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Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph - 'Southesk' (formerly 'Ordsall'), Cotham Road, 1920s
Ordsall was originally built for John Halfey, second Chairman of Kew, and sold after his death to the Carnegie family who renamed it ‘South Esk'. The Carnegie family mounted a defence of their property when the City of Kew sought to compulsorily acquire it as the site for a new town hall in the 1930s. The house and land were later acquired by Council in 1947 and demolished in 1970. The present Kew Library and the former Council Offices (now owned by Trinity Grammar) are located on the site.One of the earliest photographs of 'Southesk' and its gardens. The house was of statewide significance because of its historical association with John Halfey. It was artistically significant due to its elaborate interiors, decorated by Cullis Hill & Co in the 1880s. Sepia photograph mounted on brown card of "Southesk' (formerly known as 'Ordsall'). The single-storey Italianate facade of the house can be seen surrounded by an extensive garden. The point-of-view of the camera is from Cotham Road.john halfey, david carnegie, southesk - south esk - ordsall -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph - 'Southesk' (formerly 'Ordsall'), Cotham Road, 1920s
Ordsall was originally built for John Halfey, second Chairman of Kew, and sold after his death to the Carnegie family who renamed it ‘South Esk'. The Carnegie family mounted a defence of their property when the City of Kew sought to compulsorily acquire it as the site for a new town hall in the 1930s. The house and land was later acquired by Council in 1947 and demolished in 1970. The present Kew Library and the former Council Offices (now owned by Trinity Grammar) are located on the site.One of the earliest photographs of 'Southesk' and its gardens. The house was of statewide significance because of its historical association with John Halfey. It was artistically significant due to its elaborate interiors, decorated by Cullis Hill & Co in the 1880s. Sepia photograph mounted on brown card of "Southesk' (formerly known as 'Ordsall'). The single-storey Italianate facade of the house can be seen surrounded by an extensive garden. The point-of-view of the camera is from Cotham Road.john halfey, david carnegie, southesk - south esk - ordsall -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph - 'Southesk' (formerly 'Ordsall'), Cotham Road, 1920s
Ordsall was originally built for John Halfey, second Chairman of Kew, and sold after his death to the Carnegie family who renamed it ‘South Esk'. The Carnegie family mounted a defence of their property when the City of Kew sought to compulsorily acquire it as the site for a new town hall in the 1930s. The house and land were later acquired by Council in 1947 and demolished in 1970. The present Kew Library and the former Council Offices (now owned by Trinity Grammar) are located on the site.One of the earliest photographs of 'Southesk' and its gardens. The house was of statewide significance because of its historical association with John Halfey. It was artistically significant due to its elaborate interiors, decorated by Cullis Hill & Co in the 1880s. Sepia photograph mounted on brown card of "Southesk' (formerly known as 'Ordsall'). The single-storey Italianate facade of the house can be seen surrounded by an extensive garden. The point-of-view of the camera is from Cotham Road.david carnegie, john halfey, southesk - south esk - ordsall -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Award - To James Robbie Mather J.P. Mayor 1930-1931, 1931
James Robbie Mathers was born in Pleasant Creek [Stawell] in 1867 to James Allen Mathers, a storekeeper and former councillor. He was later to become a storekeeper in Gippsland and then at Heywood, near Portland. Following a move to Melbourne, he established a real estate business. He initially lived in Hawthorn, before moving his business to Kew where he traded as Mathers & McMillan, 136 Cotham Road, and later at 283 Burke Road. For a short time, the family resided at Landene, in Cotham Road. They were to finally move to Rosalea, in Dale Street, Deepdene. Following the death of Cr Henry Kellett in 1924, Mathers was elected unopposed as representative of College Ward. Elected Mayor in September 1930, he convened a meeting of citizens in the Town Hall in Walpole Street to form a local unemployment relief committee. His social initiatives included handing over council-owned premises in Brougham Street, the building re-purposed as a workshop for the unemployed, who were also granted free use of the Kew Municipal Baths. The Mayoress, Jean Mathers, set to work raising funds through charity balls, and also raised funds for St Anthony’s Orphanage in Wellington Street. James Robbie Mathers died on 8 April 1945. He was buried at Box Hill Cemetery. This rare civic testimonial is historically significant, especially locally, as it contains the signatures of all present councillors and parliamentarians representing the City of Kew as well as the names and signatures of leaders of local churches, schools, public officials and leaders of community groups.Boxed presentation folder and correspondence presented to the retiring Mayor of Kew, James Robbie Mather, in 1931. The book is leather bound with gilt lettering on the front. The 4 page testimonial includes and hand written statements about his contribution to Kew and its civic life. Other pages are signed by councillors, parliamentarians and community leaders.james robbie mathers, mayors of kew, civic testimonials -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph - Former Kew Town Hall, Walpole Street, 1887
... Council in 1865. The Town Hall was sold to Woolworth's... Hall (built 1860) which was purchased by Kew Council in 1865 ...The earliest building on the Walpole Street site was the Kew Athenaeum Hall (built 1860) which was purchased by Kew Council in 1865. The Town Hall was sold to Woolworth's and subsequently demolished in 1972 when the civic offices were transferred to a new building on the corner of Charles Street and Cotham Road.This is the earliest known image of the old Kew Town Hall following the addition of the new facade in the 1880s.A print copy of a gelatin silver photograph of the former Kew Town Hall in Walpole Street, Kew. The photograph shows the neo-classical facade added to the former Atheneum building in the 1880s. The recessed doors in the entrance are now held by Trinity Grammar School. A man, probably Cr Edmund Marshall, is standing outside the entrance. Two gas lamps stand in front of the Hall.Reverse in pencil: "Edmund Marshall Councillor 1887"town halls, kew town hall, walpole street - kew (vic.) -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Journal, Kewriosity : February 1993
