Showing 669 items matching "1870s"
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Ringwood and District Historical SocietyEnvelope, Packet: Research notes Ringwood Area Pioneer Families 1840s to 1870s by H.M. Anderson
... Packet: Research notes Ringwood Area Pioneer Families 1840s to 1870s by H.M. Anderson...Research notes 1840s to 1870s by H.M. Anderson...Ringwood and District Historical Society 125A Warrandyte Road Ringwood North melbourne Research notes 1840s to 1870s by H.M. Anderson Packet: Research notes Ringwood Area Pioneer Families 1840s to 1870s by H.M. ...Research notes 1840s to 1870s by H.M. Anderson -
![Map, [Plan for road to give J. Allan access to permanent water at Coimadai] circa 1870s](/media/collectors/5e461d8021ea67224c82f2a1/items/67735190d671e67dd573a84c/item-media/6773533dd671e67dd573cd90/item-fit-380x285.jpg?cb=6)
Bacchus Marsh & District Historical SocietyMap, [Plan for road to give J. Allan access to permanent water at Coimadai] circa 1870s
... Allan access to permanent water at Coimadai] circa 1870s...The date of this map or plan is uncertain but it appears to be from the early to mid 1870s. One of the landholders identified on the plan, James Allan of Coimadai died suddenly on the 9th July, 1874 (see Bacchus Marsh Express, 11 July, 1874, page. 3). ...Allan access to permanent water at Coimadai] circa 1870s Map Shire of Bacchus Marsh ...The date of this map or plan is uncertain but it appears to be from the early to mid 1870s. One of the landholders identified on the plan, James Allan of Coimadai died suddenly on the 9th July, 1874 (see Bacchus Marsh Express, 11 July, 1874, page. 3). There are mentions of an Allans Road at Coimadai in the Bacchus Marsh Express between 1887 and 1942.Single page map showing an excision of land belonging to Charles Ross which was selected to construct a road to give another landholder, J. Allan access to permanent water. Scale 1 chain to 1 inch. Part of a set of maps which are pasted into a bound volume containing 76 maps or plans in total. High resolution digital image stored on BMDHS computer network. Plan showing Excisions from Ross's selection and 1 chain road thro' the said selection in Coimadai to give J. Allan access to permanent water. Alistair ?? Shire Eng? 6?/5/7?coimadai victoria maps, coimadai roads and streets -
Ararat & District Historical Society (operating the Langi Morgala Museum)Barkly Street, Ararat, perhaps 1870s
... Barkly Street, Ararat, perhaps 1870s...The date is more likely the 1870s, or even the 1880s...Barkly Street, Ararat, perhaps 1870s Barkly Street, Ararat, perhaps 1870s ...This is one of a dozen or so pictures of very early Ararat held by Langi Morgala Museum, and can be compared to a succession of later photographs to illustrate the growth of the town of Ararat. The date suggested by the inscription on the front is probably a reference to some other occurrence, since the street seems far to built-up for 1856-1860. The date is more likely the 1870s, or even the 1880sThis photograph, though not in good condition, is one of the few in the possession of Langi Morgala Museum that shows very early Ararat. It is of regional significance, which would be enhanced if a firmer date could be established. This cardboard-mounted large photograph is not in very good condition, but some parts of the image are still clear. There are permanent inscriptions on both front and back, not done in sympathy with the age and importance of the item.On front: "Note hitching posts and the old Turf Hotel, Barkly Street cont[illegible] / 1856-60". On back: museum stamp and photo numbers.barkly-street, ararat, horse, horse-driven, early-ararat, business, commercial -
Circa Vintage ArchiveClothing - Silk two piece dress 1870s, Plum silk, lace and velvet bodice and bustle skirt 1870s, 1870s
... Plum silk, lace and velvet bodice and bustle skirt 1870s...1870s...Plum silk, lace and velvet bodice and bustle skirt 1870s Clothing Silk two piece dress 1870s ...An excellent example of Australian ladies fashion of the time.Exceptional two piece dress with fitted and boned bodice and bustle skirt and train. Bodice features many panels and internal whaleboning with cotton lining. Waist tape to secure. Pointed waistband to the exterior, trimmed in panels of velvet and lace inserts. Pleated sleeves and high, stand up collar with white cotton insert. Row of metal hooks and eyes to secure at the centre front, covered with a row of small metal and enamel buttons with butterfly design (all present) and hand finished button holes. Another row of hooks and eyes over the top. Skirt is full with the gathers focused on the centre back with a row of cartridge pleats and metal hooks and eyes to secure at the waist. Row of cotton tape sits under the hips to be gathered into the desired fullness. Ornamental panels of velvet provide a faux wrap styling to the front. Underskirt of silk faille with a box pleated trim to the hem. Underneath is a third hem finished in a row of white cambric and lace trim. Train falls from the waist and displays the same hem treatments as the dress. The dress has been mostly machine sewn but with large amounts of hand sewn finishing.none -
