This deck cannon is believed to be a replica Carronade as it has no foundry mark, year of manufacture, proof marks or weight of carronade on it. However, its design matches the design of Carronades used in the early to mid 19th century. History: The carronade was designed as a short-range naval weapon with a low muzzle velocity for merchant ships, but it also found a niche role on warships. It was produced by the Carron iron works and was at first sold as a complete system with the gun, mounting, and shot altogether. Carronades initially became popular on British merchant ships during the American Revolutionary War. A lightweight gun that needed only a small gun crew and was devastating at short range was well suited to defending merchant ships against French and American privateers.   Its invention is variously attributed to Lieutenant General Robert Melville in 1759, or to Charles Gascoigne, manager of the Carron Company from 1769 to 1779. In its early years, the weapon was sometimes called a "mellvinade" or a "gasconade". The carronade can be seen as the culmination of a development of naval guns reducing the barrel length and thereby the gunpowder charge. The Carron Company was already selling a "new light-constructed" gun, two-thirds of the weight of the standard naval gun and charged with one-sixth of the weight of the ball in powder before it introduced the carronade, which further halved the gunpowder charge. The theory of its design was to use less powder and had other advantages that were advertised in the company's sales pamphlet of the time, state. The smaller gunpowder charge reduced the barrel heating in action, also reduced the recoil. The mounting, attached to the side of the ship on a pivot, took the recoil on a slider, without altering the alignment of the gun. The pamphlet advocated the use of woolen cartridges, which eliminated the need for wadding and worming, although they were more expensive. Carronades also simplified gunnery for comparatively untrained merchant seamen in both aiming and reloading that was part of the rationale for adopting the gun. Other advantages promoted by the company were. The replacement of trunnions by a bolt underneath, to connect the gun to the mounting, reduced the width of the carriage that enhanced the wide angle of fire. A merchant ship would almost always be running away from an enemy, so a wide-angle of fire was much more important than on a warship. A carronade weighed a quarter as much as a standard cannon and used a quarter to a third of the gunpowder charge. This reduced charge allowed Carronades to have a shorter length and much lighter weight than long guns. Increasing the size of the bore and ball reduces the required length of the barrel. The force acting on the ball is proportional to the square of the diameter, while the mass of the ball rises by the cube, so acceleration is slower; thus, the barrel can be shorter and therefore lighter. Long guns were also much heavier than Carronades because they were over-specified to be capable of being double-shotted,(to load cannons with twice the shot, for increased damage at the expense of range). Whereas it was dangerous to do this in a carronade. A ship could carry more carronades, or carronades of a larger caliber, than long guns, and carronades could be mounted on the upper decks, where heavy long guns could cause the ship to be top-heavy and unstable. Carronades also required a smaller gun crew, which was very important for merchant ships, and they were faster to reload. Additional notes: Cannon cast in England, Wales and Scotland had their imperial weight chiselled or engraved in the format of 4-2-0 on the bottom of the cascabel, indicating the weight of the cannon as 4 hundredweight, 2 quarters and 0 pounds. Since a hundredweight equals 112 pounds and a quarter weight is 28 pounds the total weight is 504 pounds or about 228 kilograms. The small bore replica carronade and carriage is part of a collection of nineteenth Century Flagstaff Hill Guns and cannons, and is a representation of carronades used from the early 18th up to the 1850s on merchant and military ships particularly the British Royal Navy until 1850. This example is not significant in the historic sense but demonstrates the type of artillery used aboard vessels of the time for protection & offensive military actions. Cannon, cast iron, small smooth bore cannon on the stepped wooden carriage with wooden wheels. It appears to fire a 12-pound cannonball. The Cannon barrel can have its elevation adjusted via a sliding sloped block at the rear of the cannon. Gun carriage has loops for locating and holding the carriage in position with the use of ropes. It is believed this carronade is a replica of a mid-to-late 19th-century Carronade cannon.Cast into metal; [Royal emblem of Queen Victoria (VR "Victoria Regina")]warrnambool, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, cannon, naval cannon, cannon on carriage, 19th century cannon, fortifications, smooth bore cannon, 12 pounder, carronade, artillery, replica, deck cannon, cannon in carriage, ship cannon

