The two glass water containers/bottles are thought to have been used in railway passenger trains in the c. 1900s. The Wodonga train line and train station opened in November 1873 when the section of the line from Wangaratta to Wodonga was completed. The expansion of Victorian Railways to the northeast of Victoria occurred after the Victorian Government took over the railways in 1867 and the trains serviced large towns such as Seymour, Wangaratta and Wodonga, as well as smaller towns along the way.The two glass water containers/bottles have historic significance as examples of the equipment used in passenger trains in Australia in the c. 1900s.Two clear glass water containers/bottles with a narrow neck and flaring body, which were used in railway passenger trains c. 1900s. The slightly taller water container/bottle has a metal chain around the neck." c / NSW / TD" on the base of the taller water container.railways water containers, passenger train water containers, passenger trains water bottles, glass water bottles, railway equipment

3 x water bottles:- 1. Silver Sunrise stainless Pat Appn 6368/42 water bottle with handle. 2. Silver Tower water bottle. 3. Pottery, Erwen Lucac Bols Het Lootsje Amsterdam - Tolley's Brandy water bottle.water containers

The plastic green 1.5 litre water container is enclosed inside a fitted outer carrier. The water bottle has a secure screw lid, this combination is missing the universal mess canteen.1. Plastic bottle, “FOR WATER ONLY DO NOT APPLY CANTEEN TO OPEN FLAME OR BURNER PLATES” “HCMIL 1981^ 8465-66-086-8349” passchendaele barracks trust, water bottle, outer carrier

The plastic green 1,5 litre water container is enclosed inside the stainless steel universal mess canteen. The water bottle has a secure screw lid, this combination is missing the outer carrier.1. "FOR WATER ONLY DO NOT APPLY CANTEEN TO OPEN FLAME OR BURNER PLATES" “BMW 1989^ 8465-66-086-8349. RATGMFORD?” 2. “STOKES AUSTRALASIA 8465-66-068-5567 1986^”passchendaele barracks trust, water bottle, canteen

Circa 1920s petrol driven cross saw. It was mainly used cross cutting felled logs The Land on which the Menzies Creek railway station and Museum are built on was once apart of James Hermon's & his son William Hermon's property on which this Drag Saw was used. reference : Jinkers and Whims: A Pictorial History of Timber-Getting By Jack BradshawHistoric - Industrial Timber working petrol driven cross saw - Drag SawLarge, mechanical saw mounted on a steel shaft connected to tin fuel and water containers. The machine has two large spoked wheels, a rotating Crankshaft and an extended arm/rod attached to a crank and flywheel.New Record puffing billy, drag saw, timber cutting, early mechanical equipment, james hermon & sons, menzies creek, 1920s

Standard issue to soldiers serving in WW1.This canteen was carried by Laurence Stoneman’s great uncle during his service, WW1.Lidded metal water container, covered in felt faded fabric. Leather shoulder strap broken. Lid removed is a small cup with ring handle. Leather around canteen intact. Lid looped through leather strap. There are no markings or inscriptions visible.ww1, canteen, water bottle

Black & white photo of two Australian soldiers wearing slouch hats behind a Vickers M6 gun on a large tripod with water container & ammunition boxes beside it. The small photo has been printed on larger photo paper.photography-photographs, military history-army, arms-ordnance, vickers

Refer Reg No's 3006 & 3008. Item issued to Peter Ball 3796117, refer Cat No 4704Water bottle carrier, green colour, webbing & water proof material, felt lined, has 2 press stud flaps to close around the bottle, rear has 2 sorts of metal keepers for attachment to webbing belt.P BALLcontainers, water bottle, military

Water bottle, kidney shape, plastic, green colour with attached screw on lid, on on side and base raised lettering and numbering.On one side,”For Water only, do not apply to open flame or burner plate. Under neath, “ BMW 1989 (arrow up) 8465 - 66 - 086 - 8349”containers, water, military,

.1) Water bottle, metal, blue colour, slightly curved kidney shaped with cork stopper. .2) Bottle holder, brown leather consisting of 3 straps around with 2 metal rings at top with a shoulder strap attached, adjustable and a canvas webbing shoulder piece.containers water, bottles, webbing

Ceramic hot water bottles were common in the 19th and early 20th centuries. As well as filling hot water containers to warm your bed, you could buy earthenware bottles to use as foot warmers or hand warmers too. Earlier foot warmers used to hold hot coals, or glowing wood, not warm water. In the same way, traditional bed warmers filled with embers were once more usual than hot water bottles.Ceramic foot warmer glazed in cream with a decoration of lattice and pink roses.Maker stamp on base: "The Mecca Foot Warmer / Made in finest English Ivory Ware / Reg. No. 571373 / No sharp corners / Warming Pan / Stone-Trent Englandfoot warmer, household item, bedroom item

Estimated date when used 1950'sTeapot holder for travelling made with yellow, flower patterned, vinyl material covering and thickly padded red striped felt lining has cavity to fit teapot or hot water container. Gold metal trim around opening with loops on metal handle to rest two gold balls on other side when holder is closed - similar to a large purse. Red vinyl base has four gold metal balls on corners.teapot, carrier