Ringwood and District Historical SocietyMixed media - Video, RDHS Guest Speaker Presentation - "Fluctuating Fortunes on the Upper Goulburn Goldfields 1870s-1880s" - Dr. Louise Blake
... RDHS Guest Speaker Presentation - "Fluctuating Fortunes on the Upper Goulburn Goldfields 1870s-1880s" - Dr. Louise Blake...In this talk Louise will share her research on Lawrence and Esther Chubb, who lived and worked at Gaffneys Creek on the Upper Goulburn Goldfields in the 1870s and 80s. In a series of letters Lawrence wrote to his family in England, and now held by the State Library of Victoria, Lawrence shared his early struggles as an independent miner on the central Victorian goldfields, his protracted courtship with Esther, the ordinary intimacies of their life at Gaffneys Creek, the work that Esther did to support the family in this remote mining region, as well as the material and emotional support provided by and to family, friends and neighbours. ...Recorded August, 2022 (Video is available for viewing at Ringwood & District Historical Society Archives by appointment) RDHS Guest Speaker Presentation - "Fluctuating Fortunes on the Upper Goulburn Goldfields 1870s-1880s" - Dr. Louise Blake Mixed media Video ...Digitised video (2.66GB) Duration: 51 minutes. Recorded August, 2022 (Video is available for viewing at Ringwood & District Historical Society Archives by appointment)Presenter: Louise Blake is a writer and historian with an interest in the stories of women, families, and communities on the nineteenth-century goldfields in Australia and New Zealand. Inspired by her family connection to the gold mining settlement of Woods Point, Louise completed a PhD on Women and Community on the Upper Goulburn Goldfields in north-east Victoria in 2019. In this talk Louise will share her research on Lawrence and Esther Chubb, who lived and worked at Gaffneys Creek on the Upper Goulburn Goldfields in the 1870s and 80s. In a series of letters Lawrence wrote to his family in England, and now held by the State Library of Victoria, Lawrence shared his early struggles as an independent miner on the central Victorian goldfields, his protracted courtship with Esther, the ordinary intimacies of their life at Gaffneys Creek, the work that Esther did to support the family in this remote mining region, as well as the material and emotional support provided by and to family, friends and neighbours. A rare and revealing source, these letters help to expand our understanding of the lived experience of mining families, particularly the work that women did to sustain families and communities, in this period of waged labour and tribute mining in Victoria. -
Greensborough Historical SocietyArticle, Winty Caldwell, "Yallambie" on the Lower Plenty, 1870s & 1880s, 1996
... "Yallambie" on the Lower Plenty, 1870s & 1880s..."Yallambie" on the Lower Plenty, 1870s & 1880s Article Article Winty Caldwell Jimaringle Publications ...Excerpt from book outlining the European settlement of "Yallambee" (Yallambie) from the Bakewell brothers to the Wragge family.Photocopy of excerpt from book, 15 pages. 2 copies.yallambie, bakewell family, wragge family -
Eltham District Historical Society IncPhotograph, Reverend William Heber Green, Vicar, St Margaret's Anglican Church, Eltham, c.1870s
... Reverend William Heber Green, Vicar, St Margaret's Anglican Church, Eltham, c.1870s...Reverend William Heber Green, Vicar, St Margaret's Anglican Church, Eltham, c.1870s Photograph ...Digital scan of photograph - Original Source Copy: St Margaret's Parish Archives. church of england, churches, eltham, st margarets church, william heber green -
Ringwood and District Historical SocietyMap - Survey Plans, Township of East Ringwood, Victoria - circa 1870s - 1950s
... Township of East Ringwood, Victoria - circa 1870s - 1950s...Township of East Ringwood, Victoria - circa 1870s - 1950s Map Survey Plans ...Photocopies of two 1878 Land Survey maps with names of early selectors and names and dates detailing subsequent land purchases to circa 1950s. Third map (digitised copy only) "The East Estate by 1927" (from A South Australian Colonist of 1836 and His Descendants by Sir Ronald East - page 147). Includes Bedford Road and Illoura Avenue, Ringwood East. -
