Front cover has a photograph of the Patterson family c.1904. Back cover has the blurb of the book and information about the authors of the book.non-fictionOn Taungurung Land: Sharing History and Culture is the first monograph to examine how the Taungurung Nation of central Victoria negotiated with protectors and pastoralists to retain possession of their own country for as long as possible.taungurung nation, elder uncle roy patterson, jennifer jones, acheron aboriginal station, mohican aboriginal station, central victoria, history, white settlement

This pamphlet produced by Major Sam Thompson US Army Engineer Corps on exchange to Australia was published as a guide to AUTOMAP 1, the Army Survey Regiment’s first computer-based map production system. It examined how automation had changed the compilation and drafting phases of the map production process. It attempted to present in a light-hearty story telling style, short and clear description of each AUTOMAP 1 sub-system with photos of staff and equipment, diagrams and humorous cartoons. The cartoonist is unknown. The pamphlet was printed at the Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo Army Survey Regiment pamphlet comprises a manilla card cover printed in colour with 24 pages with photographs in black and white; and descriptions, diagrams, and cartoons printed in colour. It is bounded by two staples on its spine. The coloured pages have been scanned at 300 dpi and are stored on a USB Digital Storage Device. The page images have been converted into a video (.mp4) format and also stored on the USB. The video is 1.3Mb in size and runs for 1.3 minutes.royal australian survey corps, rasvy, fortuna, army survey regiment, army svy regt, asr

Report by the Victorian Parliamentary Public Works Committee on "The Plenty Road, Preston, Tramway Extension Inquiry" - 1967. The inquiry examined the MMTB's proposal to extend the East Preston line 0.7miles or 1.3km. The Committee took evidence from the MMTB, bus operators, the Victorian Railways, residents, La Trobe University, Preston City Council and others. The Committee recommended against the proposal. The report lists those members of Parliament involved. The line was subsequently extended by 1.2 kilometres from Tyler Street to Boldrewood Parade during 1983 and subsequently to Bundoora. Demonstrates the method of holding parliamentary inquiries into new tram lines.Document - report - 9 pages stapled in top left-hand corner, printed with a spirit duplicator.tramways, parliament, new lines, east preston, inquiries, bundoora, plenty road

Henry Watts (1828_1889) Died at Melbourne, 16th December, 1889. He was a good microscopist. His botanical studies were chiefly devoted to algae, both fresh-water and marine, and while living for many years at Warrnambool he was a contributor of algae to Harvey, who figured Wrangelia wattsii, Harv., and Crouania wattsii, Harv., in his “Phycologia Australica " He was the author of "On the Fresh-water Algae of Victoria " (Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1861-4, 67) ; .also a paper "On Fossil Polyzoa" (ib.. 82); "A Trip to Mt. Macedon in Search of Fresh-water Algae" (Wing's S. S. Record, iii., 252); "On a Species of fresh-water Algae from Victoria" (Vict. Nat., i., 21); "Some Recent Additions to our Knowledge of Microscopic Natural History" (ib., iii., I33) (includes lists of fresh-water algae and Desmidieae ), First librarian (1881-2), also a vice-president of the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria. He is further commemorated by Acacia wattsiana. F. v. M. www.anbg.gov.au/biography/watts-henry.html . Henry Watts worked as a bootmaker in Timor and Liebig streets Warrnambool in the 1860’s but it was as an amateur scientist that Watts gained public notice.For an exhibiton in Melbourne in 1861 Henry Watts prepared a collection of over 100 different species of seaweed from the Warrnambool district. It is recorded in the Examiner in 1863 that he had been elected as an honorary member of the Bristol Microscopical Society of England He was a member of the Warrnambool Horticultural society and in 1865 he opted to become a flower distiller.At the 1866 MelbourneExhibition, Henry Watts exhibited 44 bottles of his perfumes. He had a keen interest in microscopes and microscopic organisms.He spent many hours combing the caves and examining the guano of local bats. This letter is written to Professor Quekett advising him that he has sent a collection of packets of samples of diatomaceae asking him to examine and name the same.. Professor Quekett was a famous microscopist of the Victorian era with the Quekett microscopist club one of the oldest in the world dedicated to the use of the microscope and its discoveries. Henry Watts was one of Warrnambool’s first botanists and marine scientists. He also established a flower distilling and perfume manufacturing business in Warrnambool. In 1861 he sent a collection of over 100 species of seaweed to the Melbourne Exhibition.Framed, handwritten letter, ink on blue paper. Transcript of letter is typed black on white paper. Five small numbered pieces of paper containing specimens of diatomaceae collected from marine and fresh water areas around Warrnambool.Names Henry Watts, Professor Quekett. Handwritten along the bottom of the frame, “The above was bought at a London Auction for $12-10-00 by Miss Eddey a Melbourne Book shop Proprietress and recently presented to the W.F.N. Club.: warrnambool, henry watts, watts henry, botanist,microscope, microscopic, quekett, john thomas quekett

