From Change the Rules website: "We need to change the rules so people have jobs they can count on. Give people the choice of converting from casual to permanent if they work regular hours End labour hire and sham contracting rip-offs Stop the exploitation of temporary visa workers Stop allowing employers to terminate workplace agreements Equal rights for people working in the gig economy Investment in apprenticeships and vocational training Governments to procure from local businesses first, to create local jobs" Change the Rules is a union driven campaign that supported campaigning towards the 2018 Victorian State election and the 2019 Federal election. Elections, politics and government, and industrial relations.Bumper sticker: blue background; white lettering; slogan; adhesive with backing strip.Slogan reads: "For more secure jobs and better pay, Change the RULES".btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, vthc, victorian trades hall council, actu, australian council of trade unions, elections, politics and government, political campaigns, industrial relations, unions, change the rules

Change the Rules is an ACTU campaign starting in 2018 targeted at regaining fairness around right to strike, work, wages, job security, penalty rates, taxation (especially businesses that pay zero tax), equity for working women and younger workers. Nationally, Change the Rules rallies were held on Wednesday 9 May 2018. A contingent from Ballarat travelled to Melbourne by train and participated alongside 100,000 other unionists in the CBD. Photos: 1. Rally - Melbourne CBD - Pictured left to right, Moses, Doug Stewart (CFMEU/Trades Hall), Gabriel Waldron (Trades Hall staffer), Michaela Settle (State ALP candidate for the seat of Buninyong), Sarah De Santis (State ALP candidate for the seat of Ripon), Brett Edgington (Secretary, Ballarat Regional Trades and Labour Council. 2. Rally - MUA and other comrades marching. 3. Ballarat Railway Station - Comrades gathering to make the train journey to the rally. Gabriel Waldron (Trades Hall staffer) in the foreground and Michaele Settle in black jacket. 4. Ballarat Railway Station - Comrades gathering to make the train journey to the rally. Tracey Brown, HWU organiser, pictured in red puffer jacket. 5. Ballarat Railway Station - Comrades gathering to make the train journey to the rally. Gabriel Waldron (Trades Hall staffer) and Tracey Brown, HWU organiser, pictured in red puffer jacket. From the Change the Rules website: "Australian Unions are campaigning to change the rules so that working people have more secure jobs and better pay. Right now, big business has too much power. A third of them aren’t paying any tax. And, too many big businesses are in a race to the bottom on wages and job security. As a result, 40% of Australians are in insecure work and wages have flat-lined. We need a wage rise and secure work. We need to change the rules to give all working people the basic rights they need to improve their living standards. We are building a powerful movement to change the rules, and we need you to join your union to be part of it."Significant to nationwide union campaigning and to living and working conditions of all Australians.Electronic photographs.btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, union campaigns - change the rules, actu, rallies, wages, penalty rates, workers' rights, women, equal pay, right to strike, taxation

Labour Day originates from the eight-hour day movement - eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest. On 21 April 1856 Stonemasons and building workers on building sites around Melbourne, Australia, stopped work and marched from the University of Melbourne to Parliament House to achieve an eight-hour day. Their direct action protest was a success, and they are noted as the first organised workers in the world to achieve an eight-hour day with no loss of pay, which subsequently inspired the celebration of Labour Day and May Day. (Wikipedia, 12 March 2019: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia#Labour_Day) The eight-hours campaign ran contemporaneously in Ballarat. -------- The Labour day parade is an annual event in Ballarat. All unions and individuals are welcome to attend. Ballarat Labour Day march is held at the same date as the Begonia Festival parade; inception of the Begonia Festival was several decades later in 1953. -------- Photo 1 Labour Day march: We are Union banner and AMIWU banner with people. Photo 2 Labour Day march: We are Union, Trades Hall, Free West Papua banners, Trades Hall ute, various individuals including Don Henderson, Jenny Beacham, Tracey Brown, Simon Hammersley, Moses, Ben Davison, Angela McCarthy, Eddie Beacham, Gary Carton, Bob Bassett, Colin Muir, et al. Photo 3 Labour Day march: We are Union, ANMF, Trades Hall banners, various individuals including Don Henderson, Jenny Beacham, Tracey Brown, Simon Hammersley, Moses, Ben Davison, Angela McCarthy, Eddie Beacham, Gary Carton, Bob Bassett, Colin Muir, Ron Woods et al. Photo 4 Labour Day march: Change the Rules and AMIWU banners, various persons including Chris Kelly, Angela McCarthy, Ross Kenna, et al. Photo 5 Labour Day barbeque: Various persons including Allen Townsend, Fred Ladiges, Cameron McIntyre, Judy Henderson, Don Henderson, Cameron Bannam, Janine Brownlee, Dave Brownlee, Bernie Constable, Ian Fullerton, Ben Davison, et al. Photo 6 Labour Day barbeque group photograph: Various persons including Moses, Emma Pritchard, Kamuda, Allen Townsend, Tess Marshall, Chris Kelly, Fred Ladiges, Ross Kenna, Ben Davison, Don Henderson, Judy Henderson, Gabriel Waldron, Cameron McIntyre, Orry Pilven, Lana Cormie, Bob Bassett, Clinton Bannam, Angela McCarthy, Tracey Brown, Ron Woods, Ian Fullerton, Colin Muir, et al. Photo 7 Labour Day barbeque group photograph: Various persons including Moses, Emma Pritchard, Kamuda, Allen Townsend, Tess Marshall, Chris Kelly, Fred Ladiges, Ross Kenna, Ben Davison, Don Henderson, Judy Henderson, Gabriel Waldron, Cameron McIntyre, Orry Pilven, Lana Cormie, Bob Bassett, Clinton Bannam, Angela McCarthy, Tracey Brown, Ron Woods, Ian Fullerton, Colin Muir, et al. Photo 8 Labour Day March: We are Union banner, various persons including Chris Kelly, Angela McCarthy, Clinton Bannam, Orrie and Gem Pilven, Janine Brownlee, et al.Significant to the inception of the eight hour day, history of unions and campaigns in Australia and the current Change the Rules campaign.8 colour photographs; soft copy.btlc, ballarat trades hall, ballarat trades and labour council, labour day - 2019, unions - delegates, change the rules, amiwu, anmf, we are union, unions - campaigns, early closing association, begonia festival - ballarat