Ringwood and District Historical SocietyPhotograph, Showing the exterior views of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). Officially opened by Mayor Cr Pat Gotlib JP on 29th May 1983
... Showing the exterior views of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). ...Showing the exterior views of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). ...Photographic record by Russ Haines, RDHS, in October 2008. -
Ringwood and District Historical SocietyPhotograph, Showing the interior views of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). Officially opened by Mayor Cr Pat Gotlib JP on 29th May 1983
... Showing the interior views of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). ...Showing the interior views of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). ...Photographic record by Russ Haines, RDHS, in October 2008. -
Ringwood and District Historical SocietyPhotograph, Showing the tools and equipment rooms of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). Officially opened by Mayor Cr Pat Gotlib JP on 29th May 1983
... Showing the tools and equipment rooms of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). ...Showing the tools and equipment rooms of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). ...Photographic record by Russ Haines, RDHS, in October 2008. -
Ringwood and District Historical SocietyPhotograph, Showing the living rooms of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). Officially opened by Mayor Cr Pat Gotlib JP on 29th May 1983
... Showing the living rooms of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). ...Showing the living rooms of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). ...Photographic record by Russ Haines, RDHS, in October 2008. -
Ringwood and District Historical SocietyPhotograph, The official plaque of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). Officially opened by Mayor Cr Pat Gotlib JP on 29th May 1983
... The official plaque of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). ...The official plaque of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). ...Photographic record by Russ Haines, RDHS, in October 2008. -
Ringwood and District Historical SocietyPhotograph, The time capsule of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The capsule will be reopened on 28 January 2050. The cottage was erected by the Ringwood City Council in conjunction with Ringwood Historical Research Group (now Ringwood & District Historical Society). Officially opened by Mayor Cr Pat Gotlib JP on 29th May 1983
... The time capsule of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The capsule will be reopened on 28 January 2050. ...The time capsule of the facsimile of the miner's hut, located at the back of Ringwood Lake, from the original that once stood on Maroondah Highway in the 1870s onwards. The capsule will be reopened on 28 January 2050. ...Photographic record by Russ Haines, RDHS, in October 2008. -
Ringwood and District Historical Society
Administrative record - Mining Reports, Government Printer, Melbourne, Colony of Victoria quarterly and annual mining reports - 1860s 1870s & 1880s, 1865 - 1883
... Colony of Victoria quarterly and annual mining reports - 1860s 1870s & 1880s....Colony of Victoria quarterly and annual mining reports - 1860s 1870s & 1880s. Administrative record Mining Reports Government Printer, Melbourne ...Colony of Victoria mining reports show any Ringwood mine references under Castlemaine District, St. Andrews Subdivision. Noteworthy for Ringwood: - Death of Pierce Boardman, mining manager at New Ringwood Mining Co., accidentally killed when he lost his footing and fell to a depth of 40 feet on 1st January 1879. - William White injured in truck accident at New Ringwood Antimony Tribute Company, 31st March 1882.Boxed collection of soft and hard bound reports including: 1. Quarterly Colony of Victoria reports of the Mining Surveyors & Registrars, Victoria, 1865-1881 - Summary of gold mining statistics for the quarter - Tables showing the yield of gold from certain parcels of quartz raised during the quarter in some of the deepest mines in Victoria with depth of the deepest shafts, levels, cross-cuts, etc. - Estimated yield of gold and quantity of gold exported during the quarter - Gold received and issued from the Royal Mint during the quarter - Summary of yield of gold from quartz, tailings, etc., crushed during the quarter - Summary of yield of gold from washdirt and cement washed and crushed during quarter - Number and distribution of miners on the goldfields of the colony. 