Can you reuse this media without permission?No (with exceptions, see below)
Conditions of use
All rights reserved
This media item is licensed under "All rights reserved". You cannot share (i.e. copy, distribute, transmit) or rework (i.e. alter, transform, build upon) this item, or use it for commercial purposes without the permission of the copyright owner. However, an exception can be made if your intended use meets the "fair dealing" criteria. Uses that meet this criteria include research or study; criticism or review; parody or satire; reporting news; enabling a person with a disability to access material; or professional advice by a lawyer, patent attorney, or trademark attorney.
Attribution
Please acknowledge the item’s source, creator and title (where known)
The Fashion Detective
The NGV’s fashion archive contains countless works about which we know little.
We don’t know who made them, who wore them, when or why, or indeed, what happened in them! For the curator, such works are endlessly intriguing; a form of ‘material evidence’ to examine and explicate.
In 2014, the NGV’s Fashion Detective exhibition took a selection of unattributed nineteenth century garments and accessories from the Australian fashion and textiles collection as the starting point for a series of investigations. Using forensics and fiction as alternate interpretative methods, the exhibition considered the detective work that curators and conservators do and where this can lead, as well as the role of storytelling in making visible the social life of clothes.
From fakes and forgeries to poisonous dyes, concealed clues and mysterious marks to missing persons, Fashion Detective was a series of ‘cases’ that each followed a different path of analysis.
Some relied on empirical study and science to reach conclusions, others were purposefully speculative - the inspired hypothesis of leading crime writers Garry Disher, Kerry Greenwood, Sulari Gentill and Lili Wilkinson.
A playful exhibition about modes of enquiry, Fashion Detective considered the different ways in which we can decode objects in order to reveal what is normally concealed, and challenged the visitor to reappraise what they see and what they know.
Textile - Mary Richardson, 'Sampler', 1783, National Gallery of Victoria
Courtesy of National Gallery of Victoria
Reuse this media
Can you reuse this media without permission?No (with exceptions, see below)
Conditions of use
All rights reserved
This media item is licensed under "All rights reserved". You cannot share (i.e. copy, distribute, transmit) or rework (i.e. alter, transform, build upon) this item, or use it for commercial purposes without the permission of the copyright owner. However, an exception can be made if your intended use meets the "fair dealing" criteria. Uses that meet this criteria include research or study; criticism or review; parody or satire; reporting news; enabling a person with a disability to access material; or professional advice by a lawyer, patent attorney, or trademark attorney.
Attribution
Please acknowledge the item’s source, creator and title (where known)
The sampler was often used as a tool to teach girls embroidery. A bouquet of naturalistic twining flowers, including roses, honeysuckle and chrysanthemum tied with a ribbon, was a popular choice of imagery in the late eighteenth century.
Similar floral designs appeared on printing patterns produced at Spitalfields, London, and were laden with symbolism. The colourful butterflies placed at random add a note of personal whim to this half-finished piece, perhaps chosen from a pattern book such as John Overton’s A Book of Insects, or copied from life.
It is a mystery as to why Mary Richardson discontinued this work. Perhaps she became seriously ill or perhaps she simply could not be bothered completing the labour-intensive black background.
Mary Richardson, active 1780s
linen, silk thread
Gift of Mrs A. B. Kelly, 1972
Clothing - 'Waistcoat', 1819, National Gallery of Victoria
Courtesy of National Gallery of Victoria
Reuse this media
Can you reuse this media without permission?No (with exceptions, see below)
Conditions of use
All rights reserved
This media item is licensed under "All rights reserved". You cannot share (i.e. copy, distribute, transmit) or rework (i.e. alter, transform, build upon) this item, or use it for commercial purposes without the permission of the copyright owner. However, an exception can be made if your intended use meets the "fair dealing" criteria. Uses that meet this criteria include research or study; criticism or review; parody or satire; reporting news; enabling a person with a disability to access material; or professional advice by a lawyer, patent attorney, or trademark attorney.
Attribution
Please acknowledge the item’s source, creator and title (where known)
Museum collections are a means by which collective histories and memories are formed. Often fragmentary, most archives are established over time through purchases and donations.
The NGV’s Fashion and Textile collection comprises around 8,500 works spanning several centuries and includes womenswear, millinery, shoes, fans, parasols, textiles and lace amongst other things. Significantly it contains very little nineteenth-century menswear.