Hand operated washing machine - plunger type - a central cone plunger attached to a fulcrum point (adjustable in height) on side with a long arm. Depth of plunger action also adjustable. All mounted on a three leg frame. Container is slightly coned shaped at bottom and has a drain tap at bottom for emptying water. Container can also be lifted off. Provision made for attachment of a wringer (this could be a later modification). Plunger is approx 37cm in diameter and has four 1.5cm holes for water to be forced through. Unit is galvanised steel but frame appears to have been painted with 'Silverfros'.On Side of container - 'The Zwar' VACUUM Washing Machine Patent No 2089/31domestic items, laundering

WWII historic signficanceMilitary water bottle in khaki container with webbing shoulder strap. Blue enamel body with felt covering (for insulation). Held approximately 1 litre. Had a cork stopper. The name 'ELLISON' is written on the strap

This series of photos depicts appliances and equipment kept within easy reach in a kitchen. The photos, date-stamped "89 1 5", were taken during a visit to the home of Arthritis Foundation of Victoria member, Margaret. They were taken to accompany an article by Occupational Therapist, Pat Dwyer. Titled, 'Suggestions for independent living', the article and accompanying photo appear on page 10 of the Vol 2 No 1, March 1989 issue of the Arthritis Foundation of Victoria's quarterly magazine, Arthritis Update. It outlines the steps taken by Margaret to facilitate the daily challenges of living independently with arthritis. In this photo, a cat sits in front of its food and water bowls - a plastic tub and bucket which have had long strings attached to them. Instead of the arthritic pet-owner having to bend down to the floor to fill the cat's food and water bowls, the container and bucket can be gently lowered or raised to and from the floor, as required, with minimal effort. Although this particular photo was not published, it is a good example of a home-made arthritis aid.B&W photo of a cat sitting in front of a food container and small bucket, both of which have strings attached to them. Behind the container and bucket is a cupboard. The photo is date-stamped "89 1 5" in white text on the bottom left side of the image layer. This self-made kitchen aid is described in an article on page 10 of the March, 1989 edition of Arthritis Update in an article by Occupational Therapist, Pat Dwyer. Titled 'Suggestions for independent living', it outlines the steps taken by Arthritis Foundation member, Margaret, to facilitate the daily tasks involved when living independently.[In blue ink on a yellow sticky note] Cat at feed bowl, strings for hoisting container to bench height are visible.arthritis foundation of victoria, afv, rheumatism and arthritis association of victoria, raav, pat dwyer, occupational therapist, ot, arthritic aids, kitchen aids, kitchen gadgets, home-made aids, cat bowl, cat, feeding pets, living with arthritis, living independently, pain management, arthritis update, 1989

A series of sixty one articles written by Leighton Rawlings and published in the Bendigo Weekly between 2000 and 2003. Each article details a collectable item and its history. Each article includes a photograph. The articles are stored in a white vinyl covered two ring A5 folder. Index below. Collectors” Corner Number Article Name Date 1. Miner’s Food Tins 21/2/2003 2. Bendigo Girls High School Jubilee Magazine 28/03/2003 3. Bendigo’s Juvenile & Industrial Exhibition 28/02/2003 4. Bendigo’s 59TH Grand Spring Show Program 7/03/2003 5. Bendigo’s Mayfair Distributors 9/08/2002 6. Celebration of Bendigo’s 1951 Gold Centenary 31/01/2003 7. Souvenir of American Naval Visit to Bendigo 6/09/2002 8. Back Seat Driver’s Licence 4/04/2003 9. Antique Shearing Documents 19/07/2002 10. Angus Mackay’s Top Hat and Exquisite Hat Case 2/08/2002 11. Early Morse Code Key Set 9/02/2001 12. Antique Produce Weighing Scales 16/02/2001 13. Bendigo Aerated Water Containers 14. Bendigo’s “Poppet Head” Bottle 14/12/2001 15. 1901 Federal Parliament Medallion 18/05/2001 16. Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Medallion 1/06/2001 17. Prince of Wales Visit to Eaglehawk 8/06/2001 18. The Beehive Store Sales Docket 15/06/2001 19. Australia’s First Newspaper 22/06/2001 20. Australia’s First Newspaper 29/06/2001 21. Bendigo City Jubilee Ball 6/07/2001 22. Bendigo’s Busy Red Emporium 1 3/07/2001 23. “Saintly” Memorabillia (sic) of a Bygone Era 20/07/2002 24. Historical Bendigo Lodge Certificate 28/09/2001 25. Bendigo Agricultural Show 19/10/2001 26. Victorian Railway’s Smoke Social Invitation 5/10/2001 27. Early Award Medallions 6/03/1998 28. Home Delivery Grocer 26/10/2001 29. Swimming Proficiency Medallion 9/11/2001 30. 1950’s Road Travel Ticket Collection 27/07/2001 31. Glover’s Soft Drink Bottle 3/08/2001 32. Antique Leggo’s Bottles 10/08/2001 33. Collectable Documents 17/08/2001 34. Broadcast Listener’s Licence 31/08/2001 35. Antique Board Game 7/09/2001 36. Century Old Memorabilia Returns to Sacred Heart Cathedral 30/11/2001 37. California Hill Methodist Church Memorabilia 21/12/2001 38. Goldfield Wax Matched Tin Box 4/01/2002 39. Memorabilia of a Bendigo Lodge Member Nov 2001 40. Eaglehawk General Store Memorabilia Nov 2001 41. Bendigo’s Rescue Home Memorabilia 18/01/2002 42. Automobile Parts House Memorabilia 11/01/2002 43. Antique Insurance Certificates 1/02/2002 44. The Universal Self Instructor 8/02/2002 45. Automobile Parts House Memorabilia – Part 2 15/02/2002 46. Miner’s Hard Hat 1/03/2002 47. Antique Bendigo Medicine Bottle 8/03/2002 48. British Prime Ministers Visit Memorabilia 22/03/02 49. Bendigo’s Sun Newspaper 28/3/2002 50. Bendigo Grocer’s Memorabilia 5/04/2002 51. The Universal Self Instructor 52. Gold Mining Company Documents 31/05/2002 53. Bendigo Motoring Memorabilia 17/05/2002 54. Bendigo Carriage to Motoring Memorabilia 24/05/2002 55. Bendigo Easter Fair and Grand National Show Medals 13/09/2002 56. Official Trades Union Directory 1949 27/09/2002 57. The 1889 Pickles & Sons Challenge Cup 4/10/2002 58. Chico Roll goes “Gold” 21/12/2001 59. What’s It Worth by Ken Arnold. Money Box 28/09/2001 60. What’s It Worth by Ken Arnold. Bottle 5/10/2001 61. What’s It Worth by Ken Arnold. Jar 10/01/2003collectables, leighton rawlings