Printed declaration from John Silverlock of Long Gully Sandhurst, Laborer, declaring that he is under the age of 30 years and that his wife does not exceed 40 years and that they do not have any infirmity likely to shorten the natural duration of life. Also signed by H. L. Atkinson that he has examined the Candidate and to the best of his belief, he is quite free of any infirmity which would tend to shorten the natural duration of life. Dated 3 July 1864. Printed by Bro Graham Berry, at The 'Observer' Office, Collingwood. Attached is a white piece of paper - John Silverlock age 29 Born in Chichester England now living in Long Gully Sandhurst. Occupation General servant married. Wifes ? Age 39 / 3 Children. Signed by J. Davidson and R ONeil.societies, aof, correspondence, ancient order of foresters no. 3770 collection - correspondence, court king of the forest, john silverlock, h l atkinson, j davidson, r oneil, graham berry

Wooden framed 'Board of Examiners for Engine-Drivers' Third Class Certificate of Competency as Engine-Driver (pursuant to the FACTORIES AND SHOPS ACTS )awarded to Julius Cohn - entitling him to drive any engine used in or in connection with a factory or work room , the cylinder of which does not exceed six inches in diameter , or if a double cylinder engine is used , the combined area must not exceed that of a cylinder six inches in diameter . Certification that he had passed examination and entitled to fulfil 3rd Class Engine Driver conditions. Signed by Board on 8th November 1904. Signed by Robert Fulton, John Coats, and Benjamin Baruel members of Board.The certificate shows a crest on the top left corner with a Lion and Unicorn / crown /shield and a rural picture of sheep and pasture word Victoria underneathbendigo, industry, cohn bros brewery, julius cohn engine driver certification 1904./ 'board of examiners for engine-drivers' third class certificate of competency as engine-driver /the factories and shops acts

Postcard with raised 8.5cm x 8.5cm coloured silk image of Tower Bridge London. Image has printed words 'Patent' and 'Fab Card' either side of a printed coat of arms at the top and letters W.N.S.B. bottom left corner and 'Series V No 40' bottom right corner. Image is attached to printed 14cm x 9cm black and white printed card. The words 'Fab Card' and 'The Art Patchwork Series' appear on the card either side of the image. Printed drawings of 1. two women, one seated sewing and one standing sewing and 2. two women standing examining a cloth, appear either side of the image. On reverse card is addressed to Miss G Dean McKenzie St Golden Square Victoria Australia.W N Sharpe Sole Publisher Bradfordpostcard

a. Extensive and detailed correspondence and documentation re site for Performing Arts Centre 1975/76; Letters from City Engineers; Town Clerk; Dr Westbrook (Ministry for the Arts); Drama officer (Ministry for the Arts); includes list in of Arts Council sponsored performances over the period 1971-1975; questionnaire relating to a Cultural & Arts Centre; list of Potential Users of an Art Centre Complex; minutes/correspondence re The Bendigo Urban Renewal Liaison Committee; plans for sites. Would need to be read and examined in its entirety due to complexity of the issue; b. Correspondence between City of Bendigo and Bendigo Arts Council (April 1976); Correspondence between City of Bendigo and Arts Council of Australia (Feb/Mar 1974) with Valuer's Letter and handwritten notes of sub-committee meeting.

Newspaper cutting with 3 photos (2 copies) from "The Sun News-Pictorial", October 15, 1930. (1) Student ploughing with a cart horse, with the caption: "Guiding the plough at Burnley Horticultural Gardens, a girl student prepares a plot for potatoes. Truly, the modern woman has entered the field of industry!" "Happy students at Burnley Horticultural Gardens thoroughly enjoy the hard work associated with the assimilation of farming and gardening lore. Ploughing, planting, pruning, and all the multitude of tasks in horticulture, come within the practical range of their studies." (2) 5 students walking in formation, with the caption: " A bevy of girls returning to lunch after their morning's work yesterday." and Two students in the orchard with flowering fruit trees, with the caption: "Examining the apple blossom for the implacable foe of the orchardist - thrip. The gardens are kept singularly free of pests."the sun news-pictorial, burnley horticultural college, students, female students, ploughing, horses, students working outside, orchard, apple blossom, thrip, draught horses, potatoes

Set of two reports from The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Railways. .1 - 8 pages - stapled report titled "General Scheme of Tramways for the Metropolis", dated 24/7/1923, examining the MMTB's General Scheme for Tramways (See Reg Item 2088, 2089 and 2098), includes financial position of the Board, tramway or railways, the scheme itself, committee recommendations and view of the railway's commissioners. .2 - 8 pages - stapled report titled "East Northcote and Ivanhoe Railless Electric Tramways" - dated 26/10/1922 - looking at proposal for a Railless tramway (trolley bus), district to be served for residential districts, proposals, annual costs, expenses, alternative routes, betterment tax or municipal guarantee, effect on railway revenue, view of the committee and recommendations. Note: These document are available as a pdf on the Parliament of Victoria website..2 - has "Mr. Lormer" in ink on top left hand corner.trams, tramways, mmtb, general scheme, tramways, development, parliament, railways, finances, construction, trolley buses, railless, northcote, ivanhoe