Accounting for this lack of evidence raises interesting questions about value and availability. Are museum collections a matter of what we see or, what we don’t see? What do collecting prejudices mean for a history of masculine taste and aesthetics?
linen, silk, cotton, shell, metal
Gift of Terence Lane, 1978
Audio - Lili Wilkinson, 'Paper Piecing', 2014, National Gallery of Victoria
Courtesy of National Gallery of Victoria and Lili Wilkinson
'Paper Piecing'
Excuse me? Is anyone home?’
The cottage is small and cramped and smells of mildew. A few coals glow in the hearth. Kitty removes her bonnet and shakes the rain from it. Curls cling to her cheeks like clammy weeds. She shivers and moves closer to the fire, where two ancient armchairs crouch on the hearth.
For a moment Kitty thinks she’s alone, but something moves in the shadows and she sees the old woman, sitting in one of the armchairs. Gnarled and twisted like an old branch, the woman might have been sitting there forever. It’s impossible to tell where the armchair ends and where the woman begins. Milky eyes blink. Paper-dry skin sinks into a toothless mouth. The only signs of life are the faltering movements of her twisted fingers, fumbling and catching as she pushes an ancient needle through scraps of fabric and newspaper, snipped carefully into tiny diamond shapes.
‘I’m so sorry’, says Kitty, taking a step backwards. ‘I didn’t realise anyone was home. I got caught in the rain, you see …’
The old woman’s claw-like fingers grope and clutch at the needle and thread. Her breathing is ragged, with a deep, chesty whistle. Kitty glances around at the dark corners of the cottage and sees decades of dust and dry leaves.
‘I didn’t know someone lived up here’, she says.
Kitty wonders if Ruth ever came to this place, if she ever met this woman. Maybe this woman was the last person to see Ruth alive? Looks like it has been a long while since the old woman has seen anything, but still …
‘She was my cousin’, says Kitty, stepping towards the woman as she fumbles in her reticule. The newspaper clipping is a little damp from the rain. Kitty slides it into the old woman’s hands, the black ink headline shrieking familiar words:
SEARCH FAILS TO RECOVER MISSING GIRL
The woman’s fingers brush over the newsprint and slowly, creakily, she pushes the paper into her basket, where it joins the diamond-shaped scraps.
‘I’m sorry’, says Kitty. ‘I really didn’t mean to disturb you. I just … they never found her, you see. And I just can’t help wondering.’
The rain pounds on the roof of the little cottage. Kitty shivers. She doesn’t want to go back out there. She looks around for a coal scuttle or a woodpile to build the fire up, but there is nothing. She holds out her hands to the few dying embers. Her wet clothes are sticking to her skin. She glances at the old woman.
‘Do you even know I’m here?’ asks Kitty, half to herself.
The old woman laboriously pulls the needle and thread through a tiny scrap of blue cloth. It is sky blue. Ruth used to wear a hat with ribbons that colour. Kitty can see them bouncing above yellow woven straw and chestnut curls as Ruth races through waist-high summer grass, shrieking at some game or other.
Kitty blows on her hands to warm them. She has to get out of her wet clothes. She shrugs off her waterlogged jacket and taffeta dress, letting them slop to the floor. She removes two wet petticoats and then, with a sideways glance at the old woman, unties the ribbons supporting her crinoline, and steps out of it, like a bird released from a cage. She unlaces her boots, unhooks her ruined silk stockings from their garters and peels them off. Underneath, her toes are blue-white from cold. With stiff fingers she pulls at the ribbons of her corset, and it joins the rest of her garments on the floor in a soggy heap, the white muslin and cotton turned grey from mud and water.
Standing in her chemise and drawers, Kitty feels smaller, more vulnerable without her layers of cloth, leather, whalebone and steel. She casts around for a shawl or a blanket, and for a moment the old woman shifts in her chair, her head tilting so slightly that Kitty wonders if she imagined it. She looks in the direction that the old woman seems to be indicating, and spies an old chest gathering dust in a corner. As her icy fingers fumble with the catch she has a sudden burst of sympathy for the old woman, grasping at her needle. But her sympathies are soon forgotten, because in the chest is a dress.