Instruction - single A4 sheet, advising of a change to the new rule book to come into use on Monday 11 November, titled "Implementation of Rules and Procedures Handbook - Change to Rule 19: Speed". Concerned with speed into tram stops and explains the basis of the proposed change. Year 2013 - based on Calendar. New rule to be applicable for Kew, Essendon, Malvern, East Preston and Brunswick depot until 8/12.trams, tramways, yarra trams, driver training, rules, tram stops

Yields information about the distribution of the SEC tramway by-laws to workers and alterations to them in 1943..Carbon copy of memo on green foolscap paper dated 4/11/1943 to the Tramways Inspector from the Manager Ballarat, regarding forwarding gummed sheets for alterations to the rules books and lists the alteration and the changes made to the rules. Signed by W. H. Connolly.trams, tramways, by laws, sec

Yields information about the distribution of the SEC tramway by-laws to workers and alterations to them in 1943.Carbon copy of memo on white quarto paper dated 4/11/1943 to the Tramways Inspector from the Manager Ballarat, regarding forwarding gummed sheets for alterations to the rules books and lists the alteration and the changes made to the rules. Signed by W. H. Connolly.trams, tramways, by laws, sec

Minute book from Victorian Women's Basketball Association (later Netball Victoria) meetings from July 1934 to March 1938. This book documents the developments of netball in Australia during the 1930's, including rule changes and national championships. The item is significant to the collection due to its explanation of key developments of netball in Australia. The book records results from annual state and national championships and also rule changes and adjustments.Black book with handwriting on lined pages.Victoria Women's Basketball Association Minute Book July 1934 - March 1938 on spine of book.netball, netball victoria, netball australia, women's basketball, vwbba, aawbba

This item is from the private collection of George Shirling of Red Onion, Falls Creek. George Shirling arrived in Falls Creek in 1962. He engaged Phil Nowell to build the original Koki Alpine Lodge which opened in 1965 with 14 beds. George operated the lodge with Michael “Baldy” Blackwell as manager. In 1981 he graduated in sport psychology and was invited to become team psychologist for the Australian Winter Olympic team which went to Albertville, France, in 1992. He later owned the Red Onion Chalet. George Shirling passed away on 27th February 2023. He had remained actively involved in Falls Creek and was generous with his time and knowledge, always an amazing supporter of The Falls Creek Museum and Falls Creek Village. Patricia “Patsy” Sydney Russell Finlayson was born on 17 March 1915. In 1935 she was selected for the NSW Ski team and competed at the Australian Championships. Patsy was runner-up in the individual slalom and giant slalom and became the Australian combined champion. In that year she also won the Summit Ski Race at Mount Kosciusko with a time of 9 hours and 37 minutes, breaking the women's record by 1½ hours. In 1936 Finlayson earned national selection for the first Inter Dominion Championship between Australia & New Zealand. She was then selected to represent Australia at the 1939 Nordic World Ski Championship at Zakopane, Poland but was injured during training. She returned to Australia in August 1938 and had to compete in the men's event (placing 4th) as the women's event had been cancelled. In 1969 Finlayson won all her events in the Australian Ski Championships. In 1941, Finlayson was appointed Australia's first female ski instructor. However, she had to resign from the Australian Women's Ski Club as she was no longer considered to be an amateur. This made her ineligible for the Australian or NSW ski championships and the Olympic Games. In 1949, the International Ski Federation (FIS) changed the rules governing amateur standing and Finlayson was allowed to compete at the NSW and Australian Championships. She went on to win all events in both 1949 and 1950. She retired from competitive skiing in October 1950.This item is significant because it features a pioneer of women's skiing in Australia.A black and white image of Patsy Finlayson with her skis and poles. george shirling, red onion, patsy finlayson, women's skiing pioneer

Titled "Supplement to the Book of Instructions re the working of the St Kilda and Brighton Electric Street Railway, dated 1/1/1915". Gives changes to a previous issued rule book, bell signals, air brake orders, operating orders, operation while running and instructions cancelled. Effective 12/2/1917. Issued under the name of W. Stone Chief Electrical Engineer and T. B. Molomby General Superintendent of Transportation.Demonstrates a Victorian Railway Rule book for electric tramways or Street Railways.Booklet - 12 off white or light brown pages + white cloth card cover centre stapled.On inside of front cover an inscription from Gerald Dee to Richard Gilbert dated 22/10/1999.tramways, trams, victorian railways, vr, st kilda - brighton tramway, rules, employees, safe working

