This file contains five items: 1/A program of the ‘Second Folk Song Festival’ presented by Caulfield City Choir conducted by David Plummer. Date unknown. 2/Three musical score sheets transcribed by Michael Finnissy for the Caulfield City Choir, dated 1983. 3/A black and white program for the Caulfield City Choir’s Christmas Celebrations at St. John’s Uniting Church on 06/12/1986, conducted by Douglas Heywood. 4/Two black and white programs of presentations given by the Caulfield City Choir and the Camberwell Chorale with the Camerata Orchestra, conducted by Douglas Heywood, at the Camberwell Centre. The first is of the Verdi Requiem on 03/05/1987; the second is ‘The Creation’ by Joseph Haydn on 14/05/1988. 5/A black and white program of the Caulfield City Choir Inc.’s presentation of Victorian Lollipops, conducted by Douglas Heywood at St. Stephen’s Uniting Church Hall on 13/09/1987.emms betty miss, kooyong road, caulfield, caulfield city choir, plummer david, law bernard, butler eric, finnissy michael, murrumbeena, harries rita, st. john’s uniting church, glenhuntly road, glen huntly road, elsternwick, hopetown gardens, heywood douglas, shewan joan, st. margaret’s anglican church caulfield, baptist church murrumbeena, church of christ carnegie, st. james’ lutheran church moorabbin, st. andrew’s presbyterian church caulfield south, holy cross roman catholic church caulfield south, st. john’s uniting church elsternwick, baker tim, sneddon j.f. mrs., snowdon avenue, caulfield city council, caulfield philharmonic society, sneddon marjorie, snedden marjorie, north road, ormond, barnard j., cook d., copley m., duncan d., field b., ford r., fraser g., granger t., greenhaugh h., howells c., jefferies c., kuca m., lockett j., mcalpine c., mcconchie c., mealy m., moorees j., nicholas n., nixon v., polites s., pope m., port m., provelsen m., provelson m., rose r., simmons h., terkuile k., alcock j., bannister j., barnett m., beeson b., cinaglia c., glasson m., griffon b., holmes w., sneddon m., weickhardt j., henderson v., ingram h., ketels m., nutt a., polites c., warden n., dobbin l., mccaffrey p., newbold r., prebble r, shewan j., st. stephen’s uniting church hall, balaclava road, hawthorn road, kooyong road, dobbin leo, heywood thomas, ford dellys, the scotsglen players, caulfield city hall, glen eira road, new city hall, st. stephen’s uniting church, glasson m. mrs, new caulfield city hall, nicholas n. miss, quaife merlyn, ashton-smith david, lukey desmond, reither charles, caulfield town hall, hirst susan, anderson peter, town halls, orchestras, music, people associated with culture, singers, choirs, official buildings, uniting church, festivals and celebrations, musical events and activities, cultural events and activities, musicians, conductors (music), operas, religious festivals, christmas, official buildings, clubs and associations

There are two copies of the Discover Caulfield guide produced by the Caulfield Historical Society. One from 1982 which contains twelve pages, seven of which are typed and the last five a continuation of the guide added later, hand-written. The other is a modern typed version of the same document, including information at the end that "Notes prepared by R. Ballantyne, 25th July, 1982, updated by Betty Snowball, 1992 and Gladys Vallati 4th August, 1995". They both detail a pictorial tours of the mansions and gardens in the City of Caulfield, similar but not identical.caulfield, mansions, gardens, homes, ‘lirrewa’, lirrewa grove, caulfield city hall, smith sydney, ‘halstead’, bambra road, halstead road, caulfield historical society, messrs. upton and smith, civic establishments, dickson james dr., houses, national trust, st. stephen’s church, balaclava road, gothic (revival) architecture, messrs. haddon and henderson, st. aloysius, archbishop of melbourne