Two weeks of education, culture and entertainment / p1. 1993 Kew Festival Charity Ball / p1. Kew Rotary Art Show / p2. Town Crier wanted / p.2 Kew Youth Arts Festival 1993 / p3. Diary dates [February-March 1993] / p4. New mobile garbage bins and recycling crates / p5. Parking signs / p6. Former Carey student makes recording history [Thomas Hayward] / p7. Kew Main Street program / p7. Arthritis Foundation raffle winners / p7. Community Directory / p8. Meals on Wheels positions vacant / p8. Volunteers required at Kew Cottages / p8. Saturday Night Live [Kew Youth Resource Centre] / p8.Kewriosity was a local newsletter combining Kew Council and community news. It was published between November 1983 and June 1994, replacing an earlier Kewriosity [broad] Sheet (1979-84). In producing Kewriosity, Council aimed to provide a range of interesting and informative articles covering its deliberations and decision making, together with items of general interest and importance to the Kew community and information not generally available through daily media outlets.non-fictionTwo weeks of education, culture and entertainment / p1. 1993 Kew Festival Charity Ball / p1. Kew Rotary Art Show / p2. Town Crier wanted / p.2 Kew Youth Arts Festival 1993 / p3. Diary dates [February-March 1993] / p4. New mobile garbage bins and recycling crates / p5. Parking signs / p6. Former Carey student makes recording history [Thomas Hayward] / p7. Kew Main Street program / p7. Arthritis Foundation raffle winners / p7. Community Directory / p8. Meals on Wheels positions vacant / p8. Volunteers required at Kew Cottages / p8. Saturday Night Live [Kew Youth Resource Centre] / p8. publications -- city of kew (vic.), kewriosity, council newsletters, community newsletters -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Journal, Kewriosity : November 1992
Kew enters bicycle friendly awards / p1. Carols by Candlelight / p1. Kew Business Co-ordinator / p1. Chief Executive's Column [New State Government Deficit Levy; Changes to Kew's Corporate Structure] / Malcolm Hutchinson pp2&3. Mayor's Comment / Cr Roger Streeton p.3. Diary Dates [November - December 1992] / p4. New Chapel for Trinity Grammar / p5. HIB Vaccination now available / p5. In Brief [Tennis anyone; 1993 Kinder enrolments; Kew Council School Holiday Program; Kew Band wins State award; Victorian Blind Cricket Association] p6. Snakes in Kew / p7. [4th] Kew Scouts looking good / p7. Rubella warning / p8. Town Crier wanted / p8. Area 6 Traffic Management Committee [area bounded by Cotham Rd, High St, Harp Rd, Burke rd] / p8.Kewriosity was a local newsletter combining Kew Council and community news. It was published between November 1983 and June 1994, replacing an earlier Kewriosity [broad] Sheet (1979-84). In producing Kewriosity, Council aimed to provide a range of interesting and informative articles covering its deliberations and decision making, together with items of general interest and importance to the Kew community and information not generally available through daily media outlets.non-fictionKew enters bicycle friendly awards / p1. Carols by Candlelight / p1. Kew Business Co-ordinator / p1. Chief Executive's Column [New State Government Deficit Levy; Changes to Kew's Corporate Structure] / Malcolm Hutchinson pp2&3. Mayor's Comment / Cr Roger Streeton p.3. Diary Dates [November - December 1992] / p4. New Chapel for Trinity Grammar / p5. HIB Vaccination now available / p5. In Brief [Tennis anyone; 1993 Kinder enrolments; Kew Council School Holiday Program; Kew Band wins State award; Victorian Blind Cricket Association] p6. Snakes in Kew / p7. [4th] Kew Scouts looking good / p7. Rubella warning / p8. Town Crier wanted / p8. Area 6 Traffic Management Committee [area bounded by Cotham Rd, High St, Harp Rd, Burke rd] / p8.publications -- city of kew (vic.), kewriosity, council newsletters, community newsletters -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Journal, Kewriosity : May 1991
Flying doctors descend on Kew [Crawford Productions] / p1. Computerised court opens [Penalty Enforcement by Registration of an Infringement (PERIN)] / p1. Stop or give-way? [Council assessment of intersections] / p1. Council seeks kinder review / p1. Diary dates for May / p2. Your marching champions [Kew Band, Kew Youth Band] / p2. Word of mouth [Pre-school story time at Kew Library 1996- ] / p2. Something airey [exhibition at Kew Gallery] / p2. Something pre-loved [Glass Street Kindergarten trash 'n treasure sale] / p2. Commentary [Willsmere redevelopment] / Cr Daryl Oldaker p3. Traffic headaches for Barkers Road [drain upgrade] / p3. Trees versus powerlines / p4. Loyal service [Tom Gascoyne] / p4. Traffic Management update [Area 7, Area 10] / p4. Cleaner shopping centres / p4. Hard rubbish collection / p4. Willsmere Drain / p4. Survey of dual occupancy / p4. Health [Department] stall / p5. Women's health workshops / p5. Baby Change Room [Walpole Street] / p5. Nursing Mothers' meetings / p5. Status quo for family day care [industrial award ruling] / p5. Immunisation - Important / p5. Daytime garden / p6. Library Friends' [book] sale / p6. [East Kew Bowling Club] Indoor bowls / p6. Chrysanthemums, M'am [Kew Garden Club] / p6. Handy Veterans Service [Kew sub-branch of the RSL] / p6. Crime wave [Neighbourhood Watch Areas G64, G97] / p6. All this for sixpence [Balwyn Cinema history] / p6. Positive [survey] feedback [to Kewriosity] / p6. Arthritis meeting / p6. Something fishy [Ian Napier at Raya Gallery] / p7. [Kew] Community House courses / p7. Coming events at Trinity [Grammar] / p7. Carmelite Monastery restoration / p7. Council Chamber or Council void? [descriptive comparison of Walpole Street Town Hall with the Chamber at the Municipal [Civic] Offices] / p8. Evangelist meeting [St Hilary's] / p8. Youth empowerment [Youth Resource Centre] / Kate Lang p8. Missions meeting [Kew Baptist Church Hall] / p8.Kewriosity was a local newsletter combining Kew Council and community news. It was published between November 1983 and June 1994, replacing an earlier Kewriosity [broad] Sheet (1979-84). In producing Kewriosity, Council aimed to provide a range of interesting and informative articles covering its deliberations and decision making, together with items of general interest and importance to the Kew community and information not generally available through daily media outlets.non-fictionFlying doctors descend on Kew [Crawford Productions] / p1. Computerised court opens [Penalty Enforcement by Registration of an Infringement (PERIN)] / p1. Stop or give-way? [Council assessment of intersections] / p1. Council seeks kinder review / p1. Diary dates for May / p2. Your marching champions [Kew Band, Kew Youth Band] / p2. Word of