It is exquisite. Pieced all over in thousands of little diamonds, each one perfectly pointed and embroidered with flowers. The dress shimmers with all the colours of the rainbow. It glows in the dullness of the cottage. Kitty can barely breathe. She lifts it gently from the box. The fabric is butter-soft, and whispers like silk.
‘Did you make this?’ she asks the old woman.
Kitty holds the dress up against her body. It clings to her, wrapping itself around her curves like a warm, whispering embrace.
For a moment, everything else goes away. The pounding rain, the whistling breaths of the old woman. There is just silence and stillness. Then a great crash of thunder shakes the walls of the cottage. Kitty looks up and sees that it is growing dark. Her thumb brushes over the intricately embroidered bodice of the dress. She should put it back. She should pull on her own, wet, clammy dress and brave the rain. Her parents will be worried. And they have good reason to be, after what happened to Ruth so many years ago.
Kitty bends over to put the dress back in the chest, but finds that she can’t quite bring herself to let it go. She glances over at the old woman, who, for the first time since Kitty’s arrival, stops sewing. It’s as if the cottage itself is holding its breath. Kitty finds her gaze dragged back to the dress, and her bottom lip catches between her teeth.
Just for a moment …
Just to see how it feels …
She pulls the dress over her head, and with fast fingers does up the tiny cloth-covered buttons. The woman resumes her sewing.
It is a perfect fit. It requires no whalebone corset or steel skirt hoops. She doesn’t have to mould her body to fit the dress – the dress fits her. It clings and shapes in all the right places. It whispers to her like the wind blowing through summer branches. It smells of waist-high grass and warm breezes.
Thunder rumbles overhead again. Kitty pulls the unoccupied armchair closer to the fire and sinks into it. She isn’t cold anymore. The dress, light and airy as it is, is keeping her warm.
‘I’ll just sit here for a moment’, she says to the old woman, curling her bare feet underneath her and resting her head on the back of the chair. ‘While my own things dry. Then I’ll take it off and go home.’
When she awakes a few hours later it is truly dark. The fire hasn’t died yet and it casts a dim, flickering light around the cottage. Kitty feels fuzzy-headed from sleep. Her feet are numb from being curled underneath her. The old woman is still sewing. Kitty sees now that she is piecing together tiny diamonds, creating a miniature version of the dress she is wearing.
‘Did you ever wear it?’ she asks, smoothing a hand over her skirts. ‘It must have been long ago.’
The woman reaches for another scrap of cloth, pinching it around a diamond-shaped scrap of newsprint. The woman’s whistling breath sets the steady rhythm of her sewing. She seems to have sped up a little, her movements no longer quite as shaky.
‘I should get up’, Kitty murmurs drowsily, her eyelids starting to sink. ‘I really should go home.’ But she can’t stop her eyes from closing.
When Kitty wakes the second time, she thinks that the storm has ended. But then a flash of lightning illuminates the room and she can see driving sheets of rain through the thick little window. She just can’t hear the rain any more. A sting of panic pricks icy holes in Kitty’s belly, and she glances over to the other armchair, where the old woman is still sewing. Kitty can’t hear her whistling breath any more, but the panic has stilled, replaced with a kind of drowsy fascination.
The miniature dress is taking shape – it has a bodice and skirt that exactly matches the one Kitty is wearing. And it isn’t just limp fabric either. It is beginning to bulge and swell. The old woman must also be sewing a doll to wear the dress, building it up as she goes.
Another flash of lightning, and Kitty wonders sleepily why she can’t seem to hear anything anymore.
‘Am I dreaming?’ she murmurs, and her voice sounds like it’s coming from a long way away.
As she speaks, the old woman stops stitching for a moment. Kitty blinks.
‘Did you hear me?’ she says.
The old woman’s paper-thin lips suck inward over her gums, then she blinks her milky eyes and resumes her sewing.
The fire is blazing when Kitty awakens for the third time. The room is illuminated and the old woman is bent over her work, the needle flying in and out of the fabric. The doll has arms and legs now, and a head with yellow woollen hair. In the light of the fire, Kitty can see the diamond-shaped scraps of newsprint more clearly, can even read some of the words:
Maisie Gummer missing Elizabeth Finch Harriet Larkin unable to recover girl of fourteen Bessie Smythe searched in vain
Some of the newspaper diamonds look old. Very old.
A flash of gold glints on the old woman’s finger as she reaches for a scrap of yellow fabric. She is wearing a ring, a simple thing set with a single ruby. Kitty has seen it before.