Sky blue (faded) coloured book, embossed covers, 64 pages + covers, centre stapled titled "Federal Rules of the Australian Tramway and Motor Omnibus Employees' Association" as amended by the Australian Council 1977. Further typed amendments have been pasted into the book and ink notes to other rule changes that were made. Provides an index of the rules of the Association. Has numerous advertisements for services to members such as accommodation, hotels, motor vehicles. 2nd copy added 24/12/2014.On front cover in red ink has the name "Des Shooter" and "Amended Typed".trams, tramways, atmoea, unions

Instruction - 12 off white or light brown pages + white cloth card cover centre stapled titled "Supplement to the Book of Instructions re the working of the St Kilda and Brighton Electric Street Railway, dated 1/1/1915". Gives changes to a previous issued rule book, bell signals, air brake orders, operating orders, operation while running and instructions cancelled. Issued under the name of W. Stone Chief Electrical Engineer and T. B. Molomby General Superintendent of Transportation.trams, tramways, victorian railways, vr, st kilda brighton, rules, employees, safeworking

The Morelli M-100S 15 metre Italian sailplane first flew in 1960 and over 220 were built in Italy and France. The design was a development of the M100 incorporating changes to fit the international rules for “Standard” class competition gliders: thus the designation “S”. The name applied to the M-100 gliders built in France was “Mesange” This example has undergone major restoration to display condition by Museum volunteers. In the main the airframe is made up of the glider serial number 69 formerly registered in Australia as VH-GUD. The restoration incorporated parts of another wrecked M100 (serial number 71). VH-GUD was previously owned by Darling Downs Soaring Club (from 28 October 1967) and Beaudesert Gliding Club (from 30 October 1971). It was test flown in Australia on 28 October 1967 and logged 1533 hours 41 minutes from 2731 launches until it crashed and was wrecked on 11 February 1978. When completely restored to display standard this exhibit will be a representative example of the Morelli M100 sailplane type Single seat sailplane of wooden construction with plywood and aircraft fabric covering.Serial Number 69australian gliding, glider, sailplane, morelli, m-100s, mesange, aeromere and avionautica rio, darling downs soaring club, beaudesert gliding club

Roy Phillips was born in 1907 in Yackandandah and moved with his family to Beechworth when he was five years old. His father was involved in dredging operations at Lake Sambell but his parents also had other family living in Beechworth, with whom they lived. Dr Phillips tells vivid stories about life in Beechworth in the first half of the Twentieth Century, from the daily lives of young children of the time to the town's relationship to the local Chinese community. He discusses features of the landscape such as 'The Rock' at which community concerts were held and 'The Echo' (an echo-sounding point over a nearby gully) which he states are no longer used in the same way. He also discusses changing community attitudes to various issues, for example, 'not being coddled' as a child but living in a town with very strict rules about people of different religions mingling. This oral history recording was part of a project conducted by Jennifer Williams in the year 2000 to capture the everyday life and struggles in Beechworth during the twentieth century. This project involved recording seventy oral histories on cassette tapes of local Beechworth residents which were then published in a book titled: Listen to what they say: voices of twentieth century Beechworth. These cassette tapes were digitised in July 2021 with funds made available by the Friends of the Burke.Dr Roy Phillips' account of his life in Beechworth in the early part of the 20th Century is historically and socially significant to the cultural heritage of the region. He describes town life from a child's point of view during a time of transition to life after the Gold Rush era, including social tensions existing between cultural groups such as the Chinese community and European-heritage townspeople and between people of different religious groups in Beechworth. This oral history account is socially and historically significant as it is a part of a broader collection of interviews conducted by Jennifer Williams which were published in the book 'Listen to what they say: voices of twentieth-century Beechworth.' While the township of Beechworth is known for its history as a gold rush town, these accounts provide a unique insight into the day-to-day life of the town's residents during the 20th century, many of which will have now been lost if they had not been preserved.This is a digital copy of a recording that was originally captured on a cassette tape. The cassette tape is black with a horizontal white strip and is currently stored in a clear flat plastic rectangular container. It holds up 40 minutes of recordings on each side.Dr Roy Phillips /beechworth, yackandandah, wangaratta, mining, dredging, 1910s, 1920s, 1930s, chinese community, typhoid, lake kerferd, reminiscences, memories, childhood, lake sambell, alcoholism, new year celebrations, transport, horses, foresters lodge, oddfellows lodge, funeral practices, child-rearing practices, star hotel, the rock, racism, chinese dragon, benevolent society, star lane coach building factory, outdoor concerts, gold, jimmy ingram, kelly gang, kelly family, churches, catholic, methodist, protestant, anglican, confuscionist, buddhism, women's christian temperance association, hotels, twentieth century, coronation of king george iv, echo point, the echo, tippany cat, marbles, children's games, cornish, cornwall, listen to what they say, oral history