mouth [Pre-school story time at Kew Library 1996- ] / p2. Something airey [exhibition at Kew Gallery] / p2. Something pre-loved [Glass Street Kindergarten trash 'n treasure sale] / p2. Commentary [Willsmere redevelopment] / Cr Daryl Oldaker p3. Traffic headaches for Barkers Road [drain upgrade] / p3. Trees versus powerlines / p4. Loyal service [Tom Gascoyne] / p4. Traffic Management update [Area 7, Area 10] / p4. Cleaner shopping centres / p4. Hard rubbish collection / p4. Willsmere Drain / p4. Survey of dual occupancy / p4. Health [Department] stall / p5. Women's health workshops / p5. Baby Change Room [Walpole Street] / p5. Nursing Mothers' meetings / p5. Status quo for family day care [industrial award ruling] / p5. Immunisation - Important / p5. Daytime garden / p6. Library Friends' [book] sale / p6. [East Kew Bowling Club] Indoor bowls / p6. Chrysanthemums, M'am [Kew Garden Club] / p6. Handy Veterans Service [Kew sub-branch of the RSL] / p6. Crime wave [Neighbourhood Watch Areas G64, G97] / p6. All this for sixpence [Balwyn Cinema history] / p6. Positive [survey] feedback [to Kewriosity] / p6. Arthritis meeting / p6. Something fishy [Ian Napier at Raya Gallery] / p7. [Kew] Community House courses / p7. Coming events at Trinity [Grammar] / p7. Carmelite Monastery restoration / p7. Council Chamber or Council void? [descriptive comparison of Walpole Street Town Hall with the Chamber at the Municipal [Civic] Offices] / p8. Evangelist meeting [St Hilary's] / p8. Youth empowerment [Youth Resource Centre] / Kate Lang p8. Missions meeting [Kew Baptist Church Hall] / p8. publications -- city of kew (vic.), kewriosity, council newsletters, community newsletters -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Journal, The Kewriosity Sheet Vol.1 No.5 : October 1979
What's doing in Kew for October / p1. Keeping Kew beautiful [Parks and Gardens: Alexandra Gardens - Kew; Kew Garden Club; Willsmere Park; Victoria Park; Eglinton Reserve] / p1. Your news is good news / p1. Got some spare time [Henry Pride] / p1. Young people's club [Fitzwilliam Street People's Church] / p1. Fun and fellowship [Kew Uniting Church Youth Group] / p1. Learn to swim next year! / p1. Bring your orchid [Kew Garden Club] / p2. Retired and looking for something to do? [Kew Elder Citizens] / p2. Your help needed [The Kewriosity Sheet] / p2. [Aphorisms] / p2. Songs my mother sang / p2. Recreation courses / p2. Multiple Sclerosis Unit / p2. You you get ideas? [East Kew Uniting Church] / p2. E.P.R.G. (Early Planning for Retirement Group] / p2. Mum - It's for you! / p2. Action for the handicapped / p2. Biggest rug in the world / p2. Council News [City Hall Bookings; Town Planning; Unburnable rubbish; Family Day Care Scheme; Community Occupational Therapist; Kew Community Directory; Come meet your Mayor (Cr Kaye Cole) / p2. Do it yourself duplicating [Copy Shop] / p2. Meals on - tables [Kew Elderly Citizens' Club] / p2.The Kewriosity Sheet (1979-83) was first published in the City of Kew (Victoria) in June 1979 as a two-sided 'community newssheet'. It aimed to: 'share news about Kew happenings and Kew people, and to exchange ideas about living in Kew'. Later issues gradually evolved into a 4-page, quarto sized publication. The Kewriosity Sheet was superseded by the Kew Council publication 'Kewriosity' (1983-1994).non-fictionWhat's doing in Kew for October / p1. Keeping Kew beautiful [Parks and Gardens: Alexandra Gardens - Kew; Kew Garden Club; Willsmere Park; Victoria Park; Eglinton Reserve] / p1. Your news is good news / p1. Got some spare time [Henry Pride] / p1. Young people's club [Fitzwilliam Street People's Church] / p1. Fun and fellowship [Kew Uniting Church Youth Group] / p1. Learn to swim next year! / p1. Bring your orchid [Kew Garden Club] / p2. Retired and looking for something to do? [Kew Elder Citizens] / p2. Your help needed [The Kewriosity Sheet] / p2. [Aphorisms] / p2. Songs my mother sang / p2. Recreation courses / p2. Multiple Sclerosis Unit / p2. You you get ideas? [East Kew Uniting Church] / p2. E.P.R.G. (Early Planning for Retirement Group] / p2. Mum - It's for you! / p2. Action for the handicapped / p2. Biggest rug in the world / p2. Council News [City Hall Bookings; Town Planning; Unburnable rubbish; Family Day Care Scheme; Community Occupational Therapist; Kew Community Directory; Come meet your Mayor (Cr Kaye Cole) / p2. Do it yourself duplicating [Copy Shop] / p2. Meals on - tables [Kew Elderly Citizens' Club] / p2. community publications --- kew (vic.), the kewriosity sheet, newsletters - kew (vic.) -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Journal, Arnall & Jackson: Printers & Stationers, Victorian Municipal Directory and Gazetteer : Also Commonwealth Guide and the Water Supply Record for 1928
The Victorian Municipal Directory provided annual details, and later bi-annual details, of all councils. Published by Arnall & Jackson (Printers and Stationers), copies were published in 'cloth' for sixteen shillings and 'half roan' for eighteen shillings. This copy was owned by Cr C.S.Parry. Elected to the Kew City Council as a representative of North Ward, Cr Parry was elevated to the position of Mayor in 1931. It, together with five other editions, was presented to the Kew Historical Society in 1987 by his grandson.Bound copy of the Victorian Municipal Directory and Gazetteer: Also Commonwealth Guide and the Water Supply Record for 1928. The volume contains 846 pages and includes sections on: - Comparative table – Municipal Returns for Twenty-one Years. - Index to Townships, Parishes and Railway Stations. - Changes and appointments. - Commonwealth of Australia (Constitution, Parliament, Departments and Officers). - State of Victoria (Parliament, Departments and Officers / Boards, Institutions, Trusts and Loans). - Municipalities in Victoria (Cities and Towns, Boroughs, Shires). - Water Supply (State Rivers and Water Supply Commission).non-fictionThe Victorian Municipal Directory provided annual details, and later bi-annual details, of all councils. Published by Arnall & Jackson (Printers and Stationers), copies were published in 'cloth' for sixteen shillings and 'half roan' for eighteen shillings. This copy was owned by Cr C.S.Parry. Elected to the Kew City Council as a representative of North Ward, Cr Parry was elevated to the position of Mayor in 1931. It, together with five other editions, was presented to the Kew Historical Society in 1987 by his grandson. victoria -- registers -- periodicals., victoria -- directories., water-supply -- victoria -- directories., municipal government -- victoria -- periodicals., cities and towns -- victoria -- directories. -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Document (item) - Invitation to a Meeting of Kew Council, City of Kew, 1948