It is no secret that copper is currently experiencing a huge upsurge in popularity. This is mainly thanks to its beautiful colour featuring heavily in the ranges of countless homeware retailers. There is, however, far more to this lustrous metal than just its appearance. For example, it has a greater level of thermal conductivity than any other metal (except silver); roughly 60% higher than aluminium and 3000% higher than stainless steel. This means copper is capable of heating up very quickly when compared to other metals. Perhaps a less commonly known property of copper is it being inherently antimicrobial. A wide range of harmful microbes are unable to survive for more than a couple of hours when in contact with a surface made of copper or one of its alloys (brass and bronze). This has led to it often being used for frequently touched surfaces such as door knobs, push plates and taps. A seemingly perfect material for cooking, it is therefore no surprise that it has been used in kitchens for millennia. But exactly when did we learn to utilise copper and its valuable assets? Origins It is hard to pin down an exact date when copper cookware was first introduced. Pieces discovered in regions of the middle east were dated as far back as 9000BC, suggesting cooking with copper began during the Neolithic period (≈10000-2000BC). As civilisations became increasingly capable in metallurgical techniques, metals such as copper became more widely used. It would have been around this time that copper replaced stone as the material used for making tools and cooking vessels. The use of copper is also well documented in Ancient Egypt. Not only was it used to produce water and oil containers, but it was also used to in medical practices. The antimicrobial nature of copper was exploited long before the concept of microorganisms was fully understood. The Smith Papyrus, a medical text written between 2600 and 2200BC records the use of copper in sterilising wounds and drinking water. Tin Lining Although copper is essential to many processes within the human body, it can become toxic if consumed in excess. It was this knowledge that gave rise to lining cookware with tin, a technique used for hundreds of years to prevent copper leaching in to food. These tin linings would eventually wear out and during the 18th and 19th century, it was common for people to send pans away to be re-tinned. This practice is becoming increasingly rare, as are the craftsmen who perform it. Despite this, there are still manufactures producing tin-lined copper cookware who also offer a re-lining service. Perhaps the best known of these is Mauviel, a French manufacturer who have been making this type of cookware since 1830. Tin has now largely been replaced by stainless steel as an interior cooking surface. Not only is it more cost effective, but the high grade of stainless steel used in premium cookware (typically 18/10) is highly resistant to corrosion and more durable than tin.Copper saucepans are still used in many kitchens.Small copper saucepan with long handle and three ridges around the circumference. Extensive corrosion.None.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, copper, saucepans, kitchen equipment