2. 1879-82 Hard bound volume - Chief Inspector of Mines Reports to the Honorable Minister of Mines, Victoria. (Includes fatal and non-fatal accident reports, mining operations, and employment statistcs.) Noteworthy for Ringwood: - Death of Pierce Boardman, mining manager at New Ringwood Mining Co., accidentally killed when he lost his footing and fell to a depth of 40 feet on 1st January 1879. - William White injured in truck accident at New Ringwood Antimony Tribute Company, 31st March 1882. 3. Mineral Statistics for Victoria - annual reports for years 1867, 1871, 1874, 1876, 1877, 1878, & 1879. 4. Handwritten study notes.antimony, boardman, william white -
Nillumbik Historical Society IncorporatedPhotograph - Black & white photograph, Horticultural Hall Diamond Creek 1870s
... Horticultural Hall Diamond Creek 1870s...Nillumbik Historical Society Incorporated 10 Nillumbik Square Diamond Creek melbourne horticultural society diamond creek nillumbik Black & white photograph Horticultural Hall Diamond Creek 1870s Photograph Black & white photograph ...Black & white photographhorticultural society, diamond creek, nillumbik -
Inverloch Historical Society000337 - Photograph - Thomas and Jane Lees - settled at Lower Tarwin in 1870s - monument and grave Lower Tarwin Cemetery
... 000337 - Photograph - Thomas and Jane Lees - settled at Lower Tarwin in 1870s - monument and grave Lower Tarwin Cemetery...Inverloch gippsland 000337 - Photograph - Thomas and Jane Lees - settled at Lower Tarwin in 1870s - monument and grave Lower Tarwin Cemetery ... -
City of Ballarat LibrariesPhotograph, Town Hall, Ballarat circa 1870s
... Town Hall, Ballarat circa 1870s....Building Public Town Hall ballarat sturt street Views of Ballarat Town Hall, Ballarat circa 1870s. Photograph Photograph ...This sketch comes from Views of Ballarat by Niven & Co.building, public, town hall, ballarat, sturt street, views of ballarat -
Bacchus Marsh & District Historical SocietyPhotograph, Anderson's Store, Main Street, Bacchus Marsh circa 1870s-1890s
... Anderson's Store, Main Street, Bacchus Marsh circa 1870s-1890s....Anderson's Store, Main Street, Bacchus Marsh circa 1870s-1890s. Photograph ...This store in Main Street Bacchus Marsh was first opened by James Young in November 1866. In October 1869 it was purchased by William Anderson and was operated by members of the Anderson family until 1971. The site of the store was on the southern side of Main Street on the eastern side of Eddie Toole Park. On the opposite side of the street was the site of the former Post Office on the northern side of Main Street. The store was first named the Border Mills Store during James Young's ownership and was later known as the Border Store (Anderson & Co.).Small black and white photograph showing Anderson’s store. It shows a large stone building with a corrugated iron verandah which bears a painted sign of the name of the business: GROCERS. ANDERSON & Co. DRAPERS. Behind a brick parapet rises a hip roof with one chimney visible. Four men stand in casual poses ranged along the verandah. A post and rail fence runs along the road frontage. A tree is planted in an ornamental wrought iron plant protector on the inside of the fence.On the back in decorative print: “ New York Photographic Adelaide Travelling Brand Chas. F. Husband Manager.” In handwriting: Border store built by James Young 1866 owned by Anderson 1869-1972. BMDHS stamp and no. HS 411.shops bacchus marsh vic., anderson's store bacchus marsh -
Victorian Railway History LibraryBook, Leigh Alexander, Policies behind the trunk railways of Victoria in the 1870s and 1890s, 1965
... Policies behind the trunk railways of Victoria in the 1870s and 1890s....Victorian Railway History Library 39 St Edmonds Rd Prahran Prahran Railway construction - Australia Victorian Railways construction - history An economic history essay on the policies of the Victorian Government for building trunk railways in the 1870s and 1890s. bib, p.22. Policies behind the trunk railways of Victoria in the 1870s and 1890s. ...An economic history essay on the policies of the Victorian Government for building trunk railways in the 1870s and 1890s.bib, p.22.non-fictionAn economic history essay on the policies of the Victorian Government for building trunk railways in the 1870s and 1890s.railway construction - australia, victorian railways construction - history -
The Celtic ClubBook, Edwin Carton Booth, Australia in the 1870s, 1975