The Municipality of Kew (1860-1863), the Borough of Kew (1863-1910), the Town of Kew (1910-1921) and the City of Kew (1921-1994) were local government instrumentalities in the State of Victoria. In 1994, the City of Kew was amalgamated, together with the former Cities of Camberwell and Hawthorn, into the new City of Boroondara (1994- ). Like other local government entities of the period, Kew was administered by town clerks. The two notable town clerks in Kew's history were H. H. (Henry Hirst) Harrison (1868-1955) and W. D. (William Dickie) Birrell (1899-1974). Harrison was appointed to the position in 1901 and retired in 1938 after 37 years. Birrell, appointed Acting Town Clerk in 1921, became Town Clerk in 1938, following Harrison's retirement. He continued in this role until his retirement in 1966. A large part of this collection of civic ephemera was assembled by W. D. Birrell. This is part of an historically significant civic collection, containing hundreds of separate invitations, documents, greeting cards, programmes and tickets issued and/or collected by successive town clerks. Items in the collection illuminate the political, social and cultural history of the district. As a continuous record, ranging across most decades of the Twentieth Century, they reveal changing tastes in design, values and relationships in the history of local government in Victoria.ephemera, civic ephemera, civic invitations, cr f w dods, kew town hall -- walpole street -- kew (vic.) -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Document (item) - Invitation to a Special Meeting of Kew Council, City of Kew, 1949
The Municipality of Kew (1860-1863), the Borough of Kew (1863-1910), the Town of Kew (1910-1921) and the City of Kew (1921-1994) were local government instrumentalities in the State of Victoria. In 1994, the City of Kew was amalgamated, together with the former Cities of Camberwell and Hawthorn, into the new City of Boroondara (1994- ). Like other local government entities of the period, Kew was administered by town clerks. The two notable town clerks in Kew's history were H. H. (Henry Hirst) Harrison (1868-1955) and W. D. (William Dickie) Birrell (1899-1974). Harrison was appointed to the position in 1901 and retired in 1938 after 37 years. Birrell, appointed Acting Town Clerk in 1921, became Town Clerk in 1938, following Harrison's retirement. He continued in this role until his retirement in 1966. A large part of this collection of civic ephemera was assembled by W. D. Birrell. This is part of an historically significant civic collection, containing hundreds of separate invitations, documents, greeting cards, programmes and tickets issued and/or collected by successive town clerks. Items in the collection illuminate the political, social and cultural history of the district. As a continuous record, ranging across most decades of the Twentieth Century, they reveal changing tastes in design, values and relationships in the history of local government in Victoria.ephemera, civic ephemera, civic invitations, kew town hall -- walpole street -- kew (vic.), cr w j hambly -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Document, Arnall & Jackson: Printers & Stationers, City of Kew: Air Raid Precautions Organisation, June 1940
Air Raid Precautions Organisations were formed in each State in Australia during the Second World War. In Victoria they were organised by the State Emergency Council (Victoria) for Civil Defence. In Melbourne, the organisations were locally based in municipalities. Within a municipality, areas were organised into sectors.Twelve point instructions distributed by the District Warden's Office, Town Hall, Kew in June 1940 and issued by the authority and with the approval of the Kew City Council, W. D. Birrell (Town Clerk), outlining advice for residents in the event of an air raid. City of Kew seal at top right. The document was issued to residents in Sector 9. It was printed by Arnall & Jackson, 115 Barkly Street, W. Brunswick.Signed [Sector Warden] F. J. [sic] Warry, 65 Molesworth Street; [Senior Warden] K. L. Robertssecond world war, city of kew, wwii, air raid precautions organisation -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Architectural Moulding, Fragment of plaster and cement cornice from Southesk [Ordsall], 1870-80
'Ordsall', renamed 'Southesk' in the 20th century was built for John Halfey in or before 1865. The house was rebuilt in the 1870s to designs by architect Michael Hennessy. In 1882 the house was redecorated by the firm of Cullis Hill & Co., who hired the artists 'Mr Vandenbrandt' and 'Signor Rizzi" to paint the ceilings of the ballroom and the drawingroom. The artistic triumph was described in detail in The Argus, 30 October, 1882. In 1947, Southesk was purchased by the Kew City Council. For 23 years it was used as a meeting place for community groups. The house was then demolished in 1970 to make way for a new Town Hall.Rare, and possible unique fragment of a plaster cornice from one of the most architecturally distinctive houses in Kew, demolished 1970.Section of plaster cornice removed from Southesk on the corner of Charles Street and Cotham Road, Kew, when it was demolished in 1970 by the City of Kew. The cornice has a narrow layer of previously coloured plaster which is now overlaid with a grey distemper. The foundation of the cornice is moulded cement. Remnant flowers moulded in the central band of the cornice include a rose and a sunflower. The plaster decoration was probably located in the entrance hall, dining room or ballroom, all of which were created in the 1870s by Michael Hennessy and decorated by the firm of art decorators, Cullis Hill & Co in 1882.Nilordsall, south esk, cullis hill, plasterwork, cornices, victorian interiors -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Plan - Subdivision Plan, J R Mathers & McMillan, Glenarbor Estate, 1934