mannix dr., caulfield park, hawthorn road, inkerman road, kambrook road, paddy’s swamp, cannizzo philip, caulfield city council, trams, orrong road, grimwade house, ‘harleston’, grimwade frederick sheppard, primary schools, caulfield art centre, ‘stanmark’, art galleries, ‘craigellachie’, person william, pearson eliza, francis newton mr., greenmeadows gardens, milburn grove, greenmeadows house, lempriere john, mayors, ‘glenfern’, boyd john captain, boyd martin, ‘myoora’, alma road, ‘bagatelle’, christian thomas, henderson anketell, flats, building construction, ‘burreel’, kooyong road, burreel avenue, francis john, stephen sidney, allan george l., ‘royston’, renwick s. mrs., sargood frederick sir., ‘glen eira’, ricketson henry, caulfield hospital, royal southern memorial hospital, caulfield general medical centre, ‘ripponlea’, reed and barnes, architects, towers, rippon emma, rippon thomas, guilfoyle william, employees, ‘the village houses’, regent street, st. george’s road, cottages, bent thomas sir., jones louisa mrs., nathan benjamin, ‘anselm’, glenferrie street, queen anne style, haddon robert, historical buildings, princes’ park, ‘glenmore’, watts thomas, more hugh, glenhuntly road, gates, villas, ‘hopetoun’, hopetoun street, webb charles, hopetoun hospital, harleston park, allison street, langdon montague, langdon harry joseph, ‘tarqua’, ‘labassa’, manor grove, koch john, robertson a. w., wagner john, ‘ontario’, trinity congregational church, grange road, glen huntly, churches, greek orthodox church, ‘fairfield hall’, north road, younger james, glenhuntly post office, smith alfred, smith anne, methodist church, ‘lambros the cobbler’, railways, ballantyne r., snowball betty, kahlyn private hospital, ‘kynaston’, st. mary’s jubilee school, festivals and celebrations, st. mary’s anglican church, church of england, bishop moorhouse, joynt donoman, elsternwick post office, elsternwick, elsternwick bowling club, elsternwick rsl, caulfield grammar school, davis henry rev., selwyn street, elsternwick railway station, glen eira road, barnett r. j. rev., tudor court, world war 1914-1918, ‘fairhaven’, hope george, caulfield library, plaques, cannons, ‘janvec joinery’, parkside street, ‘parkside court’, clarence street, ‘streetscene’, grange road, greenhouses, vallati gladys

This file contains eight items about the history and construction of church organs in the Glen Eira area: 1/A photocopy of notes on the history of the church organ in the Bambra Road Church of Christ (1 page). 2/A photocopy of an extract from the book ‘The Christ Church Chronicles 1901-2001’ p20-24, by Vi Manson, giving a detailed description of the life of the organ in Christ Church Anglican Church, Ormond. It describes the building, relocation, restoration, rededication and role of the organ in church activities. 3/Extracts from ‘Colonial Organs and Organbuilders’, p121-122, 126, 131, 140, 182-183, by E. N. Matthews, 1969, about organ installations, repairs and sales. It contains entries about organs previously and currently located in Murrumbeena, Caulfield, Elsternwick, Balaclava and Bentleigh. 4/A photocopied extract from a letter from Mrs. M. Ring to the Caulfield Historical Society, dated 14/03/1986, describing the organ at ‘Crotonhurst’ (1 page). 5/A photocopy of notes (1 page), written by Trevor Hart, dated unknown, on the history and building of Elsternwick Congregational Church (Caulfield Union Church) containing a note about an organ built by George Fincham that was sold in 1962. 6/A photocopy of a small paragraph about the organ in St. Mary’s Anglican Church, paraphrased from E. N. Matthews ‘Colonial Organs and Organbuilders’, author and date unknown (1 page). 7/A photocopy of a page of a research project by Kate William, date unknown, giving a brief history of the organ and choirs at St. Mary’s Catholic Church, Caulfield. 