... Australia in the 1870s ...Maps, ill, facsim, p.232, 2 vols. Australia in the 1870s Book Edwin Carton Booth Paul Hamlyn Pty Ltd. ...A facsimile of the original volume. First published 1873-1876 with engravings. There are brief references to aborigines.Maps, ill, facsim, p.232, 2 vols.non-fictionA facsimile of the original volume. First published 1873-1876 with engravings. There are brief references to aborigines.australia - pictorial works, australia - description and travel -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Folder, Michael Fenton, 1870s
... Folder of information on Michael Fenton, 1870s...1870s...Eltham District Historical Society Inc 728 Main Rd Eltham melbourne Michael Fenton Folder of information on Michael Fenton, 1870s Michael Fenton Folder ...Folder of information on Michael Fenton, 1870smichael fenton -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Folder, James Kaye, 1870s
... Folder of information on James Kaye, Research 1870s...1870s...Eltham District Historical Society Inc 728 Main Rd Eltham melbourne James Kaye Folder of information on James Kaye, Research 1870s James Kaye Folder ...Folder of information on James Kaye, Research 1870sjames kaye -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Folder, Patrick Kearse, 1870s
... Folder of information on Patrick Kearse, Research 1870s...1870s...Eltham District Historical Society Inc 728 Main Rd Eltham melbourne Patrick Kearse Folder of information on Patrick Kearse, Research 1870s Patrick Kearse Folder ...Folder of information on Patrick Kearse, Research 1870spatrick kearse -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Folder, William Kidd, 1870s
... Folder of information on William Kidd Research 1870s...1870s...Eltham District Historical Society Inc 728 Main Rd Eltham melbourne William Kidd Folder of information on William Kidd Research 1870s William Kidd Folder ...Folder of information on William Kidd Research 1870swilliam kidd -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Folder, Patrick Bourke, 1870s
... Folder of information on Patrick Bourke, Hurstbridge, 1870s...1870s...Eltham District Historical Society Inc 728 Main Rd Eltham melbourne Patrick Bourke Folder of information on Patrick Bourke, Hurstbridge, 1870s Patrick Bourke Folder ...Folder of information on Patrick Bourke, Hurstbridge, 1870spatrick bourke -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Folder, David Christian, 1870s
... Folder of information on David Christian, Queenstown, 1870s...1870s...Eltham District Historical Society Inc 728 Main Rd Eltham melbourne David Christian Folder of information on David Christian, Queenstown, 1870s David Christian Folder ...Folder of information on David Christian, Queenstown, 1870sdavid christian -
Villa Alba MuseumWallpaper sample - Floral frieze, 1870s
... ...1870s...A wallpaper frieze from the 1870s that exemplifies the Aesthetic Movement's design principles. ...1870s...Heritage interiors Wallpapers 19th century design Aesthetic movement 1870s wallpaper borders P. F72 (f) A wallpaper frieze from the 1870s that exemplifies the Aesthetic Movement's design principles. ...Part of a collection of historic wallpapers collected by Phyllis Murphy, most of whose wallpapers were donated to the collection of Historic Houses Sydney. This wallpaper sample, annotated and encased in mylar was used by Phyllis for educational purposes, and donated by her son to Villa Alba Museum's collection in 2025.A wallpaper frieze from the 1870s that exemplifies the Aesthetic Movement's design principles. The design is possibly based on one by Walter Crane around 1875. It features soft colours and flat, formalised botanical motifs, including butterflies and flowers. Friezes like this were common decorative elements in the later Victorian period. P. F72 (f)heritage interiors, wallpapers, 19th century design, aesthetic movement, 1870s, wallpaper borders -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Folder, John Jardine, 1870s
... Folder of information on John Jardine Kangaroo Ground 1870s...1870s...Eltham District Historical Society Inc 728 Main Rd Eltham melbourne John Jardine Folder of information on John Jardine Kangaroo Ground 1870s John Jardine Folder ...Folder of information on John Jardine Kangaroo Ground 1870sjohn jardine -
Eltham District Historical Society Inc
Folder, John Johnstone, 1870s
... Folder of information on John Johnstone, teacher, Eltham 1870s...1870s...Eltham District Historical Society Inc 728 Main Rd Eltham melbourne John Johnstone Folder of information on John Johnstone, teacher, Eltham 1870s John Johnstone Folder ...Folder of information on John Johnstone, teacher, Eltham 1870sjohn johnstone