Pru Sanderson, in her groundbreaking ‘City of Kew Urban Conservation Study : Volume 2 - Development History’ (1988), summarised the periods of urban development and subdivisions of land in Kew. The periods that she identified included 1845-1880, 1880-1893, 1893-1921, 1921-1933, 1933-1943, and Post-War Development. These periods were selected as they represented periods of rapid growth or decline in urban development. An obvious starting point for Sanderson’s groupings involved population growth and the associated economic cycles. These cycles also highlighted urban expansion onto land that was predominantly rural, although in other cases it represented the decline and breakup of large estates. A number of the plans in the Kew Historical Society’s collection can also be found in other collections, such as those of the State Library of Victoria and the Boroondara Library Service. A number are however unique to the collection.The Kew Historical Society collection includes almost 100 subdivision plans pertaining to suburbs of the City of Melbourne. Most of these are of Kew, Kew East or Studley Park, although a smaller number are plans of Camberwell, Deepdene, Balwyn and Hawthorn. It is believed that the majority of the plans were gifted to the Society by persons connected with the real estate firm - J. R. Mathers and McMillan, 136 Cotham Road, Kew. The Plans in the collection are rarely in pristine form, being working plans on which the agent would write notes and record lots sold and the prices of these. The subdivision plans are historically significant examples of the growth of urban Melbourne from the beginning of the 20th Century up until the 1980s. A number of the plans are double-sided and often include a photograph on the reverse. A number of the latter are by noted photographers such as J.E. Barnes.The little-known Glenarbor Estate comprised 23 allotments bordering Wellington and Denmark Streets and Fenton Avenue. The auction of the allotments in the Estate was held in the Kew Recreation Hall. The purported advantages to Kew are identified on the plan, such as the close proximity of the entrance to the Kew Railway Station and access to shops in Denmark Street. Due to its location, the subdivision was pitched at commercial as well as residential purchasers. The Estate was to cause a crisis in the Kew Council as a majority of councillors voted on 29 May to acquire the entire Estate as the location of a new Town Hall. The Estate was said to be valued at £50,000. A later meeting was to rescind the vote, instead opting for the compulsory acquisition of South Esk on the corner of Charles Street and Cotham Road. That acquisition was to be overturned by the State Government. The debate about the purchase of the Glenarbor Estate by Council coincided with the decision to widen High Street on the South side between Cotham Road and the Junction."D"subdivision plans - kew, glenarbor estate, wellington street, denmark street -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph, Stuart Tompkins Studios, W. D. Birrell, Town Clerk [Kew] 1936, c.1938
In Kew’s Civic Century (1960), Cr. W.D. Vaughan described William Dickie Birrell M.B.E. (1899-1974) as follows: “Mr. W. D. Birrell, who had been on the staff of the Country Roads Board after his return from active service with the First A.I.F., was appointed assistant town clerk on February 15, 1921. On Mr. Harrison’s retirement he was appointed town clerk and city treasurer, and has given outstanding service. His knowledge of municipal administration has been acknowledged by the Government calling on his services to advise on amendments to the Local Government Act. He is a past president of the Town Clerks Institute, and on the nomination of that body was honoured by Her Majesty the Queen in 1958 with the award of the M.B.E. He still occupies the position and is held in the highest esteem not only by the Kew Council, but also by local government administrators throughout the metropolitan area.” (page 132) He died on 7 May 1974, and his ashes were interred at the Boroondara General Cemetery. This portrait is one of a series of mounted and framed photographic portraits of Mayors and Town Clerks of the former Borough, Town and City of Kew, for the period 1863 to 1969. The portraits were transferred by the City of Kew to the Kew Historical Society in March 1989. A Significance Assessment in 2018, funded by the National Library of Australia confirmed the historic, and often artistic significance of the series. Framed portrait of W. D. Birrell - Town Clerk of the City of Kew from 1936 -. The mounting and framing of the photograph follows a typical layout or style in that it each is framed in dark wood, glazed, and laid down on an inscribed board. The inscription identifies the name of the town clerk and the year/s that he served.W.D. BIRRELL / TOWN CLERK 1938-town clerks - kew (vic), w.d. birrell, photographers - stuart tompkins studios - camberwell (vic), kew (vic.) — municipal collection -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph, H.H. Harrison, Town Clerk [of Kew] 1901-1938, 1930s
Cr. W.D. Vaughan in his civic history of Kew includes a chapter (XXXII, pages 132-3) to Town Clerks and Surveyors. He states that H.H. Harrison began his career with the Borough of Kew in 1888 as his predecessor's assistant, becoming Town Clerk on the latter's death in 1901. On his retirement, The Herald on 30 Jul 1938 reported that: "H.H. HARRISON, Town Clerk of Kew, was entertained last night by members of the Metropolitan Institute of Town Clerks and presented with a walking stick and case of pipes, on the occasion of his retirement after 50 years' service with Kew City Council. He began his municipal career as a youth with the Bendigo City Council, and in 1888, was appointed Assistant Town Clerk at Kew. Appointed Town Clerk in 1901, he has held the office for 37 years."This portrait is one of a series of mounted and framed photographic portraits of Mayors and Town Clerks of the former Borough, Town and City of Kew, for the period 1863 to 1969. The portraits were transferred by the City of Kew to the Kew Historical Society in March 1989. A Significance Assessment in 2018, funded by the National Library of Australia confirmed the historic, and often artistic significance of the series. Framed portrait of Henry Hirst Harrison, Town Clerk of the City of Kew from 1901 to 1938. The mounting and framing of the photograph follows a typical layout or style in that it each is framed in dark wood, glazed, and laid down on an inscribed board. The inscription identifies the name of the town clerk and the year/s that he served.H.H. Harrison, Town Clerk 1901-1938h.h. harrison, town clerks - kew (vic), kew (vic.) — municipal collection -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Document, Borough of Kew / Gazetted Streets, 1865-1937
The Melbourne suburb of Kew gained independence from the Boroondara Roads Board in 1860, being declared a Municipality in that year. Kew became a Borough in 1863, a Town in 1910, and a City in 1921. The former City of Kew became part of a newly declared City of Boroondara in 1994. This very fragile document records the following information about streets in Kew - Name, Total Width, Width of Carriageway, Description, Government Gazetted - Year & Page.While the name of a street was formally acknowledged and published in the Victorian Government Gazettes, this document, compiled by a public officer, probably in the Town Clerk's Department, is the earliest known local record listing street names in the Borough, later Town, then City of Kew. The front page indicates that in 1865, the responsibility for an initial 36 streets in Kew was taken over by Council. The final annotation in the document was made in 1937. The document is an important record for researchers seeking to understand the dating of streets in the district.27-page document compiled by officers of the Borough, Town and City of Kew, listing the names of streets taken over by Council, and providing details of their proportions and gazettiing. The document covers the period of 1865 to 1937. Handwritten documentborough of kew, streets -- kew (vic.) -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Administrative record - Document, City of Kew, Notice Paper, Special Meeting, Kew City Council, 1949, 1949