8/A photocopy of a draft resolution to gift the Merklin-Shutze pipe organ located in the Uniting Church, Orrong Road, Ormond to the Australian Catholic University. Author and date unknown (1 page).bambra road church of christ, bambra road, organs, choirs, religious groups, fincham george, organists, fullard leonard, depression 1929-1939, world war 1939-1945, durance ronald rev., dunlop julie, larner john, muston ged. bishop, musical events and activities, christ church anglican church ormond, concerts, balaclava, holy trinity church balaclava, torrance g. w., parsons c. r., ure james, bryant mr., brentnall t., meedham s. p., inge h. j., stevens j. n., balaclava methodist church, fentum g. b., eggleston j., bentleigh, st. george’s church bentleigh, caulfield, st. mary’s church caulfield, perry bishop, reed joseph, lee kaye, taylor hugh ms., stephen miss, hart mr., kaye s., dixon miss, hardeman j. j., dumergue charles, wright j. d., dixon f. miss, courcelle john, elsternwick, elsternwick baptist church, warner l., andrewartha c. w., elsternwick methodist church, rippon lea, ripponlea, sargood frederick t. hon. sir., croton hurst, crotonhurst, webb g. h. f., mclaughlin j., murrumbeena, murrumbeena methodist church, hill william, hart trevor, caulfield historical society, caulfield union church, elsternwick congregational church, st. mary’s anglican church caulfield, music, dixon h. mr., smithers mr., merklin-schutze, orrong road, elsternwick/caulfield south church council, ormond

This file contains 9 items relating to the purchase of ‘Helenslea’ for Shelford Girls’ School and its early years there. 1/1 photocopy of a notice advertising a public meeting on 04/12/1922 concerning fundraising for the purchase of ‘Helenslea’ for Shelford Girls’ School, dated 29/11/1922, publication unknown. 2/1 leaflet requesting donations and gifts for the purchase and fitting out of ‘Helenslea’ for Shelford Girls’ School, dated 04/12/1922, publication unknown. 3/1 photocopy of 2 pages from the ‘St Mary’s Church Chronicle’ dated 16/12/1922., describing Shelford’s history, the purchase of ‘Helenslea’ and related fundraising efforts. 4/1 photocopy of an invitation to Mr & Mrs Reeves to attend the dedication of ‘Helenslea’ for use by Shelford Girls’ School on 22/02/1923. 5/1 photocopy of an article and 5 photographs in ‘Punch’, 01/03/1923, about the dedication of ‘Helenslea’ for use by Shelford Girls’ School. The photographs are of various visitors, staff and students with one showing the front of ‘Helenslea’. 6/1 photocopy of a one-page prospectus including rules for Shelford Girls’ School and Kindergarten with a photograph of the school dated approximately 1922-23. Date and publication unknown. The photograph shows ‘Helenslea’ prior to the alterations done for the school. 7/1 Photocopy of a photograph titled ‘Retrospect’ of the staff of Shelford Girls’ School in 1923 including E.H. Naylor, Rev. James Townsend, A.M. Thomas, D. Champion, P.M. Evans, and L. Fulton. Another photocopy of a second photograph of the school approx. 1923 and a list of teaching staff. Date and publication unknown. 8/2 photocopies of an article from an unknown, undated publication containing an extract from the ‘The Argus’, December 1928 describing the Shelford Speech Night. Also contains several notes about Shelford events and a photograph of the school in 1929. 