The heavy cast iron, round lid was originally fastened into a large, riveted metal box, known as a ship tank. It has the name ‘John Bellamy London’ cast in capitals in a continuous circle on the outer edge of the lid face, and the words ‘Byng St Millwall’ on the inner circle. , of Millwall, London, manufactured boilers and ship tanks from the 1860s to the 1930s and came from a family of tank makers who began manufacturing tanks some time before 1856. Ship tanks were invented in 1808 by notable engineer, Richard Trevithick and his associate John Dickinson. Their patent obtained the same year described the tank’s superior cubic shape that allowed it to fit squarely as a container in vessels and thus use space efficiently, while its metal fabric preserved and secured its liquid or solid contents from damage. The containers revolutionised the movement of goods by ship and made wooden casks redundant. Research by Michael Pearson has determined that they were carried on passages to Australia from at least the 1830s conveying ships’ victuals and water storage, as well as general goods heading for the colonies. Pearson found photographic evidence of their use in the 1860s, and by the 1870s they appeared to be in common use. lids surviving from containers indicate that nearly all the tanks transported to Australia came from London manufacturers. It was usual for the brand name to also feature as a stencil on the tank but in most cases this eventually wore off. A tank without its original stencil survives at Wilsons Promontory. Tanks transporting ‘drinking water or perishable dry goods were hermetically sealed by the use of the tightly fitting lid with a rubber sealing ring ‘which was screwed tight with the aid of lugs cast into the lid and wedges cast into the rim of the loading hole’. The raised iron rod welded across the outer face of many lids such as the Bellamy example, allowed for screwing the lid tight. Once in the colonies, the ship tanks were often recycled and adapted for many resourceful uses such as packing cases, dog kennels, water tanks, oil containers and food stores and this invariably led to the separation of the lid and tank. The Bellamy lid could have been salvaged from a shipwreck but is more likely to have to have originated from a recycled tank that was brought to the lightstation for water storage purposes. Pearson writes that: Ship tanks show up at a wide range of sites, many of them isolated like lighthouses. They were, I think, usually taken there for the purposes they filled, usually water storage, as they were readily available, relatively light to transport, and probably very cheap to buy as second-hand goods containers. In rural areas they may have been scavenged for their new uses from local stores, to whom goods were delivered in them. Parks Victoria has identified five tank lids in the lightstation collections covered by this project. In addition to the Bellamy lid at Point Hicks, they include a Bow brand lid at Point Hicks and another at Cape Otway, unidentified lids at Cape Otway and Wilsons Promontory. Pearson and Miles Lewis have each recorded two versions of the Bellamy trade name on the lids; one being ‘John Bellamy Byng St. London’; the other, ‘John Bellamy Byng St. Millwall London’. The Point Hicks lid has the second version of the name, as do other examples in Victoria that Lewis has identified at Illawarra, Toorak; Warrock homestead, Casterton; Eeyeuk homestead, Terang; Ward’s Mill, Kyneton; and Boisdale homestead near Maffra, and in NSW at Ayrdale Park, Wolumla; and Bishop’s Lodge, Hay. Pearson’s list includes the same lids in NSW at Tumbarumba; the Quarantine Station, Sydney; Willandra Station; Bedervale, Braidwood; Gunnedah Museum; Walla Walla and Macquarie Island. The Point Hicks lid is currently stored in the lighthouse although it is unlikely that its use had any association with this building. The lid is in good condition and retains the central bung. Pearson notes that ‘surviving lids are far less numerous than the tanks themselves, presumably because the uses to which the tanks were put did not require the lid to be retained’.347 The Bellamy ship tank lid has first level contributory significance for its historic values. Circular cast-iron disc with raised outer ridge with inscription. It also has an inner depression with inscription. Two metal sections form handles over inner depression. Hole in middle of disc.Around perimeter of outer edge "JOHN BELLAMY LONDON" Around inner area "BYNG ST MILLWALL"

Miss Evelyn Jensen was born in 1908 near Mytleford Road in Beechworth. Miss Jensen was a twin but she also had twelve brothers and sisters. Miss Jensen went to school when she was nine years old but did not enjoy it. Her father was a nozzleman and had a role in finding and collecting gold. More specifically, a nozzleman operated a steel barrel with an interchangeable brass nozzle that sprayed high pressure water onto rock and similar surfaces. This broke down the surface for gold to be found. Unfortunately, when he began most of the gold was already gone. Miss Jensen's mother died when Miss Jensen was sixteen. As a result, Miss Jensen had to take care of the children and run the house. This included looking after a few months old baby. Her father was away at work most days so all of the responsibility fell on her. Her grandmother was present but she was too old to help Miss Jensen. Miss Jensen and her family lived a very long way from the main town and often had to carry kerosene tins full of water half a mile to their house. This was because they have no access to water at their home. This lack of water also meant they had to either bathe in the creek or carry the water back home for a bath. On wash day, they washed their clothes in the creek too. Miss Jensen never married but continued to provide for her family. She spent her days gardening and cooking. They did not have much money so gardening was a way that they provided food for themselves. This oral history recording was part of a project conducted by Jennifer Williams in the year 2000 to capture the everyday life and struggles in Beechworth during the twentieth century. This project involved recording seventy oral histories on cassette tapes of local Beechworth residents which were then published in a book titled: Listen to what they say: voices of twentieth century Beechworth. These cassette tapes were digitised in July 2021 with funds made available by the Friends of the Burke.Miss Jensen's oral history is significant because it demonstrates the struggles of living remotely during this early part of the twentieth century. When Miss Jensen's mother died, she had to take on a lot of responsibility and did not have much support. This history sheds light on these struggles of being a young caregiver but it also gives details on how large families lived in isolated places. An example of this is the way that Miss Jensen often had to do the washing in the creek because that was the only place there was running water. In addition, Miss Jensen's story is significant because her father was a nozzleman. It indicates one of the processes was used to find gold. This oral history account is socially and historically significant as it is a part of a broader collection of interviews conducted by Jennifer Williams which were published in the book 'Listen to what they say: voices of twentieth-century Beechworth.' While the township of Beechworth is known for its history as a gold rush town, these accounts provide a unique insight into the day-to-day life of the town's residents during the 20th century, many of which will have now been lost if they had not been preserved.This is a digital copy of a recording that was originally captured on a cassette tape. The cassette tape is black with a horizontal white strip and is currently stored in a clear flat plastic rectangular container. It holds up 40 minutes of recordings on each sideEvelyn Jensen /mytleford road, beechworth, three mile creek, three mile beechworth, twin, nozzleman, goldrush, gold rush, work, mother, young mother, children, siblings, baby, grandmother, father, isolation, bush, water, watertanks, kerosene tins, wash day, bath day, creek, gardening, provide, poor, money, oral history, twentieth century, recording, story