The decade that began in national and domestic uncertainty was to end on a fancifully resolute moment, when Kew Council decided to apply for a gold mayoral chain. While most cities had previously been gifted mayoral chains by the Victorian Government, Kew had passed up an earlier opportunity in 1933. In that year, councillors had asked the Town Clerk to investigate whether previous mayors were willing to donate a gold link for the chain on which their name would be inscribed. Either the answer was negative, or else the Great Depression unnerved the decision makers. Hawthorn councillors, in contrast, accepted the offer of a gold chain, contributing the cost of the enamelled central medallion, while twenty former Hawthorn mayors agreed to each donate a link. At a Special Meeting of the Kew City Council on 22 August 1949, the Lieutenant Governor, Sir Edmund Herring presented a gold mayoral chain, worth £250 to the City of Kew. Contemporary newspaper accounts recorded that sixteen former mayors, or their families, donated a link inscribed with the name and term of its owner. The first mayor to wear the new chain of office was Cr Walter Hambly.Historically significant documentary record relating to the Insignia of Office of the City of KewNotice paper sent to councillors of a Special Meeting of Kew City Council, attended by the Lieutenant Governor, Sir Edmund Herring to receive the presentation of a gold mayoral chain to the City. The space where the invitee's name should be written is left blank, so presumably it was a spare copy originating in the Town Clerk's files.mayoral chain - kew, council papers - kew city council, insignia of office -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph, C.S. Tompkins (Ainar Studios), Kew Council Cricket Team, 1922-1924
Historically significant and rare photograph of Kew Councillors playing in a Cricket Team in the early 1920s.Kew Council Cricket Team. The City of Kew at times had its own cricket team. Identified players of the 1922-23 team include: Back row, left to right: Cr. Coleman, Cr. Edwards, Staff, Staff, Cr. Barnard, Mr Birrell, Cr. Wishart. Front row, left to right: Cr. Ramsey, Cr. Woolcock (Mayor), C. Cole, and Cr. Carnegie. Of the eight councillors in the team, each either had been or would be Mayors of Kew: William Wishart (1906-07), Jabez Carnegie (1908-09, 1924-25, 1934-35), Francis Barnard (1920-21), Henry Coleman (1921-22, 1929-30), James Woolcock (1922-23, 1923-24), George Ramsey (1925-26), George Cole (1926-27), and Percy Edwards (1928-29). W. D. Birrell became Town Clerk of Kew in 1938. The photographic studio's name at front is identified as C.S. Tompkins Ainar Studios, Auburn. Annotation on reverse include the names of the players, an original accession number "KH-22" and information about donor "Presented by Joy Stewart, given to her by the Edward[s] family, Mr Edward[s] once Mayor of Kew (1928-29)city of kew, kew councillors and staff, sports -- cricket -- kew (vic.) -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph, J E Barnes, Kew Proclaimed a City, 10 March 1921
This large framed photograph once hung in the Kew Town Hall in Walpole Street. It marked the occasion when Kew became a city. It is an important record of a significant civic event by a nationally significant photographer. A very large, framed portrait of the elected councillors of the City of Kew in 1921. The photograph was taken by the nationally important photographer, Josiah Barnes who had until recently been a resident of Kew. He was to die in the same year that the photograph was taken. The photograph was taken in the Alexandra Gardens in front of the Jubilee Rotunda. [Inscription] "Kew Proclaimed a City, 10th March 1921, Kew City Council". [Photographer] "J.E. Barnes Photo / Kew". Plaque: “Presented by Cr Wm Wishart / Mayor 1906-7”.kew city council -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph, Stuart Tompkins Studios, Kew Municipal Library: Opening of Extentions by The Hon. L.W. Balvin M.L.A. Chief Secretary, 19 October 1954
Kew Library history: 1860: Kew's first library was the Kew Literary and Scientific Society, which opened on 6 August 1860. 1884: Kew Town Hall was extended and the library transferred to a room on the upper floor. This was not an ideal arrangement as the room was required for Council purposes. 1904: A cottage adjoining Kew Town Hall was purchased for use as a library. 1937: The library was closed for a major overhaul of stock and renovation of the building. It reopened in December 1937 and remained there for more than 35 years. 1973: When the Civic Centre opened in Charles Street, Kew, the library moved in. 1987: Kew Library moved to its current location in the converted city hall, overlooking the beautiful Alexandra Gardens. The library was officially opened at this site on Friday 23 October 1987 by the Mayor of Kew, Cr James Tutt.An historically interesting photographic record of investment in public infrastructure and services by municipal councils during the 1950s. Framed photographic collage showing the opening of Extensions to the Kew Municipal Library by The Hon. L.W. Balvin M.L.A. Chief Secretary on 19 August 1954. The photos are in their original mount and frame.[Inscription] "Kew Municipal Library: Opening of Extentions by The Hon. L.W. Balvin M.L.A. Chief Secretary 19.8.1954, with Cr. A.S.C. Stevens J.P. Mayor and Cr. W.D. Vaughan J.P. Chairman Library Council". [Photographer] "Stuart Tompkins Studios."kew library, cr a.s.c. stevens, cr w.d. vaughan, australian photographers - stuart tompkins studio -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Award, Kew Fire Brigade: Best Average Time, 16 points, U.F.B.D. Sandhurst, 1886