9/1 photocopy of an undated photograph of Shelford Girls’ School from an unknown publication. Development of the gardens indicates a later date than 1929.st mary’s church, caulfield, shelford girls’ school and kindergarten, glen eira road, ‘helenslea’, hood crescent, hayman archdeacon, eggleston f.w., fundraising events, public meetings, schools, st mary’s school hall, blundell dora miss, allison road, school committees, mansions, stables, hood justice mr, views, churches, clergy residences, classrooms, halls, langley h.t., st mary’s church of england, moffit graham j, swale. d.h. mr, children, kindergartens, smith ogg and serpell (architects), smith sydney, dodgson miss, falls councillor, prendergast a.i. (churchwarden), slaney f miss, dumas mr, thomas miss, pollard mr, gill miss, beggs f.g. miss, beggs c miss, hollow s mr, irwin t mr, lloyd m.c. mr, graham j.m. mr, fredrickson mrs, langley canon, askew a.j. mr, scales a.w. mr, dixon emily miss, seymour road, stephen george sir, douglas sholto mr, ludbrook e.c. mr, langley mrs, reeves mr, reeves mrs, openings (events), lees harrington mrs, brookes mrs (mayoress), mayors, crotty c reverend, crotty mrs, wells j.s. reverend, wells mrs, scheiger c.p. reverend, scheiger mrs, cole t. reverend, cole mrs, gumas g. mr, gumas mrs, creswick h.e. mr, creswick mrs, askew mr, askew mrs, falls mrs, mowle councillor, mowle mrs, scales mr, scales mrs, welshford smithers t mr, welshford smithers mrs, walker h.k. mrs, lansell clarke mrs, head mrs, slaney miss, moffit graham mrs, whittington mrs, horsley a. mrs, townsend l. reverend, britten a.e. reverend, burns h. reverend, burns mrs, crockett reverend, crockett mrs, mclennan mr, mclennan mrs, mclellan miss, schofield reverend, brain reverend, wagg reverend, reeves reverend, archer f.h., archer mrs, akehurst miss, hoggart mrs, mcgowan mr, mcgowan mrs, chalk a.s. mr, chalk mrs, godley mrs, nattrass miss, gill miss, farmer mrs, biggs mrs, fulton mrs, armstrong mrs, thompson g.h. mr, thompson mrs, hall councillor, hall mrs, murray councillor, murray mrs, robertson h.j. mrs, thomas a.m. miss, education, naylor e.h. miss, townsend james reverend, champion d. (female), evans p.m. miss, fulton l. (female), davidson m.j. miss, allen e miss, smart m mrs, giderson h mrs, dunstan g mrs, forte e mrs, morres t miss, pollard e miss, varley m miss, tuckwell charles, howden l miss, massey ella miss, mitchell m miss, mollison f miss, lascelles k miss, england s.p. mr, miller e miss, smith m miss, speech nights, baker donald bishop, patton councillor (mayor), old girls association, dances and balls, green bishop, scarlett captain, king frank reverend, choirs, hayman archdeacon, awards

3 items about this person: 1/Two twelve page carbon copied documents, purportedly written by William Letchte, son of George, written in c1935/36. He writes of his jobs as a dairyman, cow minder at the age of ten tears. He recollects streets, people, residences, business and general landscape in the area, as he takes you on a tour of the area. 2/Photocopied photo of Katrina Lechte (nee Bolch?) donated by Ian Lechte, 15 Adrian Street, East Bentleigh. 3/Photocopied copy of first pages and cover of William Lechte’s booklet on ‘Caulfield 1869 – 1935 Memories of the Past’, published by the City of Caulfield, 1992. The Society has the full booklet in its book collection (not yet catalogued as of 07/07/2015).grange road, glenhuntly, glen huntly station, alma road, dairies, caulfield park, swamp, queens avenue, station street, cross street, racecourse, heywood j. g., turf club hotel, dandenong road, royal hotel, koornang road, north road, murrumbeena road, mclaurin archibald, crosbie j. w., poath road, newton mr., hooker mr., peck family robert farmer, dairies, ross murray, rosstown, hansen hans, arnott family, peppin family, ormond station, malane family, fraser simon, overtons, shepherds, spring road, mohlers, brighton cemetery, mall kim, market gardeners, long john farmer, fiedler mr., booran road, reservoir, summers mr., maddocks mr., holland mr., caulfield council, glen eira road, harriman benjamin c., kambrook road, bambra road, princess park, marriott john, hawthorn road, brickworks, hyam mr., cottages, jasmine street, sycamore street, paddy o’briens swamp, arnold tom, london tavern