This type of cast iron kettle was used by pioneer families, mainly rural in the early 1900's upon open fires. It provided a source of boiling water, in or mainly outside the kitchen of homesteads. Early homes often had an open fire containing a fountain, buckets and kettles that hung from a hook in the fireplace. These containers supplied hot water for cooking, washing and cups of tea. The fountain was placed on hob until needed and then hung over fire.This water fountain would have been used by early settlers in Orbost before the connection of electricity.A large cast iron water fountain. It has a hook on the curved swinging handle and a tap at the front. This large cast iron camp pot or cauldron has a long tap connection located at the bottom end at the front. The tap has a simple control swivel at the end to control the water flow.On lid 1934.1 - 3 to 4 On base 1934.2 - A. Kenrick & Sons 4 Gallskettle cast-iron kenrick domestic kitchen

A coolamon is an Indigenous Australian carrying vessel. It is a multi-purpose shallow vessel, or dish with curved sides, ranging in length from 30–70 cm, and similar in shape to a canoe. Coolamons or pitchis were traditionally used by Aboriginal women to carry water, fruits, nuts, as well as to cradle babies. The necessary tools and equipment for hunting, fishing and warfare were one of the very few items that Aboriginals carried with them from place to place. Most were used for a multiplicity of purposes. Because many were made from raw natural materials, such as wood, generally only partial remains are found today. This container is an example of an implement used by the early Indigenous people of Eastern Australia.A large shallow elongated hand-made wooden receptacle used by Australian aborigines as a container for food and drink or for carrying babies.pitchi coolamon aboriginal container

A coolamon or pichi is an Indigenous Australian carrying vessel. It is a multi-purpose shallow vessel, or dish with curved sides, ranging in length from 30–70 cm, and similar in shape to a canoe. Coolamons or pichis were traditionally used by Aboriginal women to carry water, fruits, nuts, as well as to cradle babies. A shallow hand-made wooden dish used for carrying food, water and sometimes small babies. It is decorated on outside with burnt incisions.pitchi coolamon aboriginal container

Human beings appear to have been making their own ceramics for at least 26,000 years, subjecting clay and silica to intense heat to fuse and form ceramic materials. The earliest found so far were in southern central Europe and were sculpted figures, not dishes. The earliest known pottery was made by mixing animal products with clay and baked in kilns at up to 800°C. While actual pottery fragments have been found up to 19,000 years old, it was not until about ten thousand years later that regular pottery became common. An early people that spread across much of Europe is named after its use of pottery, the Corded Ware culture. These early Indo-European peoples decorated their pottery by wrapping it with rope, while still wet. When the ceramics were fired, the rope burned off but left a decorative pattern of complex grooves on the surface. The invention of the wheel eventually led to the production of smoother, more even pottery using the wheel-forming technique, like the pottery wheel. Early ceramics were porous, absorbing water easily. It became useful for more items with the discovery of glazing techniques, coating pottery with silicon, bone ash, or other materials that could melt and reform into a glassy surface, making a vessel less pervious to water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeramicThe discovery and development of ceramics in numerous shapes, form and materials, revolutionised the world.White ceramic container, glazed with single groove around circumference near lipNoneflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, ceramics