The carronade was designed as a short-range naval weapon with a low muzzle velocity for merchant ships, but it also found a niche role on warships. It was produced by the Carron Iron Works and was at first sold as a complete system with the gun, mounting, and shot altogether. Carronades initially became popular on British merchant ships during the American Revolutionary War. A lightweight gun that needed only a small gun crew and was devastating at short range was well suited to defending merchant ships against French and American privateers. The invention of the cannon is variously attributed to Lieutenant General Robert Melville in 1759, or to Charles Gascoigne, manager of the Carron Company from 1769 to 1779. In its early years, the weapon was sometimes called a "mellvinade" or a "gasconade". The carronade can be seen as the culmination of a development of naval guns reducing the barrel length and thereby the gunpowder charge. The Carron Company was already selling a "new light-constructed" gun, two-thirds of the weight of the standard naval gun and charged with one-sixth of the weight of the ball in powder before it introduced the carronade, which further halved the gunpowder charge. The theory of its design was to use less powder and had other advantages that were advertised in the company's sales pamphlet of the time, state. The smaller gunpowder charge reduced the barrel heating in action, also reduced the recoil. The mounting, attached to the side of the ship on a pivot, took the recoil on a slider, without altering the alignment of the gun. The pamphlet advocated the use of woollen cartridges, which eliminated the need for wadding and worming, although they were more expensive. Carronades also simplified gunnery for comparatively untrained merchant seamen in both aiming and reloading that was part of the rationale for adopting the gun. Other advantages promoted by the company were. The replacement of trunnions by a bolt underneath, to connect the gun to the mounting, reduced the width of the carriage that enhanced the wide angle of fire. A merchant ship would almost always be running away from an enemy, so a wide-angle of fire was much more important than on a warship. A carronade weighed a quarter as much as a standard cannon and used a quarter to a third of the gunpowder charge. This reduced charge allowed Carronades to have a shorter length and much lighter weight than long guns. Increasing the size of the bore and ball reduces the required length of the barrel. The force acting on the ball is proportional to the square of the diameter, while the mass of the ball rises by the cube, so acceleration is slower; thus, the barrel can be shorter and therefore lighter. Long guns were also much heavier than Carronades because they were over-specified to be capable of being double-shotted, (to load cannons with twice the shot, for increased damage at the expense of range), whereas it was dangerous to do this in a carronade. A ship could carry more carronades, or carronades of a larger calibre, than long guns, and carronades could be mounted on the upper decks, where heavy long guns could cause the ship to be top-heavy and unstable. Carronades also required a smaller gun crew, which was very important for merchant ships, and they were faster to reload. The small bore carronade and carriage is part of a collection of nineteenth Century Flagstaff Hill Guns and Cannon, which is classified as being of significance and was made a few years after the beginning of Queen Victoria's reign in 1837 and fires a 6 lb pound cannon ball. This nineteenth century artillery piece is a rare and representative item of artillery of this era, used predominately on ships, both military and merchant. The artillery piece, individually and as part of the collection, is highly significant for its historical, scientific and aesthetic reasons at the state, national and world level. This carronade represents the methods of artillery technology, its advancement and its modifications to suit dangerous situations that sailors encountered from attacks from free booters (pirates, living from plunder) or others at the time. Carronade firing a 6 lb cast iron ball, with a smooth bore barrel 6.5 cm in dia the item is mounted on stepped wooden carriage with wooden wheels. Cannon barrel can have its elevation adjusted via a wooden wedge. Gun carriage has loops for locating and holding in position to a deck by ropes. Carriage is a replica made 1982Cast into the barrel is the royal emblem of Queen Victoria (VR "Victoria Regina") indicating the carronade was cast during Queen Victoria's reign / 1840 & 4-2-0 denoting the weight of the barrel. Right hand trunnion has a serial number “8708”. Also on top of the barrel is the British "Board of Ordinance" identifying mark a broad arrow indicating the carronade was in military use. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, colonial defences, victoria’s coastal defences, warrnambool fortification, warrnambool garrison battery, warrnambool volunteer corps, ordinance, armaments, garrison gun, smooth bore cannon, carronade, black powder, 12 pounder, 1840, artillery, lieutenant general robert melville, charles gascoigne, carron company, mellvinade, gasconade

When Lexton School closed in 2001 the bell was brought to the Community Centre. Commissioned for 12 pounds in 1878significant to the Pyrenees Shire and Lexton communitycast gun metal bell Maker J. Mill Melbourne

1929 saw the establishment of the Ringwood Bowls Club initially located on the land now occupied by the Eastland Shopping Centre. It moved to its current location in Loughnan Road, Ringwood in 1997.Ringwood Bowling Club asking the council for further support to provide shrubs and flowers for Bamford Park and the bowling green area in 1931. Also letter of thanks for 12 pounds, six weeks later.city of ringwood bowls club, ringwood bowling club, ringwood bowls club, lawn bowls, bowling

An account on pink and blue lined paper belonging to Carolin & Co. Proprietary, Ltd. Importers of Melbourne & Bendigo. Head Office Mitchell St., Bendigo. Dated 14 Nov. 1900. The account is written to Mrs. Baker McIvor Rd. Dec. 1897 4 Singers ?? 12 pound 10 shillings, item number 10221432.business, retail, carolin & co. pty. ltd., lydia chancellor, collection, sales, commerce, business, importer, retail