That ring, she wants to say … That ring belonged to my cousin Ruth.
But when she opens her mouth to say it, nothing comes out but croaks and wheezes. Maybe she has caught a chill. The old woman – is she so old, after all? – places careful stitches on the doll’s face – a pretty, bow-shaped mouth under an elegant nose.
Who are you, Kitty tries to say. What did you do to Ruth? What are you doing to me?
The woman’s mouth forms the shape of words, but Kitty can’t hear.
For a fourth and final time, Kitty opens her eyes. She blinks heavily, trying to shake sleep away. The hut blurs around the edges. Once more, Kitty tries to rise from the chair, but she cannot move at all. Coloured fabric flashes before her and she sees that the woman has somehow exchanged clothes with her during the night. Now it is she who is wearing the beautiful coloured dress, and Kitty is just wearing rags.
The woman’s red lips curl in a smile as she makes another stitch.
It’s getting harder for Kitty to open her eyes after each blink.
Stitch.
Kitty sees the doll in her coloured dress, red bow mouth pursed shut. The woman is placing the last few stitches, the doll’s piercing blue eyes and dark lashes.
Stitch.
The woman glances at Kitty with eyes that are the same precise shade of blue.
Stitch.
The woman rises from her chair with a single graceful, fluid movement. Kitty’s sight grows dim. The last thing she sees is the woman move towards her. Then everything is milky grey and, no matter how many times she blinks, Kitty can’t see anything. She feels the doll pressed into her hands and, as she grips it, the stitches come undone and the doll collapses into tiny scraps of fabric and paper.
Kitty feels the faint brushing of air as the woman passes her. Muscles creaking and aching, she manages to move her hand. She reaches out, groping until her paper-dry skin brushes the cool steel of a needle. She grasps it with twisted fingers, and with her other hand reaches for a tiny piece of fabric and a diamond-shaped scrap of newspaper.
Stitch.
Reuse this media
Can you reuse this media without permission?No (with exceptions, see below)
Conditions of use
All rights reserved
This media item is licensed under "All rights reserved". You cannot share (i.e. copy, distribute, transmit) or rework (i.e. alter, transform, build upon) this item, or use it for commercial purposes without the permission of the copyright owner. However, an exception can be made if your intended use meets the "fair dealing" criteria. Uses that meet this criteria include research or study; criticism or review; parody or satire; reporting news; enabling a person with a disability to access material; or professional advice by a lawyer, patent attorney, or trademark attorney.
Attribution
Please acknowledge the item’s source, creator and title (where known)
Courtesy of National Gallery of Victoria and Lili Wilkinson
Throughout the nineteenth century, clothing, along with other physical data, was pivotal to both crime solving and crime fiction.
Many famous cases rested on the discovery of cloth clues; in 1849, the infamous Bermondsey murderess Maria Manning was captured by way of a bloodstained dress she had stashed in a railway station locker. While everyday material ‘evidence’ was embraced by authors who made items of clothing and hair central to their detective storylines. In Wilkie Collins’s popular tale, The Diary of Anne Rodway (1856) a murderer is brought to justice via the discovery of the missing end of a torn cravat.
Drawing on this complicity between clothing, fashion, crime and mystery in the nineteenth century, Fashion Detective invited four of Australia’s leading crime fiction writers to create new short fictions based upon the works on display. Introducing character and context to the exhibited garments, each writer was asked to select an object as the inspiration for a short story.
Award-winning YA author Lili Wilkinson wrote this story Paper Piecing.
Audio - Garry Disher, 'The Real McCoy', 2014, National Gallery of Victoria
Courtesy of National Gallery of Victoria and Garry Disher
'The Real McCoy'
Marvellous Smelbourne, thought Detective Byrne, kicking at a rat and stepping over the alleyway’s sewerage drain. The rat looked better fed than the Collingwood urchins who tugged at Byrne’s coat-tails.
‘Who are you, Mister?’
A thin hand crept into his pocket. Byrne swiped it away and knocked on the warped door to No. 23. A young woman answered, whispering, ‘Yes, sir?’
Black hair in a French knot, a tense hand clutching her collar, and quite beautiful, Byrne realised. He removed his hat. ‘Detective Byrne, Mrs McCoy.’
‘Is it about Albert?’
‘May I come in?’
