 14-6-1960.Hand writing on rear in ink .1 - "14-6-60 - 320 - Tram entering Church St Hawthorn on way to North Balwyn or Mont Albert" .2 - "14-6-60 - Tram 249 entering Burwood Rd Hawthorn"trams, tramways, w2 class, burwood rd, hawthorn, church st, route 48, route 28, north balwyn, tram 320, tram 249

Without bridges, Kew remained cut off from the City of Melbourne, only being accessible by Punt. Private and public bridges were constructed from the 1850s, beginning with the Hawthorn Bridge linking Bridge and Burwood Roads. A bridge across the Yarra at Burke Road was created as early as 1873. Since that first wooden bridge, a number of later bridges, typically on concrete pylons have been built, in 1926 and again during the 1970s.Angle view of the new Yarra bridge [ie. The Burke Road bridge] taken from the Kew side, showing the bridge’s structure. Trees line the river’s edge. In the distance can be seen a distant line of houses stretching to the horizon. The river appears to have an S-shaped bend beyond the bridge. The postcard, No. 227, was produced by the Valentine Publishing Co. Pty Ltd., of Queen Street, Melbourne.burke road bridge - kew (vic), bridges - kew (vic)

Without bridges, Kew remained cut off from the City of Melbourne, only being accessible by Punt. Private and public bridges were constructed from the 1850s, beginning with the Hawthorn Bridge linking Bridge and Burwood Roads. A bridge across the Yarra at Burke Road was created as early as 1873. Since that first wooden bridge, a number of later bridges, typically on concrete pylons have been built, in 1926 and again during the 1970s.Sepia, faded photograph of the Burke Road Bridge linking East Kew and Ivanhoe. The previous bridge, constructed in 1926 was submerged beneath the flood waters in the 1934 mega-flood of the Yarra.burke road bridge (kew), bridges -- river yarra

Compact Diskette with video, clear plastic case, titled "PMTT 100 year celebrations". Produced by Trevor Triplow, 20/5/2010. Features Bendigo Trusts, trams 84 and 44. Running time 82 mins. Includes sequences on testing the trams at Preston. leaving, arcing overhead, High St Northcote, Spring St Melbourne, Hawthorn Bridge and depot. Glenferrie Road, Malvern depot, the opening speeches and return to the depot in the evening.See image for DVD diskette notations.trams, tramways, pmtt, centenaries, malvern, preston workshops, bendigo, tram 84, tram 44

The photograph shows cable, trailer 41 climbing the Bridge Road hill just west of Waltham Steet bound for the city. A second cable set can be seen in the distance, bound for Hawthorn Bridge. Nearly all of the buildings on this south side of Bridge Road remain today including the former Forbes and Sons building. Photo possibly dated c1900.Yields information about cable trams in Bridge Road Richmond and associated buildings.Photograph, black and white, plain papertrams, tramways, cable tram, bridge road, tram 41, richmond

Black and white photograph. Children standing on rocks in the river (Yarra?) with a bridge above them. T H Kneen suggests it is the Melbourne Hawthorn Railway Bridge and that The Boulevard now passes under the arch.children, rocks, river, bridge, yarra, hawthorn railway

Photo shows one of the horse trams and staff that operated the line that ran from Hawthorn Bridge via Burwood Road, Power Street, and Riversdale Road to Auburn Road, opening in 1890. There are 9 uniformed men and three officers in the photograph. The tramway operated until 1916 when it was replaced by an electric tram. See item 7446 for a black and white print with more detail in the background. Yields information about the crews that worked the Hawthorn Bridge to Auburn Road horse tram service.Photo part of a sepia-toned postcard showing a Hawthorn horse tram.Has a "Club 89" image on the rear which was the image used for the 1989 Australia Post stamp show and in handwriting on rear "Horse Drawn tram - 1889 to 1916"trams, tramways, horse trams, crews, australia post, stamp show

Album compiled by the photographer containing generally 89 x 124mm of: • Bendigo – 151 black and white prints • Ballarat – 119 black and white prints and some colour • Melbourne – 20 colour and black and white prints - featuring Queensway, the Hump, Royal Park, route 82, Dandenong Road, Glenferrie Road, Barkers Road and Hawthorn Bridge. • Rome, Hong Kong and Toronto – 14 prints See items 8638 to 8642 for negatives of the Ballarat and Bendigo photos and related image files held on the BTM Demonstrates the work of the photographer.Album - heavy plastic covered covers, with 100 sewn and glued paper sheets each side with three plastic sleeves for photographs with a negative pocket page at the rear. See list of btm8637 - Ballarat list.doc for a location listing of the Ballarat photographs.trams, tramways, ballarat, bendigo, melbourne, hong kong, toronto, rome, brian andrews