hotel, guess john-grocer, topp mr., poath road, pine trees, colonel le marehand, balaclava junction, chemist shop, bell mr., nicholls mr. william h., wine shop, orme mr., pepperorn mr. john, balaclava road, orchards, harvey mr. robert tailor, schubert mr., blew charlie – gardener, philpott mr. richard b., farquhar mr. william farmer, newing t. r., glen eira road, payne john, brockhoft mr., dickson mr. james, snipe t., bevan mr., mckean family john, murray family, francis mr., hart mr., mcdougall james, brady peter, cad, elsternwick station, webb mr., masters mr. samuel, master street, ford mr., anderson mr. joseph gardener, slaney mr., boxhill mr. richard, post office, newsagent, hotham street, service james, bunn mr., sargood mr., orrong road, arnold tom – dairy, officer mr., grimwade mr., alexandra street, oakleigh hall, degraves mr., wilson samuel, ‘manifold’, house names, miller septimus, alma road, knox mr. james gardener, smith mr., coachman, ‘cumloden’, lange mr., holyrood justice mr., cronin mrs. mary, mcgivenys dairy, ‘belle vista’, lloyd c. d., caulfield council, hughes mr., armstrong j. a., tom healey’s market garden, kooyong road, inkerman road, tom roe’s market garden, mcleod captain, daish captain, plumridger mr. frederick, gardeners, tester mr. thomas, kent mr., kent g., fiddes mr., billings mr., semple mr., fosberry mr., howitt or., merrett mr., orchards, hawthorn road, hines mr., ‘rosecraddock’, langdon h. j., ‘crotonhurst’, webb justice mr., renwick s., ‘garrell’, barry mr., drinsdale family, st. mary’s church, sunday school, newing miss, teachers, stephen justice mr., stephen wilberforce, mount l., grimwade’s, ‘grimwade house’, danby’s, spence mr., venables family, mr. moss’ congregational church, barnhill mrs., porter miss, webb’s, ferguson, orange, police stations, kooyong road, pennington mr., health inspectors, engineers, inkley mr., farriers, mckeon mr., ‘sylverly’, dixon mr. edward, turner mr., marriott robert, ‘ravenhurst’, thompson j. j., wott t., architects, perrin mr. francis, tennis courts, royal parade, sayce mr. joseph j. p., ricketson h., ‘glen eira’, mansions, hospitals, turner mr., evans family, stephens miss, registers, mcculloch lady, convalescent homes, prentice street, edward street, strickland, keany pat, brentwood charlie, fordham lewis, hopetoun gardens, higgins mr. joseph f. engineer, railway construction bill, evans mr., beavis mr., twycross family john, medina captain, cowderoy mr. benjamin, murray mr., moore mr., ‘glenfern’, st. georges road, glen huntly road, cedar street, hunt bill – ‘bandy hunt’, jessamine street, alder street, le page’s store, post offices, balaclava junction, stephens frank, solicitors, parkside street, robinson j., ilbery mr. and family, mclennan mrs., victoria street, savings bank, riddell parade, elworthy mr. richard, butchers, shaw mr. william, armstrong mr., guess’ hotel, sycamore street, bagshaw mr., clack joe, wawn alex, sisson family, north road, younger mr., kooyong road, sheridan joseph, anketell family – john, wren john – carpenter, wills mr. peter, attrills arnold, heffernan family, cox peter, ilbery john, hotham street, glen huntly road, page j. w., bakeries, forests, godfrey mr., blacksmiths, thompson j. j., olive street, cedar street, letchte w., tierney richard, alma road, st. kilda east, murray peter, letchte’ cows – grazing, holland grove, eskdale road, lechte katrina, lechte ian, lechte catherine, lechte warren, lechte stuart, lechte elaine