This large, leather bound journal was made for the Public Library and Burke Museum in Beechworth by book manufacturer, William Detmold in 1875. It was commissioned by the President of the Library and Burke Museum committee, Dr Antoine Mousse, for the purpose of cataloguing all the items in the collection. The cataloguer was the curator at that time, William Morton, whose hand-writing appears in the journal today. When William Morton first started recording in this journal in 1875, there were already a number of existing items in the institution. The Public Library and Burke Museum in Beechworth had actually been operating since the 1850s; first as a Young Men’s Association in 1856, then as Beechworth Athenaeum in 1858, then as the Beechworth Public Library in 1860. Then in 1861 when news of the death of Beechworth’s former police superintended, Robert O’Hara Burke, reached the town, it was agreed that the Public Library would also become a museum to tribute his legacy, renaming it as the ‘Public Library and Robert O’Hara Burke Memorial Museum, Beechworth’. Many of the items from the early institutions would have been used to form the nucleus of this new organisation. Plus, the additional items that were either collected or donated to develop it into a museum. The catalogue is extensive. There are exactly 461 pages of recorded items, each page detailing the various collections the museum acquired in the late 19th century. Collections recorded in this catalogue include a large collection of geological specimens, that were given to the museum in 1868 by the Geological Survey Department of Victoria. A large collection of taxidermy mounts, that were given to the museum as skins by the Museum of Australia in 1865. An extensive collection of Aboriginal artefacts that were purchased from amateur anthropologist R. E . Johns in 1868. As well as artworks, charts, photographs, machinery, maps etc., all of which have been held in the museum since. This catalogue also details the governance and management of the organisation. There were originally 30 rules that governed the actions for the management committee and, while anyone could read in the free library, only subscribers could borrow two books and one periodical. At first, subscriptions rates were 7/6 a quarter. This was later changed to £1 per annum, paid quarterly in advance. This was a considerable amount; 7/6 per quarter meant that the annual fee was £1.10. This was equivalent to about £650.00 or about $1,182.00AUD today, while the reduced subscription fee of £1 a year was the equivalent to £450.00 or about $818.00AUD today. Membership of the athenaeum would have been the reserve of the town's notable citizens. The vale of the catalogue lies not only in its historical connect with the establishment of the Athenaeum and the current museum, but also in its record of the names and positions of all members of the institution's committees of management from 1875-1876. This is a unique object that contains important records for a notable country town. Large brown leather bound book made in 1875 for the Beechworth library and museum by William Detmond. Inside is a comprehensive and detailed itemised listing of the paintings, drawings, charts, photographs, specimens and books that entered the institution from 1850 -1882. non-fictionCover: RULES / CATALOGUE OF BOOKS / INVENTORY OF PICTURES, DRAWINGS, / MAPS, CHARTS, FURNITURE, SPECIMENS / OF THE / PUBLIC LIBRARY AND BURKE MUSEUM / BEECHWORTHburke museum, beechworth, catalogue, museum catalogue, 1875, william morton, william detmold, exposition universelle, ferdinand von mueller, public library, collection, book, leather bound, restored, digitised, robert o'hara burke, hand-written

This book reflects the changed nationalities of sailors on visiting ships with many being from the Asian subcontinent and South-East Asia.The logbook provides an insight into which ships and the origins of their crews were visiting Melbourne in 2005-2006 On a yellow post-it note stuck to the cover are the words: "Melbourne Visitors Log 29/10/05 to 08/05/06"logbook, visitor, sailors, seamen, seafarers, mission to seafarers, seamen mission, melbourne, flinders street, crew, nationality

The Mt Beauty tennis club was formed in the late 1940's. The number of players has varied as has the number and type of courts.Mt Beauty Tennis Club has been a part of Mt Beauty for many years involving many people. The history of the club identifies local people and the changes in the town and district regarding the popularity of tennis and tennis equipment.Paper records for the Mt Beauty Tennis Club. Minute book 1977 - 1983, 1983 - 1985, 1983 - 1990, 1991 -1999. Treasurer's book 1987 - 1996. Book tennis Competitions 1991, 1992, 1993, Rules and loose papers 1980's - 2006 and 3 types of cards Dinner Dance at the Workmen's Club, Picnic Cabaret at the Community Centre, and 1983 Tennis Club ball at Community Centremt beauty; tennis club; sport

This notebook has been used in the Nullawarre Post Office in the mid 1900s. It lists the telephone exchange codes of places in Victoria and also the code for the telephone charges to those places. Charles and Vida Williams were the Post Master and Post Mistress at Nullawarre Post Office during the mid 20th century years. Nullawarre is a small settlement 25 kilometres south east of Warrnambool and is mainly an agricultural area. European settlement first occurred in the late 1860s. This notebook is of some interest as one used in the day-to-day business of the Nullawarre Post Office in the mid 20th century.This is a notebook which was originally set up as a Postman’s Redirection Book but has been used to list alphabetically telephone exchange areas and their codes. The book has an alphabetical index on the side of the pages and printed black lines and hand-ruled lines on the pages. The cover is light brown with blue binding on the spine and the binding is partly giving way. There is black printing and handwritten writing on the front cover. The material on the pages is handwritten in blue ink and pencil. There is a blue stamp and some pieces of paper pasted into some pages. ‘Postman’s Redirection Book’ ‘Telephone Code Dialling & Charge Book’ ‘Nullawarre’