Photo shows one of the horse trams and staff that operated the line that ran from Hawthorn Bridge via Burwood Road, Power Street, and Riversdale Road to Auburn Road, opening in 1890. There are 8 uniformed men and three officers in the photograph. In the background are many undeveloped housing blocks, and the Hawthorn Town Hall tower. The tramway operated until 1916 when it was replaced by an electric tram. See item 6159 for a wider view showing a man at the rear of the tram used in the 1989 Australia Post Stamp Fair.Yields information about the crews that worked the Hawthorn Bridge to Auburn Road horse tram service.Black and white print mounted with in pink coloured card with bevelled edges.Has a caption which is incorrect.tramways, tramcars, horse trams, hawthorn, crews, auburn road, riversdale road, trams

The Redesdale Bridge is a wrought iron and timber structure with bluestone abutments which was installed over the Campaspe River in January 1868, although the bridge actually bears the date 1867. In 1859, the "Herald of the Morning", a ship carrying a cargo including 350 tons of ironwork for the Hawthorn bridge, caught fire and was scuttled a quarter of a mile off the jetty at Sandridge. A Melbourne salvaging firm raised the ironwork from the bottom of the bay, but after details of an arranged sale to the government caused a scandal in Parliament, the material was sold privately to the Melbourne foundry Langlands & Co. Two hundred tons of it was sold to the goldfields shires of McIvor and Metcalfe for only £1000. The bridge was designed by engineer T.B. Muntz and built by a contractor named Doran, and was completed late and considerably over budget at £6274. The bridge spans 45.7m across the river and has two roadways which are carried between three metal lattice girders in a through truss configuration. The design for the Hawthorn bridge had the deck supported over the trusses, and to stiffen the through truss configuration three sets of distinctive paired arches connect the trusses above the roadways. The roadway decking is constructed of longitudinally placed timbers on timber cross girders which rest on the lower chords of the trusses. (Heritage Victoria) A number of colour photographs showing the historic bridge at Metcalfe.metcalfe, shire of metcalfe, bridge, municipal boundary, shire of mcivor, redesdale bridge, campaspe river, t.b. muntz, doran

Compiled by Gus Weir of the Wellington Tramway Museum, former Wellington tram driver. Comprises some 33 double-sided album sheets for photographs of Melbourne A1 & A2 class trams. Scanned into 3 parts as pdf files. Many photos taken in the City area, Kew Junction, Port Junction, Port Melbourne, Hawthorn Bridge, Mont Albert, Docklands Photos by Gus himself during Melbourne visits. Part 1 - cover - A1 231, 232, 233, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 246 Part 2 - A1 246, 248, 255, 256, 257, 258, A2 259. 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 268, 269, 275, 278, 280, 282, 283, 284, 286 and 287 Part 3 - A2 288, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, & 300 Yields detailed information about Melbourne trams from 1991 to 2012Set of 33 album sheets generally with four photos within a bound album, with many blanks to allow for further photos. Each photo has a label on the rear, with details of the photograph's location, photographer, and date. An insert label on each page gives the tram number, location, and date.tramways, tramcars, albums, melbourne, yarra trams, m>tram, kew, docklands, cbd, kew junction, port melbourne, port junction, a1 class, a2 class

Set of 11 colour prints of Melbourne trams and locations during the mid 1980's to 1990, Photos not well focused. .1 - trams 782, 259 and 2002 out the front of South Melbourne Depot .2 - 979 and 888 at ditto .3 - 888 .4 - 975 and two other W's at Preston Depot .5 - 2001 - Burwood Road on a Special, near Hawthorn Bridge. .6 - ditto .7 - 968, Kingsway, South Melbourne near Sturt St .8 - 861 ditto .9 - 881 outbound St Kilda Road .10 - 900 and W2 442 (Restaurant tram 1) at Acland St terminus. .11 - 913, inbound Glenhuntly Road, on the east side of Glenhuntly Station. Features advertisements on trams for: Triple FM Radio, Bank of Melbourne, Space Deamons Printed on Kodak, Fujichrome or Konica paper.trams, tramways, ptc, south melbourne depot, preston depot, burwood rd, kingsway, st kilda rd, acland st, glenhuntly rd, tram 782, tram 259, tram 2002, tram 2001, tram 979, tram 888, tram 975, tram 968, tram 861, tram 881, tram 900, tram 442, tram 913