Photocopy on A4 paper of an advertisement for the sale of single truck or four wheel MMTB tramcars for 12 pounds and 10 shilling each. Gives dimensions, gives conditions of sale (hard to read) and what they could be used for. Requires applications to be sent to the Secretary at 673 Bourke St Melbourne. Has an elevation drawing of a single trucker tram.trams, tramways, tram bodies, sale of trams, mmtb

BHS CollectionThe Bendigo Advertiser Newspapers invoice to H.A. & S.R. Wilkinson dated 05/08/1954. The invoice has four entry ''sale account Spears'' for a total of 12 pounds 1shillings 6 penny. A receipt n. 24223 dated 08/09/1954 is stapled to the invoice recording the cash payment. A 2 penny stamp duty is attached to the receipt. The receipt is in a manilla folder.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate, yellow lable 595.

BHS CollectionThe Bendigo Advertiser Newspapers invoice to H.A. & S.R. Wilkinson dated 03/08/1954. The invoice has four entry ''sale account Shea' for a total of 12 pounds 18 shillings 2 penny. A receipt n. 24222 dated 09/08/1954 is stapled to the invoice recording the cash payment. A 2 penny stamp duty is attached to the receipt. The receipt is in a manilla folder.organization, business, h.a. & s.r wilkinson real estate, yellow label 595.

Cream painted stand with a moving sprung table top attached. On top of the table sits a woven cane basket with a wooden base. The top edge of the basket is is plaited cane and painted gold. The other cane is painted white. It is lined with a piece of white towelling on which the baby would lie. Attached on the side of the base is a notched metal bar which has a sliding metal weight so the bar will balance. It is marked with 2, 4, 6, 8 etc up to 30 lb and a smaller upper bar measures ounces. There is a framed pamphlet hanging above the scales with instructions for using the scales.Ounce measures 0, 4, 8, 12, 1 (pound) Made in Germany 24767. Triangle shape with the word Seca inside

Invoice from T E Turner ,Electrical Contractor, dated 1st March 71 to Mr A Richardson. Feb 27th , 80/05 referenc 12- 59 pounds, with stapled receipt.bendigo, industry, hardware sales

The original owner of the book, J.R. Pound was lecturer in Chemistry at the Ballarat School of Mines. The second owner, Roy Schrieke was Chemistry lecturer at the Ballarat School of Mines and the Ballarat College of Advanced Education.Green hard covered book of 704 pages. Sections include General, Non-metals, and Metals. Many diagrams.Singed in front cover:- "J.R. Pound 12/6/14" "R.R. Schrieke 15/11/79" ballarat school of mines, ballarat college of advanced education, chemistry, shrieke, roy schrieke, j.r. pound

Receipt for purchase of 12 handkerchiefs, value pounds 2/3/1 from Treadway's, Smith Street Collingwood 9/5/1948?Printed in black and red, both sidesHand-written receipttreadways, black family

Stamped - initialled receipt being for camping fees for 52 weeks to 31/12/1959. 15 pounds received from Mrs. J. Murch on 12/3/1959.Committee of Management / Anglesea Marine and River Frontages and / Recreation Reserve / No 4990 - 12/3/1959 - Mrs J.Murch. 15 pounds to occupy a camp to 31/12/1959. Signed J. Ken Hughes / Ranger.anglesea marine & river frontages & recreation reserves, j. murch, camping

Tax certificate of Allan QuinnThis certificate gives an indication of the level of wages in 1945 and the amount of tax paid. Triplicate version of group certificate marked statement of earnings.Issued 26 January 1945 for tax of 2 pounds, 12 shillings and 9 pence on earnings of 79 pounds, 10 shillings.

The Speke was an all steel ship of 310 feet, beam of 35 feet and weight of 2,712 tons and triple masted. She was built in 1891 at Carnarvon in Wales for a cost of 22,000 pounds. The wreck of the Speke was purchased for a mere 12 pounds after it went aground in 1906. The Speke had come from Peru to Sydney. She was then on her way to load wheat in Geelong when she ran aground on the 22 February 1906. Captain Tiltson confused a bushfire, near Cowes, for navigation lights. The ship drifted close to shore in Kitty Miller Bay and was eventually holed at 3 pm on the rocks. Life boats were immediately lowered and the ship’s crew all made it to shore except Seaman Frank Henderson, who lost his life.Black & White photograph of The Speke running aground on the south coast of Phillip Island.wreck of the speke, the speke, jack loney

Sub-Agent's Licence No. 1623 with the name: Frederick Cullen Dyett of Cr Mitchell & Queen Sts. Bendigo, for the year 1947. Signed Walsh, Clerk of Petty Sessions and dated 18/12/1946. Cost pounds(1).business, auctioneers, j h curnow & son pty ltd, ian dyett collection - sub-agent's licence, frederick cullen dyett, walsh, h e daw