The objects comprise a quantity of small calibre lead shot raised from the LOCH ARD shipwreck site by Flagstaff Hill divers in 1976. The Maritime Village’s collection has companion pieces. The three masted, iron hulled, LOCH ARD was wrecked against the tall limestone cliffs of Mutton Bird Island in the early hours of the first of June 1878. Included in her diverse and valuable cargo were 22 tons of lead shot, packed in cloth bags and wooden casks. Bulk quantities of lead shot, uniformly round balls of dull grey metal ranging from 2mm “birdshot” to 8mm “buckshot”, were routinely exported to the Australian colonies. Shot was used mostly as projectiles fired from smooth bored guns to bring down moving targets such as wild ducks and small game. It was also useful as ballast, when a dense, “pourable” weight was required to fill cavities or establish volume within a measuring container. The production of consistently round spheres of lead shot required the pouring of molten metal through a sieve and then a long drop through the atmosphere to a water filled basin for final cooling and collection. This “shot tower” process was first patented by William Watts of Bristol in 1782. His calculation of a 150 feet fall was not only to form evenly spherical droplets through surface tension, but also to provide partial cooling and solidification to each shot before they hit the water below. The value of his innovation was the minimising of indentation and shape distortion, avoiding the expense of re-smelting and re-moulding the lead. Lead shot was already being produced in Australia at the time the LOCH ARD loaded her cargo and left Gravesend on the second of March 1878. James Moir constructed a 157 feet circular stone shot tower near Hobart in 1870, with a peak annual production of 100 tons of lead shot sold in 28 pound linen bags. However colonial demand exceeded this source of local supply. The continued strength of the market for lead shot in the Colony of Victoria prompted substantial investment in additional productive capacity in Melbourne in the next decade. In 1882 Richard Hodgson erected the 160 feet round chimney-shaped Clifton Hill shot tower on Alexandra Parade (VHR H0709) and in 1889 Walter Coop built the 160 feet square tower-shaped Melbourne Central shot tower on La Trobe Street (VHR H0067). At its peak, the Coop Tower produced 6 tons of lead shot per week, or 312 tons per annum. HISTORY OF THE LOCH ARD The LOCH ARD belonged to the famous Loch Line which sailed many ships from England to Australia. Built in Glasgow by Barclay, Curdle and Co. in 1873, the LOCH ARD was a three-masted square rigged iron sailing ship. The ship measured 262ft 7" (79.87m) in length, 38ft (11.58m) in width, 23ft (7m) in depth and had a gross tonnage of 1693 tons. The LOCH ARD's main mast measured a massive 150ft (45.7m) in height. LOCH ARD made three trips to Australia and one trip to Calcutta before its final voyage. LOCH ARD left England on March 2, 1878, under the command of Captain Gibbs, a newly married, 29 year old. She was bound for Melbourne with a crew of 37, plus 17 passengers and a load of cargo. The general cargo reflected the affluence of Melbourne at the time. On board were straw hats, umbrella, perfumes, clay pipes, pianos, clocks, confectionary, linen and candles, as well as a heavier load of railway irons, cement, lead and copper. There were items included that intended for display in the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880. The voyage to Port Phillip was long but uneventful. At 3am on June 1, 1878, Captain Gibbs was expecting to see land and the passengers were becoming excited as they prepared to view their new homeland in the early morning. But LOCH ARD was running into a fog which greatly reduced visibility. Captain Gibbs was becoming anxious as there was no sign of land or the Cape Otway lighthouse. At 4am the fog lifted. A man aloft announced that he could see breakers. The sheer cliffs of Victoria's west coast came into view, and Captain Gibbs realised that the ship was much closer to them than expected. He ordered as much sail to be set as time would permit and then attempted to steer the vessel out to sea. On coming head on into the wind, the ship lost momentum, the sails fell limp and LOCH ARD's bow swung back. Gibbs then ordered the anchors to be released in an attempt to hold its position. The anchors sank some 50 fathoms - but did not hold. By this time LOCH ARD was among the breakers and the tall cliffs of Mutton Bird Island rose behind the ship. Just half a mile from the coast, the ship's bow was suddenly pulled around by the anchor. The captain tried to tack out to sea, but the ship struck a reef at the base of Mutton Bird Island, near Port Campbell. Waves broke over the ship and the top deck was loosened from the hull. The masts and rigging came crashing down knocking passengers and crew overboard. When a lifeboat was finally launched, it crashed into the side of LOCH ARD and capsized. Tom Pearce, who had launched the boat, managed to cling to its overturned hull and shelter beneath it. He drifted out to sea and then on the flood tide came into what is now known as LOCH ARD Gorge. He swam to shore, bruised and dazed, and found a cave in which to shelter. Some of the crew stayed below deck to shelter from the falling rigging but drowned when the ship slipped off the reef into deeper water. Eva Carmichael had raced onto deck to find out what was happening only to be confronted by towering cliffs looming above the stricken ship. In all the chaos, Captain Gibbs grabbed Eva and said, "If you are saved Eva, let my dear wife know that I died like a sailor". That was the last Eva Carmichael saw of the captain. She was swept off the ship by a huge wave. Eva saw Tom Pearce on a small rocky beach and yelled to attract his attention. He dived in and swam to the exhausted woman and dragged her to shore. He took her to the cave and broke open case of brandy which had washed up on the beach. He opened a bottle to revive the unconscious woman. A few hours later Tom scaled a cliff in search of help. He followed hoof prints and came by chance upon two men from nearby Glenample Station three and a half miles away. In a state of exhaustion, he told the men of the tragedy. Tom returned to the gorge while the two men rode back to the station to get help. By the time they reached LOCH ARD Gorge, it was cold and dark. The two shipwreck survivors were taken to Glenample Station to recover. Eva stayed at the station for six weeks before returning to Ireland, this time by steamship. In Melbourne, Tom Pearce received a hero's welcome. He was presented with the first gold medal of the Royal Humane Society of Victoria and a £1000 cheque from the Victorian Government. Concerts were performed to honour the young man's bravery and to raise money for those who lost family in the LOCH ARD disaster. Of the 54 crew members and passengers on board, only two survived: the apprentice, Tom Pearce and the young woman passenger, Eva Carmichael, who lost all of her family in the tragedy. Ten days after the LOCH ARD tragedy, salvage rights to the wreck were sold at auction for £2,120. Cargo valued at £3,000 was salvaged and placed on the beach, but most washed back into the sea when another storm developed. The wreck of LOCH ARD still lies at the base of Mutton Bird Island. Much of the cargo has now been salvaged and some was washed up into what is now known as LOCH ARD Gorge. Cargo and artefacts have also been illegally salvaged over many years before protective legislation was introduced. One of the most unlikely pieces of cargo to have survived the shipwreck was a Minton porcelain peacock - one of only nine in the world. The peacock was destined for the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880. It had been well packed, which gave it adequate protection during the violent storm. Today, the Minton peacock can be seen at the Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum in Warrnambool. From Australia's most dramatic shipwreck it has now become Australia's most valuable shipwreck artefact and is one of very few 'objects' on the Victorian State Heritage Register. The shipwreck of the LOCH ARD is of State significance – Victorian Heritage Register S417 Flagstaff Hill’s collection of artefacts from LOCH ARD is significant for being one of the largest collections of artefacts from this shipwreck in Victoria. It is significant for its association with the shipwreck, which is on the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR S417). The collection is significant because of the relationship between the objects, as together they have a high potential to interpret the story of the LOCH ARD. The LOCH ARD collection is archaeologically significant as the remains of a large international passenger and cargo ship. The LOCH ARD collection is historically significant for representing aspects of Victoria’s shipping history and its potential to interpret sub-theme 1.5 of Victoria’s Framework of Historical Themes (living with natural processes). The collection is also historically significant for its association with the LOCH ARD, which was one of the worst and best known shipwrecks in Victoria’s history. A quantity of lead shot pellets retrieved from the wreck of the LOCH ARD. There are 242 loose 2mm pieces and 17 loose 4mm pieces. They are in good condition, with some shape distortion and sedimentary concretion, and shot tower made.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, loch line, loch ard, captain gibbs, eva carmichael, tom pearce, glenample station, mutton bird island, loch ard gorge, lead shot, colonial industry, melbourne shot towers, victorian metallurgy, colonial imports