He followed her to a poky parlour furnished with sagging armchairs, a scarred table and dressmaking paraphernalia. On a bust, half completed, was a long-sleeved, tight-waisted woman’s jacket. Byrne went straight to it, the young woman watching bewilderedly.
‘A poor copy, Mrs McCoy.’
Her puzzlement increased. ‘Beg pardon, sir?’
He opened a wing of cloth to reveal the Worth label. ‘By representing these as real, you are breaking the law.’
All at sea, she collapsed into a chair. ‘But Albert said we was licensed.’
‘He lied’, said Byrne gently, eyeing photographs on a mantelpiece: McCoy the gentleman, a hand on the shoulder of his seated wife; McCoy the sea captain; McCoy standing guard over captured Kanakas on board a blackbirding ship.
‘I swear to you, sir, I had no idea …’
She rallied, tilting her lovely face to him. ‘I sewed day and night so we might have food!’
Byrne nodded. All through the colony factories were closing, leaving the poorhouses and charities overstretched. He knelt beside her.
‘Tell me where he is, Mrs McCoy, and I’ll see what I can do.’
She clutched him. ‘He has been gone this past week, and not a word.’
In the wind, thought Byrne, leaving this beautiful creature behind. He felt an unaccountable desire to embrace her, and sensed that she might welcome it, in her loneliness and misery.
But he had work to do. ‘If Albert returns, Mrs McCoy, urge him to turn himself in.’
Byrne left the noxious laneways and returned to police headquarters, passing drunks, ratcatchers and constables evicting tenants behind on their rent. The Force had been shaken up in the years since the Kelly Outbreak, but still policemen were expected to do the work of the moneyed classes. If I were Police Commissioner, Byrne thought …
He reported to his inspector, attended to paperwork and, as evening fell, headed to Carlton and his lonely room in an Elgin Street boarding house. But first he called reluctantly at a grand house in Macarthur Square, where he informed Mr Edmund Longmire, of the Longmire Emporium, that he’d made progress in his search for the man who, pretending to be a representative of a famous French haute couture company, had gone about the city selling fake Worth jackets.
Longmire, a man composed of expensive cloth, whiskers and apoplectic cheeks, demanded to know what kind of progress.
‘We know who he is, sir, and will soon have him behind bars.’
Longmire looked down his veiny nose at Byrne. ‘What good is that to me? I am a laughing stock and out of a hundred pounds.’
Lifting his hat to the man, Byrne left, swearing never to let Longmire know where Mrs McCoy lived. The thought of those meaty hands around her fine neck … No, a bully like Longmire would hire ruffians, he thought.
Three days later the body was found by a child as she walked from her tenement home, near Queen Victoria Market, to the Pym Shoe Company in Fitzroy. Running down an alley behind Macarthur Square in the pre-dawn light, she’d tripped over a pair of legs.
‘I were late for work, sir’, she told Byrne.
She hawked and spat into a grimy rag, which she returned to her sleeve. Wheezing, trembling, she said, ‘Beg pardon, sir’.
Byrne patted her arm. The girl probably stitched shoe leather twelve hours a day in poisonous, unventilated air.
‘Just lying there with no face’, she continued, glancing back shakily, even though Byrne had moved her away from the body, out onto the Square.
‘You saw no one?’
She shuddered. ‘Only me and him, sir.’
Byrne penned a note to her employer, arranged a cab for the girl and returned to the body. Albert McCoy sprawled where the shadows were deepest, his legs splayed on the cobblestones, his spine against a bluestone wall, a shotgun resting on his torso. His right thumb was hooked on the trigger and his face was a mess of bone and torn flesh. He wore black trousers and jacket over a bright waistcoat with yellow piping.
Beside the body was a sample case spilling Worth jackets and an album of cartes-de-visite depicting McCoy wearing the same waistcoat. Each had been printed by Stewart and Co. of Bourke Street, with the name M. Henri DeSalle written on the back.
Byrne snorted. ‘Albert, Albert …’
Spotting a tuft of white in McCoy’s waistcoat pocket, Byrne pulled out a sheet of folded paper.
‘To my darling wife’, he read:
‘Pray Forgive me, dear Connie, but I am Burdened by Guilt and Regret for Deceiving you, Mr Longmire and many others. I have brought Shame to you and must now put it Right. You are yet Young and will find your way.