Slide - set of 4 - 35mm - Kodachrome cardboard mounts. .1 - Tram 808 at the Spencer St stop at the corner of Bourke St with Spencer St Station in the background. Note the route and destination - at the time when North Balwyn and Burwood Routes were combined on Sundays am and evening - and passengers changed at Hawthorn Bridge. Route 74. Has a Fosters Lager advertisement. .2 - As above, tram approaching the stop with the Spencer St station car park in the background. .3 - tram 1005 leaving the Bourke St terminus, taken after .4 .4 - tram 1005 at the Bourke St terminus with tram 838 crossing in the background, has the Station building, Carlyon's Hotel and the Tramways Building. Note the Bundy clock, tram stop signage and safety zone. Route 96. The grey box by the Bundy Clock is thought to be a correspondence box for the satchels that were transported between the depots and head office. Photographed by Vic Solomons June 1970 (based on date stamped on slide)trams, tramways, bourke st, spencer st, railways, stations, route 74, north balwyn, burwood, route 96, letters, mails, tram 808, tram 1005, tram 838

Set of two Negatives (120) of a wide body car crossing the Wallen St Road Bridge Hawthorn possibly after the construction of The Boulevard. Taken from either side of the river. Hi Res image filed in the dbtext/hawthtramcoll/Large Images/htd3595aLarge.jpg and htd3595bLarge A low resolution A4 laminated was received with the negatives. Image i2 - taken from Glan Avon Rd in Hawthorn of Wallen Rd bridge – the tram is one of three SW2 class trams (not the first one due to the door sizes, but one of 426, 432 or 478, most probably 478 as that was a Camberwell car)trams, tramways, wallen rd, bridges, sw2 class

Set of seven Black and white photographs of the arrangements and work for the track reconstruction at the intersection of Hoddle St/Punt Rd and Bridge Road Richmond late 1965. On Kodak paper. 1420.1 - Bridge Road looking east at River St. crossover (Hawthorn bridge in distant background). Tram-bus connection at a weekend. Note driver's uniform. Conductor walking to bus with passengers. Conductors often worked through on the bus and next tram at this time to save crews. 1420.2 - Bridge Road at Punt Rd and Hoddle St. intersection looking north west. Reconstruction of curves. Would probably be a Sunday given that new rails are in situ. 1420.3 - Ditto - looking south east 1420.4 - looking south east 1420.5 - looking east - replacement bus service passing with old cable winding house in the background. Concrete being placed. 1420.6 - Wellington Parade at Simpson St. crossover looking east. Bus-tram connection. Bus 542 and tram 966 (Kew Depot) 1420.7 - ditto - bus 570 and tram 850 (Camberwell). See P.Winspur note - see data sheet for Reg. item 1418.trams, tramways, bridge road, tram - bus connections, trackwork, mmtb, tram 939, tram 966, tram 850

Ticket - MMTB - 40c - black on off white paper overprinted with a grey stipple. From the envelope written on by the donor at the time: First ticket sold on MMTB Tourist Tram Service - 10.50am Sunday 4/2/1979, from Princes Bridges to Hawthorn Depot, Tram V214. Driver C. Jacobson. Envelope has further details - see image.trams, tramways, tickets, mmtb, tourist trams

An item from an outstanding and diverse photographic collection, assembled by members of the Christian and Washfold families of Kew.Rare programme for what was once an annual event in Kew with important, possibly unique photos of sites in Kew and on the Yarra.Programme for the 1910 Kew Canoe Carnival which was held on the River Yarra on February 11th. The location was at the Asylum Reserve at the old white bridge (the precursor of Kane's Bridge). Funds were raised in Aid of the Annual Treat to Kew and Yarra Bend Patients (and the Carnival fund). The booklet includes details of the programme, numerous advertisements and rare and important historic photographs of the district including: the Willsmere Park Dairy, the Glen Tea Gardens at Hawthorn, the Pipe Bridge, the Kew Boat Sheds (Macauley's), and Rudder Grange boat house.christian-washfold collection, kew canoe club, kew canoe carnivals

Issued at the time of a fare increase that was to apply from 3-8-1980. Gives information on the fares to apply for each section, section savers, concessions including Metro cards, city sections, day trippers and where they could be purchased from. On page 2 has general information for passengers, timetables, vintage tram trips (Princes Bridge to Hawthorn) and carriage of shopping jeaps etc. and MMTB Contact details.Yields information about Melbourne tram fares and tickets.Foolscap sheet, printed both sides on pink paper, titled "Information Guide for Passengers", issued by the MMTBtramways, trams, fares, tickets, fare increase