Three items about this Church: 1/St. Catherine’s Parish paper, February 1924. 2/Baptismal prayer card for Harry Norman Bromfield 08/03/1925. 3/Carbon typed copy of document detailing inscriptions in St. Catherine’s Anglican Church Caulfield.st. catherine’s church of england, st. catharine’s church of england, caulfield south, kooyong road, clarence street, stephens mr., debb dr., murphy mr., booth e., masters p., kindergartens, paterson mrs., fowler mrs., capper mrs., mayes mrs., olley mrs., hosken mrs., schwieger miss, walker mrs., ward mrs., foster mrs., marshall mrs., marsh mrs., hearn miss, stephens h., downshire road, bromfield harry norman, taylor alice mary, wigg catherine elizabeth, stephens grace m., beagley emily a., beagley joseph e., beagley emily ada, parrott frances catherine, wilson alfred roscoe, hamilton flora, hillard john beattie, hillard thomas, haillard eliza, barlow w., begbie a.h., cole s., love j., north h., tonks h., scammell s., hunt geoffrey donald, myer leslie robert irvine, forbes betty, mcavoy alan robert, humphreys betty grace, marke alfred robert, bromfield norman edward, reed margery eva, philpot elizabeth ann, dillow henry thomas, murphy mr., taylor mr., booth mr., drewett mr., hickson mr., ingram mr., lumsden mr., meyer mr., nutt mr., summerhayes mr., mcclure j., segal boris

Order of service for the induction of Rev. K Moorhead into the Parish of Glen Huntly 19/01/1984 Order of service for the celebration of the life of Ronald. Henry Summers 1921 – 1999 at St David’s Uniting Church, Glen Huntly, dated June 08/06/1999. Reprinted service of holy communion for Glen Huntly Uniting Parish date unknown. Pamphlet, including photograph of St David’s Uniting Church Parish of Glen Huntly, for the rededication of the Peace Memorial. Pipe organ; for the uniting of the Congregational Methodist and Presbyterian in the Glen Huntly Parish. Reprinted leaflet, with order of service for re-dedication of organ at St David’s 03/03/1985.moorhead kenneth h rev., st david’s uniting church., glen huntly, hunkin edward rev., grange road, waters r rev., rayment rosalie rev, stuart-murray j. dr., duke s. mrs., wallis ken, denholm robin rev., summers ronald henry, gray robin dr., roach harry, roach rene, purcell mr., purcell mrs., stephen cathy, harkness jeff, funston neil, funston robin, sypott e., neerim road, hutchison a, rosedale avenue, barnes peter, fenton r, rockell d, clarke j miss, ness p miss, osborne ivy miss, brownbill jim, courtnay s., fenton leo, johnston e, leather t, moyle b, ness r, peden a, pregnell max, rockell d., jones a., halls, uhe mrs., milligan m miss, chapman may, choirs, abhaywickrema m, theobald j, jones f, abhaywickrema p, riegelhuth j, riegelhuth j, bates t, bates l, ballantyne m, kuhn m, kite l, cameron m, hoare j, roach r, avery d, holmes j, havie j, chapman m, brownbill ella, barren b, pregnall joy, hearn edward henry, toolambool road, mcintyre ted, moyle jenny, avery daisy, powney maisie, vertigan olwyn, dawson harry, davidson eileen, mitchell mabel, mccowan roger, wright lyn, yeaman j, courtnay j, smith j, yeaman d, fenton s, jones f, penfound j, wright l, lord e, brownbill j, brownbill e, hunter j, mitchell m, barren b, moores e, donaldson j, coulson o, moyle b, johnston e, peden a, osbourne i, mccowan r, waters r rev, duke s mrs., adam a. j. rev, hewitt john, davis lyle, organs, cowan john n, organists, scotland betty, musicians, vertigan earle l rev., muirhead j, andrewartha c. w., lomas chas., foundation stone, anderson george rev., fraser finley dr., hadley s. c. rev., simon r. p., mcnair mr, fender mr, forster k rev., flynn john dr., vertigan s. a. rev., muirhead j, smith a.w.f., glen huntly plant nursery, alcock bruce, callen graeme, murrumbeena, neerim road