This is the roll book of the Warrnambool State School Cadet Corps. It covers the dates 1894 to 1896. The information in the note book contains the names of the male Cadets and their commanding officers, attendance details, some of the Corps rules and the total numbers in the Corps at the time ( 46 on the roll in 1894 and 39 on the roll in 1895.) The Cadet Corps in Warrnambool was operated by the local Volunteer Corps which was established in 1855 and had several name changes over the next fifty years. Warrnambool State School Cadet Corps was established in the mid 1880s and the local private Grammar School had a Cadet Corps at the same time. School Cadet Corps focussed on drill exercises, rifle target shooting and bayonet practice. This note book is of considerable interest as a record of the 19th Century Cadet Corps and the list of names provides researchers with important material.This is a small note book with a front hard cover, which is stained and the back cover missing. It is held together with opaque adhesive tape. The pages contain handwritten material in ink and pencil. There is one torn page .Roll Book of Warrnambool State School Cadet Corpswarrnambool cadet corps, warrnambool state school

George Lee Lawrence (1901–1976) established a firm in Chicago to make slide rules for photography. In 1935 he moved to Wabash, Ind., renamed the company Lawrence Engineering Service, and began to manufacture general purpose slide rules. In 1938 he relocated once more to Peru, Ind., and in 1947 it was changed to Engineering Instruments, Inc., and the company remained in business until its building burned down in 1967. The model 10-B sold for 25 cents during this period. There is no record that Lawrence ever received a patent for any aspect of his design or manufacturing process.Used up to the 1960s prior to the invention of the electronic calculator.10 inch one-sided wooden slide rule painted white on the front face, which consists of two divided scales, one fixed and on movable, and a sliding window called a cursor. A, D, and K scales are on the base, and B, CI, and C scales the inside of the slide. The underside of the rule is marked with: tables for equivalents and conversions. Housed in cardboard box with instruction booklet.The top of the base is marked: MADE IN U.S.A. It is also marked ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTS, INC., PERU, INDIANA and PAT. PEND. Underside: This Famous Slide Rule... at a popular price. Solves Problems in Multiplication, Division, Proportion, Squares Roots, Cubes and Cube Roots, Reciprocals, etc., Instantly. Accurately Calibrated White Face on Well Seasoned Hardwood. Both ends of box: MODEL 10B-BK Price of 15 shillings handwritten on box.slide rule, mathematics

Published as 6 supplements to the Herald Sun in 1996, each has a different focus: Memorable moments, The big grabs, The tough men, Glamor and the glory, Changing the game, and, The medal winners.Six 16-page supplements to the Herald Sun. Black and white text with some colour images.australian rules football

In October 1982 the Australian Transsexual Association (ATA), supported by the Gay Solidarity Group (GSG), staged the first transgender protest in Australia. The protest was held to challenge a recent judgement against two transgender women, who a Magistrate ruled were men. In response NSW Attorney-General said that ‘Attorneys-General of the six states had committed to new legislation to recognise the validity of sex changes’.transsexual, transgender

This book is a register of land holders with miners' rights. The correspondence is associated with applications for miners' rights on privately owned land and business sites. They include application fotrms and objections to registrations. The areas referred to are Combienbar, Goongerah, Club Terrace, Wombat Creek and Dundong. One of the privileges under the Mines Act, conferred by the holding of a miner's right until 1935 was that of residence on up to one acre on a gold-fields area. Those occupying a residence area were "deemed in law to be possessed ... of such ... parcels ... and the property therein".This is a useful research tool.A large, heavy book with a grey cloth cover and red spine. The end papers are marbled. The inside pages are ruled in grey with red ruled columns. Entries are hand-written. There are copies of correspondence inside. Details given are the registration number and date, the name of the person, the number of the miner's right and its date, a description of the allotment and any remarks or references to other volumes. Any changes of ownership are shown. The book is mostly unused.register-mining miners-rights