1879 - The Argus, Friday 11 July 1879, page 4. The Kew Borough Council having decided to initiate a fire brigade, invited volunteers to send in their names. About 40 complied with the invitation and met at the Town-hall to choose 12 of their number to form the brigade. The 12 elected then chose their officers as follows :— Councillor Gray, captain ; Mr. Thomas Greenhill, foreman ; and Mr. H. Loxton, secretary. The brigade decided to apply to the council for uniforms and a bell; and after adopting rules for their guidance the meeting separated. The brigade now possesses a reel and 500ft. of hose, and a shed is being erected in Little Walpole-street for a station. The council have applied for six additional fireplugs in the Main-road, so that the brigade may now be considered fairly established. 1886 - Globe (Sydney), Tuesday 16 March 1886, page 8 The Kew Fire Brigade, which obtained the pride of place at the recent fire brigades' demonstration, at Sandhurst, was met on their return at Spencer-street Railway Station by the Mayor and Councillors of that suburb, and were subsequently entertained at the Greyhound Hotel. 1886 - South Bourke and Mornington Journal, Wednesday 17 March 1886, page 2 It may be, deemed remarkable, but nevertheless a fact, 'that the Kew Fire Brigade, comparatively a new one, has gained premier place at the recent contest of brigades held at Ballarat, winning two first prizes and two second. On returning they were met at the station and escorted to Kew, preceded by the Borough banner. Certificate awarded to the Kew Volunteer Fire Brigade as an award for winning 'the best average time' in competition at Sandhurst. Surrounding the team's photo are a series of individual oval named portraits of the team. This version of the certificate, (there is two in the collection) is unframed and has a badly torn mount. It is also more faded than the framed version.The photograph without the mount (2016.0097a) has been digitally enhanced. Inscription: "Kew Fire Brigade U.F.B.D. Sandhurst. Kew 1886: Best Average Time, 16 points"kew volunteer fire brigade -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Document, Troedel & Co, Kew Volunteer Fire Brigade, Certificate of Membership, 1886
1879 - The Argus, Friday 11 July 1879, page 4. The Kew Borough Council having decided to initiate a fire brigade, invited volunteers to send in their names. About 40 complied with the invitation and met at the Town-hall to choose 12 of their number to form the brigade. The 12 elected then chose their officers as follows :— Councillor Gray, captain ; Mr. Thomas Greenhill, foreman ; and Mr. H. Loxton, secretary. The brigade decided to apply to the council for uniforms and a bell; and after adopting rules for their guidance the meeting separated. The brigade now possesses a reel and 500ft. of hose, and a shed is being erected in Little Walpole-street for a station. The council have applied for six additional fireplugs in the Main-road, so that the brigade may now be considered fairly established. The Volunteer Fire Brigade was replaced in 1891 by a detachment of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade and a new Fire Station in Walton Street constructed in 1893; subsequently demolished in 1941.The certificate includes the only known image of the first fire station in Kew. It was donated by Mrs L. Bray. The donor's father, Mr. A. Wood, was a member at time of the Brigade's 'disbandment'.Kew Volunteer Fire Brigade: Certificate of Membership, 1886. Testifying that Herbert Woollard was an active member of the Kew Volunteer Fire Brigade between 4th May 1883 and 2nd July 1886. Signed with pen and ink H. Kellett (Captain) and F.G.A. Barnard (Hon. Sec.). The certificate is believed to include the only picture of the first Kew Fire Station.The certificate lists the original members of the brigade on the left side as: Captain H. Gray, Lieutenant T. Greenhill, and Secretary H. Loxton; [Members} F.G.A. Barnard, W. Cleverdon, L. Gurzanscky, T.G. Jellis, J.A. Kay, H. Kellett, H. Kirby, D. McLachlan; (Honorary members) W. Atkins, W. Cleverdon, H. Gray, T. Greenhill. At the right is a list of members at the time of disbandment: Captain H. Kellett, Lieutenant H. Burmeister, Sub-Lieutenant A. Wallis, Secretary F.G.A. Barnard; [Members] J. Burke, W. Gardner, L. Gillman, F. Kay, H. Kirwood, W. MacKenzie, C. Wallis, A Wood; [Honorary members] G. Hinchcliffe, T. G. Jellis, J. A. Kay, D. McLaughlan.Troedel & Co. Lith [printer].kew volunteer fire brigade, h. woollard, brougham street -- kew (vic.) -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Painting - Section of mural from the ballroom of 'Ordsall' [Southesk], Cotham Road, Cullis Hill & Co, 1882
Ordsall, renamed Southesk in the 20th century was built for John Halfey in or before 1865. The house was rebuilt in the 1870s to designs by architect Michael Hennessy. In 1882 the house was redecorated by the firm of Culls Hill & Co., who hired the artists 'Mr Vandenbrandt' and 'Signor Rizzi" to paint the ceilings of the ballroom and the drawingroom. The artistic triumph was described in detail in The Argus, 30 October, 1882. In 1947, Southesk was purchased by the Kew City Council. For 23 years it was used as a meeting place for community groups. The house was then demolished in 1970 to make way for a new Town Hall.The interiors of the two main reception rooms at Ordsall included some of the most outstanding domestic frescos painted in Australia in the late Victorian period. These frescos were executed by artists hired by the firm of Cullis Hill & Co. While a number of photographs were taken of the interiors prior to the house's demolition in 1970, this small fragment of the fresco is one of only three extant. The fresco allows conservators to examine and evaluate fresco techniques of the period.One of only two fragments of the painted domed ceiling of the ballroom of Ordsall (later renamed Southesk) which once stood at the corner of Cotham Road and Charles Street, Kew. This triangular piece of the fresco is of a cherub's face.Label: 'This is from the "Southesk" ballroom 14-7-70'ordsall, southesk, cullis hill & co. -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Painting - Section of mural from the ballroom of 'Ordsall' [Southesk], Cotham Road, Cullis Hill & Co, 1882
Ordsall, renamed Southesk in the 20th century was built for John Halfey in or before 1865. The house was rebuilt in the 1870s to designs by architect Michael Hennessy. In 1882 the house was redecorated by the firm of Culls Hill & Co., who hired the artists 'Mr Vandenbrandt' and 'Signor Rizzi" to paint the ceilings of the ballroom and the drawingroom. The artistic triumph was described in detail in The Argus, 30 October, 1882. In 1947, Southesk was purchased by the Kew City Council. For 23 years it was used as a meeting place for community groups. The house was then demolished in 1970 to make way for a new Town Hall.The interiors of the two main reception rooms at Ordsall included some of the most outstanding domestic frescos painted in Australia in the late Victorian period. These frescos were executed by artists hired by the firm of Cullis Hill & Co. While a number of photographs were taken of the interiors prior to the house's demolition in 1970, this small fragment of the fresco is one of only three extant. The fresco allows conservators to examine and evaluate fresco techniques of the period.One of only two fragments of the painted domed ceiling of the ballroom of Ordsall (later renamed Southesk) which once stood at the corner of Cotham Road and Charles Street, Kew. This roughly square piece of the plasterwork shows a woman's head. Given the size of the face, it is believed that this section of the fresco represents one of the four 'geographic depictions of the earth including the seasons, night and morning'.Label: 'This is from the Southesk Ballroom 14-7-70'cullis hill & co., fresco, ordsall, southesk -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Painting - Section of mural from the Drawingroom of 'Ordsall' [Southesk], Cotham Road, Cullis Hill & Co, 1882