Letter of acknowledgement of donation to Christmas Appeal from the Bendigo Benevolent Home. Attached receipt dated 06/12/1960 for 1 pound 1 shillingorganization, institution, bendigo benevolent home

In 1862 the Bendigo Penny Savings Bank was opened. It later was simply called the Bendigo Savings Bank. Ten months after its opening it reported that it had monthly deposits of 2 pounds, 12 shillings and 4 pence. (Jan 1863)Bendigo Savings Bank Passbook No. 36293 belonging to Miss Marguerite Kane. Used for deposits and withdrawals between January 1893 and November 1896. handwritten entries. Green card cover bound with cloth tape. Cover includes opening times. Rules and Regulations of Savings Banks in Victoria included at front of passbook.savings banks, passbook

Invoice issued to Mr F. Every on February 7, 1912 by the Bendigo District Land & Estate Agency (246 Hargreaves Street) for 17 items totalling: 28 pounds and 12 shillings.business, retail, land & estate agency

In 1885 Julius Pitrat of Gallipolis, Ohio, patented the first computing scale. Six years later, Edward Canby and Orange Ozias of Dayton, Ohio, purchased Pitrat's patents and incorporated The Computing Scale Company as the world's first computing scale vendor. And four years after that, The Computing Scale Company introduced the first automatic computing scale In 1911. the Computing Scale Company merged with the International Time Recording Company and Tabulating Machine Company to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, a business that was renamed IBM in 1924. An early example of a hanging clock face scale patented in October 1897 and made by a company that pioneered the first computing scales used in retail businesses. This company went on to become incorporated with IBM that late became an international computer manufacturer.Scale, patented Oct 12, 1897. Measures in pounds and ounces, up to 10lb. Red indicator needle. Two adjustment screws. Ring on the top for mounting. Marked "The Computing Scale Co Dayton Ohio"Marked "The Computing Scale Co Dayton Ohio"flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, scale, computing scale, computing scale company, weighing instrument

Born at Sandhurst, Victoria Albert Steane attended the Gravel Hill State School until the fourth class, then transferred to the Central School 1976 where he gained the Merit Certificate. The monitor system of teacher training had been introduced and he passed fourth, third, second and first class pupil teacher. At about 16 years of age he was appointed a teacher monitor at 12 pounds per annum. Albert Steane was awarded the Teachers' Certificate of Competency in 1897. He was the first headmaster of the Ballarat Technical School (1913), and opened the Sloyd (woodwork) Centre in 1902 at the Ballarat East Art School (later known as the Ballarat East Free Library). of Mines and Industries Ballarat (SMB). Steane is known for the teaching of Sloyd or woodwork, which was an important point in his career, and for his love of gymnastics. He was made a life member of the Ballarat Y.M.C.A. in 1968 aged 91 years. The teaching of woodwork in Victoria began in 1901 and Steane was chosen, among 18 others for the inaugural training course at Queensberry State School in Melbourne. Steane died, aged 93 years, on 13 July 1970, at Sydney, leaving his widow Grace Elliott Steane and children Eric and Violet. (See http://guerin.ballarat.edu.au/curator/honour-roll/honourroll_steane.shtml)Victorian Education Department License to Teach Certificate printed and handwriiten on to parchment like paper, made out to Albert Alfred Whitelock Steane. License No. .education, teaching, albert steane, aaw steane

Receipt, 11816 The Public Health Department Dated 2/12/4 for two pounds being Renewal for licence subject to the Poisons Acts and any Regulations made thereunder. Signed D Smith per RK.person, receipts, j w swatton, j w swatton collection, public health department, d smith, poisons acts

Blue coupon, dated August 9th 1876. Received from Bro. , Treasurer of the above Court, the sum of Two Pounds being 12 day's sick pay for Bro. ? Coledge. Signed Wm. H. Nicholus.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no 3770 collection - receipt, court king of the forest, lewis, ? coledge, woodward, wm h nicholus

Blue coupon, dated June 28th 1876. Received from Bro. Lewis, Treasurer of the above Court, the sum of Two Pound being 12 day's sick pay for Bro. Wm. Watson?. Signed Roly Daniel.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no 3770 collection - receipt, court king of the forest, lewis, wm watson?, woodward, roly daniel

Blue coupon, dated June 28th 1876. Received from Bro. Lewis, Treasurer of the above Court, the sum of Two Pound being 12 day's sick pay for Bro. Alf Skeats. Signed Roly Daniel.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no 3770 collection - receipt, court king of the forest, lewis, alf skeats, woodward, roly daniel