The Australian Customs Service, Melbourne, donated a set of gauging instruments, and Port Fairy Customs donated another instrument, the Sike’s Hydrometer, to Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village, all of which were no longer required. However these ullaging tools were in use for many years by Customs officials, called Gaugers. Ullaging is a term describing the measurement of the amount of liquid remaining in a container of spirits such as a cask or barrel. It can also measure the free space or head space remaining. The primary role of customs officers in Victoria was to calculate the tariff or excise duty payable on goods imported into Victoria. (Excise duty is a tax on goods produced within a country, and customs duty is imposed on imports.) Customs officers spent a great deal of their time measuring and weighing goods, and then calculating the amount of duty to be paid by the importer. The tariffs for different products varied, and officers consulted published lists. Calculating the duty payable on a barrel of brandy was a detailed task. The gauger had to measure the barrel to determine its volume. Barrels were irregular in shape, and finding the volume required several measurements and checking tables of figures. Alcoholic content was then measured with a hydrometer. The duty paid varied according to the alcoholic strength of the spirits. Uniform national customs and excise duties were operative in Australia from October 1901. These tools were still being used in Australia in the 1950’s. The Federal Government still imposes excise taxes on goods such as cigarettes, petrol, and alcohol. The rates imposed may change in February and August each year in response to changes in the consumer price index. ULLAGING TOOLS (1) Head Rod - this instrument measures the diameter of the heads (top and bottom ends) of a cask or barrel. The shaped brass pieces on the head rod enable the diameter of a barrel to be measured inside the chimes at the head end. The slide rule could then be used to calculate the internal volume of the barrel. On the reverse side is a set of ullaging scales, used like those on any ullaging rule, to calculate the volume of liquid in a partially filled barrel. (2) Bung Rod – this instrument measures the diameter of a cask or barrel when it is lying on its side. It is a rod that fits into the ‘bung’ hole of a cask and is long enough be extended to reach the opposite side of the cask. The brass sliding pointer can be moved to mark the ‘wet’ line. When the rod is removed the bung measurement can be read from the scale on the rod. (3) Long Calipers - this instrument measures the length of the cask between the heads. It has two rules sliding beside each other, each end having another piece of wood fixed firmly at right angles downwards then turned inwards at the ends so as to reach over the heads of the casks without touching the projecting ends. The centre pieces enable it to extend or contract, changing the distance between the two other parallel sides, the distance they are apart being shown by the rule on the sliding pieces. (4) Cross Calipers – this instrument is used to take the bung diameters of casks, or "the Cross " as it is called. This instrument has two rules sliding beside each other, each end having another piece of wood fixed firmly at right angles downwards, together forming a 3 sides of a rectangle with the centre pieces enabling it to extended or contracted, changing the distance between the two other parallel sides, the distance they are apart being shown by a the rule on the sliding pieces. (5) Sike’s Hydrometer – this instrument is used to gauge the strength of different alcoholic spirits when fitted with the different weights in the set. Every set is individually calibrated to ensure that it meets the exact Standard Weight and Measure compliance, then every piece in that set is stamped with the same number by the Calibrator, to ensure that the measurements are taken using the same hydrometer set. [References: A Handbook of Practical Gauging, Janes Boddely Keene of H.M. Customs, 1861, F. Pitman, London; Customs Act, Volume 2, No. 1, April 1999; Old Customs House website ] Head Rod, ullaging gauge. Long wooden rod made of three joined sections, brass hook on end, sliding centre section with hook, measurements marked along each section as on a slide rule. Used for measuring diameter of heads of casks in order for Customs to calculate excise (tax) on the contentsflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, head rod, gauging rod, ullaging rods, measuring instruments, customs tax

This three-dimensional Distant Signal is part of a Flagstaff Signal set of ball, cone and drum shapes. It has been woven and then fabricated with strong metal swivel fittings and loops for suspending from a high point on a flagstaff at a signal station or on a ship’s masthead. The cane signal was constructed to withstand all weather and to be visible from a long distance. The gaps between the woven cane allow air to pass through, minimising possible swaying. Similar sets were made from rope or fabric. Warrnambool's Flagstaff was erected in 1854. Its primary use was to display visual signals that could convey messages between land and sea. It was also used to notify the local population of the approach of ships. One of the popular signalling codes in use in the early-to-mid 1800s was the Marryat’s Code but there were others in use as well; there was no one standard code. In 1857 the International Marine Conference adopted an International Code of Signals as a standard communications system for all vessels that could be understood in many different languages. The Normanby Advertiser reported on June 5th 1857 a query from the Post Master General as to whether the request of the Chief Harbour Master would be carried out, in that Warrnambool would receive a new flagstaff and a set of Marryatt’s signal flags. The Table of Codes was published, showing how to use combinations of these flags to send messages. The Code was revised in 1887 to cover situations where distance, light, wind and weather conditions affected the visibility of the flags and prevented clear communication. The first report of the International Code of Signals Committee of 1897 warned signalmen not to rely on ordinary semaphore flags and introduced a Distant Signal Code using either particular semaphore flags or the three-dimensional shapes of a ball, cone and drum that aligned with the semaphore flag shapes of a circle, pennant and square. International Code of Signals In 1931, after World War I’s experiences in using signal codes, the International Code of Signals conference in Washington revised and published the rules for the conduct of signalling. One of the changes was that “the use of the Distant Signals and of fixed semaphore was abandoned”. It is of interest to know that modern marine law in many countries insists that a set of Day Shapes must be carried onboard vessels of a certain size. These highly visible geometric shapes are used at sea in daylight to communicate messages between vessels. They are used in a similar way to the Distant Signals, in that different combinations of shapes represent different messages. The set of shapes includes a ball, cylinder, cone and diamond. The shapes are hung between the top of the vessel’s foremast and the front of the vessel. They are only coloured black and are about 1.5 metres high. The vertical line of shapes can mean messages such as Boat not under command, Fishing, and Under sail and power.Distant Signals were an important means of marine communication from the late 1880s to the early 1930s, including during World War I. They were an advancement to the International Shipping Codes and safety. The cane signals’ shapes appear to be the same from whatever direction they are viewed, removing confusion about the message they convey. The same shapes continue to be used today for the sets of Day Shapes used as marine navigational signals that are mandatory on certain-sized vessels.Distant Signal Ball, part of a Flagstaff signal set. A round woven cane ball, painted black, with a metal rod passing through the centre. The rod has a loop at each end, then a concave, octagonal metal plate that rests on the outside surface of the ball, serving as a washer. The rod has swivels at each end.flagstaff hill, flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, warrnambool, maritime museum, maritime village, great ocean road, shipwreck coast, distant signal, signal, maritime signal, ball signal, signal shape, flagstaff signal, signal station, masthead signal, communications, marine technology, signals, marine signals, flaghoists, international marine conference, international code of signals, signal codes, marine safety, signal flags, day shape, daymark, day symbol, navigation, warrnambool flagstaff, 1854, 1857 1931, 1887, 1897