I have led a full life. Your loving Husband, Albert.’
Connie, Constance, thought Byrne. He glanced over the wall. For Albert McCoy to shoot himself dead against Longmire’s back wall was a gesture either of atonement or contempt. He sighed. He was obliged to tell Longmire, but would take pleasure in reporting that no, a hundred pounds had not been found on the corpse.
The next day, still tingling from the sensation of Connie McCoy’s slender, grieving form clutching him in the viewing room of the morgue that morning, Byrne attended the autopsy.
‘One Albert Aloysius McCoy’, he told the police surgeon.
The surgeon looked doubtfully at the torn face. ‘If you say so.’
‘His personal effects attest to that,’ said Byrne, ‘and his widow identified his remains this morning’.
‘A wife knows her husband’, the surgeon said.
He sniffed the naked torso. ‘Carbolic. This fellow’s been in a hospital.’
The missing days, thought Byrne. And McCoy did look ill, a shadow of the man portrayed in his studio photographs. Gaunt, pale, scarred, with battered hands, the left noticeably larger than the right.
As if reading Byrne’s mind, the surgeon pointed with a scalpel. ‘Left-handed.’
And so the autopsy proceeded. Bored, queasy, Byrne elected to sift through McCoy’s belongings. A poor collection for the widow: the cartes-de-visite, a handkerchief, a sixpence and a small bottle of Mrs S. A. Allen’s World’s Hair Restorer.
He snorted, examining a carte-de-visite for further evidence of McCoy’s vanity. A full head of hair, a stout chest, a fine suit and a cocky pose, right fist deep in a waistcoat pocket.
Just then, Byrne’s skin crept. He swallowed. He peered at the waistcoat. The right pocket, habitually used by McCoy, was stretched and shapeless. He checked the hair restorer. It claimed to ‘restore Gray, White, or Faded Hair to its youthful Colour, Gloss and Beauty’.
Re-joining the surgeon, he asked, ‘This fellow is left-handed?’
‘Indeed.’
‘In poor health?’
‘Inadequate nourishment, hard manual labour, alcohol … I see it often in destitute men who, at death’s door, are removed to a rest house by hospitals anxious to avoid the expense of a funeral.’
‘Almost bald.’
‘Lost his hair long ago.’
‘Was he dead before he was shot?’
It was the surgeon’s turn to freeze, shears poised to crunch open McCoy’s ribcage. ‘An interesting question.’
Byrne hurried back to the Detective Branch where he used the telephone exchange to call the Port of Melbourne. A coastal tramp had steamed out of Port Phillip that morning, bound for Sydney; a clipper would sail for London that afternoon; and various smaller craft would be coming and going.
Byrne raced out and hailed a cab. Feeling tense, powerless and bounced about by the carriage, he calmed himself by working out the stages of the deception. McCoy learns the police are closing in. A man given to deception, he fakes his own death using one of the city’s forgotten men. And with no face to aid identification, a harried policeman might rely on a handful of belongings.
Another outrage for poor Constance.
‘We’re here, Guv’nor’, the cabbie said.
Gulls wheeled and screeched, smokestacks eddied, stevedores shouted, whistles blew. Spotting the London-bound clipper, passengers milling at the gangway, Byrne ran, casting about for a tall, vigorous man who no doubt had changed his appearance.
But what stopped the detective was not McCoy. What stopped him was a lovely tilted chin glimpsed through the throng, a slender neck, a pretty cheek tucked against a solid arm. Here was the final stage of the deception. Gathering himself, Byrne straightened his tie, buttoned his jacket, removed his pistol and cuffs. ‘Albert McCoy, I presume?’ he said, confronting the husband, trying not to show his hurt to the wife.
Reuse this media
Can you reuse this media without permission?No (with exceptions, see below)
Conditions of use
All rights reserved
This media item is licensed under "All rights reserved". You cannot share (i.e. copy, distribute, transmit) or rework (i.e. alter, transform, build upon) this item, or use it for commercial purposes without the permission of the copyright owner. However, an exception can be made if your intended use meets the "fair dealing" criteria. Uses that meet this criteria include research or study; criticism or review; parody or satire; reporting news; enabling a person with a disability to access material; or professional advice by a lawyer, patent attorney, or trademark attorney.
Attribution
Please acknowledge the item’s source, creator and title (where known)