The objects are a small sample of small gauge lead shot raised by Flagstaff Hill divers from the LOCH ARD shipwreck site in 1976. Companion pieces are in the Maritime Village collection. The three masted, iron hulled, LOCH ARD was wrecked against the tall limestone cliffs of Mutton Bird Island in the early hours of the first of June 1878. Included in her diverse and valuable cargo were 22 tons of lead shot, packed in cloth bags and wooden casks. Bulk quantities of lead shot, uniformly round balls of dull grey metal ranging from 2mm “birdshot” to 8mm “buckshot”, were routinely exported to the Australian colonies. Shot was used mostly as projectiles fired from smooth bored guns to bring down moving targets such as wild ducks and small game. It was also useful as ballast, when a dense, “pourable” weight was required to fill cavities or establish volume within a measuring container. The production of consistently round spheres of lead shot required the pouring of molten metal through a sieve and then a long drop through the atmosphere to a water filled basin for final cooling and collection. This “shot tower” process was first patented by William Watts of Bristol in 1782. His calculation of a 150 feet fall was not only to form evenly spherical droplets through surface tension, but also to provide partial cooling and solidification to each shot before they hit the water below. The value of his innovation was the minimising of indentation and shape distortion, avoiding the expense of re-smelting and re-moulding the lead. Lead shot was already being produced in Australia at the time the LOCH ARD loaded her cargo and left Gravesend on the second of March 1878. James Moir constructed a 157 feet circular stone shot tower near Hobart in 1870, with a peak annual production of 100 tons of lead shot sold in 28 pound linen bags. However colonial demand exceeded this source of local supply. The continued strength of the market for lead shot in the Colony of Victoria prompted substantial investment in additional productive capacity in Melbourne in the next decade. In 1882 Richard Hodgson erected the 160 feet round chimney-shaped Clifton Hill shot tower on Alexandra Parade (VHR H0709) and in 1889 Walter Coop built the 160 feet square tower-shaped Melbourne Central shot tower on La Trobe Street (VHR H0067). At its peak, the Coop Tower produced 6 tons of lead shot per week, or 312 tons per annum. The shipwreck of the LOCH ARD is of State significance – Victorian Heritage Register S417 Flagstaff Hill’s collection of artefacts from LOCH ARD is significant for being one of the largest collections of artefacts from this shipwreck in Victoria. It is significant for its association with the shipwreck, which is on the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR S417). The collection is significant because of the relationship between the objects, as together they have a high potential to interpret the story of the LOCH ARD. The LOCH ARD collection is archaeologically significant as the remains of a large international passenger and cargo ship. The LOCH ARD collection is historically significant for representing aspects of Victoria’s shipping history and its potential to interpret sub-theme 1.5 of Victoria’s Framework of Historical Themes (living with natural processes). The collection is also historically significant for its association with the LOCH ARD, which was one of the worst and best known shipwrecks in Victoria’s history. A quantity of 2mm and 4mm lead shot ammunition retrieved from the LOCH ARD shipwreck site. They are concreted together by sediment. There are (6) small pieces with some single shot and a larger conglomerate of cemented shot. flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, loch line, loch ard, captain gibbs, eva carmichael, tom pearce, glenample station, mutton bird island, loch ard gorge, lead shot, colonial industry, melbourne shot towers, victorian metallurgy, colonial imports