This three-dimensional Distant Signal is part of a Flagstaff Signal set of ball, cone and drum shapes. It has been woven and then fabricated with strong metal swivel fittings and loops for suspending from a high point on a flagstaff at a signal station or on a ship’s masthead. The cane signal was constructed to withstand all weather and to be visible from a long distance. The gaps between the woven cane allow air to pass through, minimising possible swaying. Similar sets were made from rope or fabric. Warrnambool's Flagstaff was erected in 1854. Its primary use was to display visual signals that could convey messages between land and sea. It was also used to notify the local population of the approach of ships. One of the popular signalling codes in use in the early-to-mid 1800s was the Marryat’s Code but there were others in use as well; there was no one standard code. In 1857 the International Marine Conference adopted an International Code of Signals as a standard communications system for all vessels that could be understood in many different languages. The Normanby Advertiser reported on June 5th 1857 a query from the Post Master General as to whether the request of the Chief Harbour Master would be carried out, in that Warrnambool would receive a new flagstaff and a set of Marryatt’s signal flags. The Table of Codes was published, showing how to use combinations of these flags to send messages. The Code was revised in 1887 to cover situations where distance, light, wind and weather conditions affected the visibility of the flags and prevented clear communication. The first report of the International Code of Signals Committee of 1897 warned signalmen not to rely on ordinary semaphore flags and introduced a Distant Signal Code using either particular semaphore flags or the three-dimensional shapes of a ball, cone and drum that aligned with the semaphore flag shapes of a circle, pennant and square. International Code of Signals In 1931, after World War I’s experiences in using signal codes, the International Code of Signals conference in Washington revised and published the rules for the conduct of signalling. One of the changes was that “the use of the Distant Signals and of fixed semaphore was abandoned”. It is of interest to know that modern marine law in many countries insists that a set of Day Shapes must be carried onboard vessels of a certain size. These highly visible geometric shapes are used at sea in daylight to communicate messages between vessels. They are used in a similar way to the Distant Signals, in that different combinations of shapes represent different messages. The set of shapes includes a ball, cylinder, cone and diamond. The shapes are hung between the top of the vessel’s foremast and the front of the vessel. They are only coloured black and are about 1.5 metres high. The vertical line of shapes can mean messages such as Boat not under command, Fishing, and Under sail and power.Distant Signals were an important means of marine communication from the late 1880s to the early 1930s, including during World War I. They were an advancement to the International Shipping Codes and safety. The cane signals’ shapes appear to be the same from whatever direction they are viewed, removing confusion about the message they convey. The same shapes continue to be used today for the sets of Day Shapes used as marine navigational signals that are mandatory on certain-sized vessels.Distant Signal Cone, part of a Flagstaff signal set. A woven cane cone, painted black, with a metal rod passing through the centre and two crossed metal bars at the base. The central rod has a loop at the top and passes through the bars at the base, finishing in a metal loop. The rod has swivels at each end.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, shipwreck coast, marine navigation, marine communications, communication signal, lifesaving, ship at sea, day shape, masthead signal, day signal, day mark signals, marine technology, safety equipment, navigation equipment, marine day shape, day marker, cane day shape, signal cone, day signal cone, cone signal, cone day shape, distant signal, flagstaff signal, signal station, communications, signals, marine signals, flaghoists, international marine conference, international code of signals, signal codes, marine safety, signal flags, daymark, day symbol, navigation, warrnambool flagstaff, 1854, 1857 1931, 1887, 1897