Ordsall, renamed Southesk in the 20th century was built for John Halfey in or before 1865. The house was rebuilt in the 1870s to designs by architect Michael Hennessy. In 1882 the house was redecorated by the firm of Cullis Hill & Co., who hired the artists 'Mr Vandenbrandt' and 'Signor Rizzi" to paint the ceilings of the ballroom and the drawingroom. The artistic triumph was described in detail in The Argus, 30 October, 1882. In 1947, Southesk was purchased by the Kew City Council. For 23 years it was used as a meeting place for community groups. The house was then demolished in 1970 to make way for a new Town Hall.The interiors of the two main reception rooms at Ordsall included some of the most outstanding domestic frescos painted in Australia in the late Victorian period. These frescos were executed by artists hired by the firm of Cullis Hill & Co. While a number of photographs were taken of the interiors prior to the house's demolition in 1970, this small fragment of the fresco is one of only three extant. The fresco allows conservators to examine and evaluate fresco techniques of the period.A fragment of the painted domed ceiling of the drawingroom of Ordsall (later renamed Southesk) which once stood at the corner of Cotham Road and Charles Street, Kew. This rectangular fragment of painted plaster is a small section of the rectangular frieze of neo-gothic scenes that were a feature of the drawingroom ceiling. The fragment differs from those remaining from the ballroom in that it includes a section of gold leaf.Label: 'This is from "Southesk" drawing room'ordsall, southesk, cullis hill & co., halfey, john -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph, J E Barnes, Kew Becomes a City, 1921, 1921
This is a smaller version of the large framed photograph donated to the new City of Kew by Cr Wishart. The framed photograph was hung in the Walpole Street Town Hall. Presumably, each of the Councillors in the portrait was presented with a smaller version.This photograph was donated by a descendant of the Kellett family. This picture, like it framed counterpart, is historically significant as a record of a major civic event in Kew's history. It is also aesthetically significant as the last official photograph taken by the photographer Josiah Earl Barnes before his death in the same year.Kew Becomes a City, 1921. Small photograph mounted on card of the official portrait of the Mayor and Councillors of Kew in 1921. Josiah Earl Barnes, the photographer, posed the group in front of the Jubilee Rotunda in the Alexandra Gardens in Cotham Road, Kew. At the centre of the group in mayoral robes is the then mayor of Kew, Cr. F.G.A. Barnard. This was to be the last major commission by the Council for J.E. Barnes, who had been responsible for creating the series of 19th Century portraits of former mayors that was displayed in the Kew Town Hall in Walpole Street.J. E. Barnes / Photoj.e. barnes, kew (victoria), kew city council, alexandra gardens, f.g.a. barnard -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Document (item) - Invitation, City of Kew, Official Opening of the W D Vaughan Reference Library, 1973
The Municipality of Kew (1860-1863), the Borough of Kew (1863-1910), the Town of Kew (1910-1921) and the City of Kew (1921-1994) were local government instrumentalities in the State of Victoria. In 1994, the City of Kew was amalgamated, together with the former Cities of Camberwell and Hawthorn, into the new City of Boroondara (1994- ). Like other local government entities of the period, Kew was administered by town clerks. The two notable town clerks in Kew's history were H. H. (Henry Hirst) Harrison (1868-1955) and W. D. (William Dickie) Birrell (1899-1974). Harrison was appointed to the position in 1901 and retired in 1938 after 37 years. Birrell, appointed Acting Town Clerk in 1921, became Town Clerk in 1938, following Harrison's retirement. He continued in this role until his retirement in 1966.This card is part of an historically significant civic collection, containing hundreds of separate invitations, documents, greeting cards, programmes and tickets issued and/or collected by successive town clerks. Items in the collection illuminate the political, social and cultural history of the district. As a continuous record, ranging across most decades of the Twentieth Century, they reveal changing tastes in design, values and relationships in the history of local government in Victoria.THE MAYOR AND COUNCILLORS OF THE CITY OF KEW / REQUEST THE PLEASURE OF THE COMPANY OF / ________________________ / AT THE OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE W D VAUGHAN REFERENCE LIBRARY / BY / THE HONOURABLE MR JUSTICE J E. STARKE / PRESIDENT LIBRARY COUNCIL OF VICTORIA / KEW MUNICIPAL LIBRARY / THURSDAY 28TH JUNE, 1973, AT 2.30 P.M. / RSVP TOWN CLERK, KEWcivic invitations -- kew (vic), kew municipal library, w d vaughan -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Photograph, City of Kew : 1994 Final Councillors, 1994
Kew was gazetted as a Municipality in 1860, as a Borough in 1863, as a Town in 1910, and as a City in 1921. Under a conservative Victorian Government, led by premier Jeff Kennett, Councils across Victoria were amalgamated, including the City of Kew, which was joined with the Cities of Hawthorn and Camberwell to form a new City of Boroondara (1994- ). This is one of two photographs recording the last Kew Council in 1994. Laminated photograph of City of Kew Final Councillors, taken in 1994, during the year that Council amalgamation led to the demise of the City of Kew. The photograph was laminated a number of years before its donation. CITY OF KEW / 1994 FINAL COUNCILLORS / FROM LEFT: / BACK ROW: ALLEN MARTIN, PHILIP SLOBOM, ROGER STREETON, JAMES TUTT, DARYL OLDAKER, GERARD PETRIE / FRONT ROW: MICHAEL MONTALTO, PAUL VALLIS, TOM INDOVINO (MAYOR), JOAN LAMB, JOHN MURRAYcity of kew councillors, kew council - 1994