A photocopy of a two page article from the St Mary’s Church Chronicle of 16/12/1922, documenting the purchase of Helenslea by the Shelford School for St Mary’s Church. The article gives the deposit, price and background to the purchase, a brief description of the purchased building and planned alterations and also makes an appeal for funds. The article includes a black and white photograph (88mm x 154mm) of the exterior of Helenslea.shelford school, hood crescent, st mary’s church, caulfield north, st mary’s church chronicle, caulfield north, graham j moffitt, swale d h, smith sydney, smith ogg and serpell architects, dodgson miss, eggleston f w, falls mr, prendergast a l, slaney f, dumas mr, pollard mr, blundell miss, gill miss, beggs f g, beggs c, head mrs, hollow s, irwin t, lloyd m c, graham j m, eggleston f w, frederickson mrs, langley canon, askew a i, scales a w, dixon emily, glen eira road, blundell dora, seymour road, stephen george sir, douglas sholto, hood justice, ludbrook e c, helenslea, allison road, schools

St. Mary’s Anglican Church, photocopied document of the history of the music. Includes details of various organs the church has had from 1867 to 1982. List of organists and details of the choices of music played and types of choirs. Dated August 1985, compiled by C.G.T. Weickhardt. Original printed leaflet on the new organ to be installed in St. Mary’s in 1933. Letter of notification to Vicar B. Green, St. Mary’s Anglican Church from Ian Wight, Conservation Manager of the National Trust of Australia, Victoria, dated 21/05/1996, that their pipe organ has been classified and included in the register.woodward mrs., weickhardt c.g.t., glasson w.s., taylor h. mrs., hardiman j.j., stephen miss, hart mr., kaye s., dixon miss, dumergue charles, rooksby h.a., wright j.d., dixon f., fethers mr., knight mr., hardy lance, hardy daniel henry, dickson h.s., spiers mr., smithers welsford mr., tuckwell c., nutting foster

School children learned to write using a slate From 1880’s to mid 1950’s in most schools, very young children first learned to write their letters in sand trays using their fingers or a stick. When about 6, they progressed onto writing on slates . The board was made from a piece of quarry slate set in a wooden frame. A slate pencil (not chalk) was used to form the letters. This slate pencil was often sharpened on the school wall. The advantage of slates over paper was that they could be wiped clean and used again and again. Until the mid 20thC paper was expensive . After the pupil wrote on the Slate, the work was checked by the teacher and then erased for a new task Children had to bring a dampened cloth or sponge to school so that they could clean the slate and start again. The pioneer settlers in the Moorabbin Shire area valued education and established schools for their children in Cheltenham and East Brighton c1860's This writing slate is typical of the type used up to the mid 20th Century in preparatory classes.A writing slate in a wood frame used by school children from c1880s to c1950sschools, education, writing equipment, slate writing boards, victoria melbourne, market gardeners, pioneer, settlers, cheltenham state school no. 84., bentleigh east state school no. 2083, st stephens c of e school tucker road east brighton

A dip pen usually consists of a metal nib with capillary channels like those of fountain pen nibs, mounted in a handle or holder, often made of wood. Dip pens have no ink reservoir, so the user must recharge the ink from an ink bowl or bottle to continue drawing or writing. Dip pens emerged in the early 19th century, when they replaced quill pens and were generally used before the development of fountain pens in the later 19th centuryThe pioneer settlers in the Moorabbin Shire area valued education and established schools for their children in Cheltenham and East Brighton c1860's These wood shaft pens and steel nibs are typical of the type used up to the mid 20th Century in school classes.3 wood shaft writing dip pens with steel nibs schools, education, writing equipment, victoria melbourne, market gardeners, pioneer, settlers, cheltenham state school no. 84., bentleigh east state school no. 2083, st stephens c of e school tucker road east brighton, pen steel nibs