This three-dimensional Distant Signal is part of a Flagstaff Signal set of ball, cone and drum shapes. It has been woven and then fabricated with strong metal swivel fittings and loops for suspending from a high point on a flagstaff at a signal station or on a ship’s masthead. The cane signal was constructed to withstand all weather and to be visible from a long distance. The gaps between the woven cane allow air to pass through, minimising possible swaying. Similar sets were made from rope or fabric. Warrnambool's Flagstaff was erected in 1854. Its primary use was to display visual signals that could convey messages between land and sea. It was also used to notify the local population of the approach of ships. One of the popular signalling codes in use in the early-to-mid 1800s was the Marryat’s Code but there were others in use as well; there was no one standard code. In 1857 the International Marine Conference adopted an International Code of Signals as a standard communications system for all vessels that could be understood in many different languages. The Normanby Advertiser reported on June 5th 1857 a query from the Post Master General as to whether the request of the Chief Harbour Master would be carried out, in that Warrnambool would receive a new flagstaff and a set of Marryatt’s signal flags. The Table of Codes was published, showing how to use combinations of these flags to send messages. The Code was revised in 1887 to cover situations where distance, light, wind and weather conditions affected the visibility of the flags and prevented clear communication. The first report of the International Code of Signals Committee of 1897 warned signalmen not to rely on ordinary semaphore flags and introduced a Distant Signal Code using either particular semaphore flags or the three-dimensional shapes of a ball, cone and drum that aligned with the semaphore flag shapes of a circle, pennant and square. International Code of Signals In 1931, after World War I’s experiences in using signal codes, the International Code of Signals conference in Washington revised and published the rules for the conduct of signalling. One of the changes was that “the use of the Distant Signals and of fixed semaphore was abandoned”. It is of interest to know that modern marine law in many countries insists that a set of Day Shapes must be carried onboard vessels of a certain size. These highly visible geometric shapes are used at sea in daylight to communicate messages between vessels. They are used in a similar way to the Distant Signals, in that different combinations of shapes represent different messages. The set of shapes includes a ball, cylinder, cone and diamond. The shapes are hung between the top of the vessel’s foremast and the front of the vessel. They are only coloured black and are about 1.5 metres high. The vertical line of shapes can mean messages such as Boat not under command, Fishing, and Under sail and power.Distant Signals were an important means of marine communication from the late 1880s to the early 1930s, including during World War I. They were an advancement to the International Shipping Codes and safety. The cane signals’ shapes appear to be the same from whatever direction they are viewed, removing confusion about the message they convey. The same shapes continue to be used today for the sets of Day Shapes used as marine navigational signals that are mandatory on certain-sized vessels.Distant Signal Ball, part of a Flagstaff signal set. A round woven cane ball, painted black, with a metal rod passing through the centre. The rod has a loop at each end, then a concave, octagonal metal plate that rests on the outside surface of the ball, serving as a washer. The rod has swivels at each end.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, shipwreck coast, marine navigation, marine communications, communication signal, lifesaving, ship at sea, day shape, masthead signal, day signal, day mark signals, marine technology, safety equipment, navigation equipment, marine day shape, day marker, cane day shape, signal ball, day signal ball, ball signal, ball day shape, distant signal, flagstaff signal, signal station, communications, signals, marine signals, flaghoists, international marine conference, international code of signals, signal codes, marine safety, signal flags, daymark, day symbol, navigation, warrnambool flagstaff, 1854, 1857 1931, 1887, 1897

This three-dimensional Distant Signal is part of a Flagstaff Signal set of ball, cone and drum shapes. It has been woven and then fabricated with strong metal swivel fittings and loops for suspending from a high point on a flagstaff at a signal station or on a ship’s masthead. The cane signal was constructed to withstand all weather and to be visible from a long distance. The gaps between the woven cane allow air to pass through, minimising possible swaying. Similar sets were made from rope or fabric. Warrnambool's Flagstaff was erected in 1854. Its primary use was to display visual signals that could convey messages between land and sea. It was also used to notify the local population of the approach of ships. One of the popular signalling codes in use in the early-to-mid 1800s was the Marryat’s Code but there were others in use as well; there was no one standard code. In 1857 the International Marine Conference adopted an International Code of Signals as a standard communications system for all vessels that could be understood in many different languages. The Normanby Advertiser reported on June 5th 1857 a query from the Post Master General as to whether the request of the Chief Harbour Master would be carried out, in that Warrnambool would receive a new flagstaff and a set of Marryatt’s signal flags. The Table of Codes was published, showing how to use combinations of these flags to send messages. The Code was revised in 1887 to cover situations where distance, light, wind and weather conditions affected the visibility of the flags and prevented clear communication. The first report of the International Code of Signals Committee of 1897 warned signalmen not to rely on ordinary semaphore flags and introduced a Distant Signal Code using either particular semaphore flags or the three-dimensional shapes of a ball, cone and drum that aligned with the semaphore flag shapes of a circle, pennant and square. International Code of Signals In 1931, after World War I’s experiences in using signal codes, the International Code of Signals conference in Washington revised and published the rules for the conduct of signalling. One of the changes was that “the use of the Distant Signals and of fixed semaphore was abandoned”. It is of interest to know that modern marine law in many countries insists that a set of Day Shapes must be carried onboard vessels of a certain size. These highly visible geometric shapes are used at sea in daylight to communicate messages between vessels. They are used in a similar way to the Distant Signals, in that different combinations of shapes represent different messages. The set of shapes includes a ball, cylinder, cone and diamond. The shapes are hung between the top of the vessel’s foremast and the front of the vessel. They are only coloured black and are about 1.5 metres high. The vertical line of shapes can mean messages such as Boat not under command, Fishing, and Under sail and power.Distant Signals were an important means of marine communication from the late 1880s to the early 1930s, including during World War I. They were an advancement to the International Shipping Codes and safety. The cane signals’ shapes appear to be the same from whatever direction they are viewed, removing confusion about the message they convey. The same shapes continue to be used today for the sets of Day Shapes used as marine navigational signals that are mandatory on certain-sized vessels.Distant Signal Cone, part of a Flagstaff signal set. A woven cane cone, painted black, with a metal rod passing through the centre and two crossed metal bars at the base. The central rod has a loop at the top and passes through the bars at the base, finishing in a metal loop. The rod has swivels at each end.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, shipwreck coast, marine navigation, marine communications, communication signal, lifesaving, ship at sea, day shape, masthead signal, day signal, day mark signals, marine technology, safety equipment, navigation equipment, marine day shape, day marker, cane day shape, signal cone, day signal cone, cone signal, cone day shape, distant signal, flagstaff signal, signal station, communications, signals, marine signals, flaghoists, international marine conference, international code of signals, signal codes, marine safety, signal flags, daymark, day symbol, navigation, warrnambool flagstaff, 1854, 1857 1931, 1887, 1897