http://www.clag.com.au/about/about.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clag_(glue) Clag was first trademarked in 1898 by Joseph Angus, manufacturer, of 216 Nicholson Street, North Fitzroy, Melbourne. The National Archives of Australia holds the original trademark application - a digitised version is available online (see References). The exact composition of the original paste is unknown but is thought to have been starch-based. Australian schools commonly request that parents purchase Clag paste for their children as part of the stationery lists that are circulated before each school year. The main reason for this is Clag's reputation for safety and ease of use. The bottle includes a brush recessed into the lid that children find relatively easy to handle, and the packaging does not contain any small components that children might swallow. The main ingredient of Clag is wheat starch dissolved in a water base, meaning that children can safely swallow the glue without incident It feels cold to touch and when applied to paper, it sometimes alters the colour of what is on it and causes paper to warp, owing to the high water content of the glue. There is an Australian slang usage of the word "clagged" derived from the characteristic of Clag Paste and can be used in place of the words, "clogged", "congested", "restricted" or "stuck". Bottle used for clag. The bottle has the original marking made by Angus P/l who trademarked the glue in 1898.Angus & Co Pty Ltd, ISM 12school, bottle, glue, clag, trademark, wheat starch

The harsh summer temperatures and the isolated rural environment(of the 1890's) provided the inventor of the "Coolgardie safe" (Arthur Patrick McCormick) with an idea to cool perishable foods by using water soaked "hessian" cloth to provide the "coolant" for the evaporation process to cool the inside temperature of the "safe". Items such as meat,cream/milk/butter and cool "drinks" are a few perishables that need cool environments , especially in isolated "ice free" locations. Cities during this time period had large "ice works" which delivered block ice to all areas that required a form of refrigeration. These ice blocks where held in early refrigerators to keep perishables cool to cold. This "Coolardie" safe was the next best thing for isolated rural households and travellers/campers/stockmen to provide a cooler environment for foodstuff affected by heat. Ice filled "esky" coolers and ice boxes are a modern day off shoot to the original Coogardie safe however they still rely on ice or frozen coolant bricks for cooling.This "Coogardie" safe is very significant to the Kiewa Valley and the Bogong High Plains because it represents not only the initiative thinking of the early settlers and communities but also the "primitive" solution to an everyday (1800s to 1930s) problem (before gas and electric run refrigerators) of keeping "perishables" at a low temperature and thereby prolonging their "shelf" life. This was before electricity and gas was available to the inhabitants of the Kiewa Valley and Bogong High Plains. Another cooling method for food was to have "water tight" containers dipped into the very cold streams running from the "cooler" alpine mountains and the Bogong High Plains. This however could not be carried out in all situations eg. fast flowing currents and locations away from streams. This "Coolgardie safe" is made from a medium grade steel enclosure and its appearance is of a perforated box with a wire handle and one side (long side) being a hinged "door" with a clasp securing "lock". There are air holes grouped into a small "boxed" pattern. Each "box" is divided by a crossed pattern, dividing the "holed" sections(4) into a diamond configuration of 49 small holes each. There are four sides (long) which have the perforations except for the base which does not. The base has an indentation with a loose "catch" tray to catch water spills. When in use the "box" is covered with a water "soaked" cloth. The wet cloth is used as "coolant" ie. fibers in the cloth hold the water droplets seep out evaporating the area and thereby (in mass) cooling the air inside the container.domestic refrigeration cabinets, coolgardie "safe", insect and vermin proof food containers, electric and gas free cold storage containers

From c1950s electrical irons were used. The thermostatic iron followed the electric iron used with a container that enabled water to be sprayed onto the cloth. Damp cloth was more easily pressed. This thermostatic electric iron was one of the early models.This iron was used by residents of the Kiewa Valley including those living at Mt Beauty where there was electricity and an SEC shop from c1950.This is a "General Electric" iron. It has a steel base with a chrome upper and black plastic handle. It is thermostatically controlled with water spray. The electric cord is permanently attached, at right angels, to the handle base. A red button activates the water spray when pushed. A white button slides to enable fabric selection. A metal hole in the front of the handle is used to fill the iron with water.General Electric; Wash and Wear / Wool / Cot / Lin; Australian General Electric Appliances Pty Ltd.; Notting Hill Victoria. 1100 Wats 240 Volts AC only. V/A2F Cat. No. 10 FS10iron;, electrical appliance, laundry, domestic, pressing clothes