Mavis Direct (Directway IMP P 2.23.0 - Thompsons Almont Mare (Almont)) Mare. Foaled 1921 (1st Foal) won the St Patrick's Day Cup off scratch over 1 3/4 miles worth £95 (Winner £70 plus silver cup) at Northall Park Tasmania on 17th March 1928, ridden by AJ Gregg defeating Bundaberg 2nd and Field Voyage 3rd. Winning Time 4.20.5 (Note: Result and story published in the Launceston Examiner on 19 Mar 1928 states that the owner at the time was M McLeod not T Allan as per trophy)1928 St Patrick's Day Cup won by Mavis Direct at Northall Park, Tasmania. Owner T Allan. Rider AJ GreggTwo Handled Cup Shaped TrophySt Patrick's Cup / Presented by / Co-op Brewery / Won by / Mavis Direct / Owner T Allan / Rider AJ Gregg / March 17 1928 At bottom underneath trophy: Epns "Lewbury"trophy, harness horse, mavis direct, 1928, co-op brewery, t allan, aj gregg, lewbury, st patrick's cup

The book includes navigational information, tables and maps, diagrams and formulas. It was written for Examiners and Students studying for their nautical Mates and Masters marine qualifications— notes have been handwritten inside the front and back covers. Notes in point form: 1. I have seen the back of a torpedo EBoat or UBoat in my starboard side 2. I _ _ _ to - - - - - - - - - Port side 3. at a distance ----------- 4. Enemy surface vessel in sight __________ 5. suspicious vessel in sight 6. enemy (undecipherable) 7. I have cut a _ _ _ adrift with my _ _ 8. FI_ _ WISE _ _ _ 9. STARWISE 0. OPEN FIREThis relatively rare book provided up-to-date navigational information during World War II. It was to be used by Examiners to assess whether students qualified to be a Ship's Mate or Ship's Master. The contents of the book were based on maritime knowledge gained over centuries. It is an aid to understanding the navigational methods of the time and the changes and improvements in more recent history.Title: Tait's Home Trade Guide: to the Board of Trade Examinations for Mates and Masters Author: James Tait, Extra Master Publisher: Brown, Son and Ferguson, Ltd. Glasgow, Great Britain Date: Revised Edition 1943 Further Information: Fourteenth Edition 1941, Reprinted Edition 1943. Revised and brought up to date by Captain H. T. Jefferys, Extra Master Printed by Nautical Press, Brown, Son & Ferguson, Limited, 52-58 Darnley Street, Glasgow Hardcover, small book, royal blue cover, silver embossed text on spine. Textbook for Mariners. Includes tables and maps, diagrams and formulas, and navigational information. The inside covers of this book contain handwritten calculations, diagrams and notes that refer to navigation. Notes inside the back cover refer to an enemy vessel and OPEN FIRE.Spint, in silver embossing "TAIT'S HOME TRADE GUIDE" Handwritten inside the back cover "R.A.D. / MOORE / PT. WELCH" Included with the text inside the back cover "Gascoyne" "506" and "RCM"flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, james tait, brown, son and ferguson limited, torpedo, open fire, pt welch, vessel gascoyne, e-boat, u-boat, marine technology, world war ii, wwii, ww2, navigation exams, ship's mate, ship's master, wwii textbook, nautical textbook, navigational textbook, examination textbook, world war ii textbook, 1943 nautical textbook

Report examining rail, tram and bus services to mainly North Geelong area. Drawing of PCC car- possibly a proposed MMTB car - 45' long. Looks at comparative costs, provision of rolling stock, recommendations for improvement, a comparison between buses and trams and the style of an operating authority other than the SEC. Follows on from the Mr. Hector Bell Jnr's report and comments on his report. See item 9819 for this report. Prepared by: Charles Craig (Chairman), Leon Marshall-Wood, Noel Gipps, Donald Wishart, John Beckett, John Stranger (Secretary) of the AETA. Yields information about the threats to the Geelong tram system in 1949 and ways that it could be upgraded and extended to continue to serve. Was the first of the SEC systems to close. Has a strong association with the AETA members.A 20 page report + index + cover sheet + drawing foolscap size + estimate - corner stapled. Second copy, original version, stapled in top left hand corner with rounded corners.trams, tramways, passenger services, geelong, reports, aeta

In 1855 the local Presbyterians were granted land in Myers Street. The first building they erected was a large church hall for use as a day school, Sunday school and temporary accommodation for church services. It was opened on 14th May 1855 as a Denominational School. New educational regulations were introduced in 1864 and were quite specific about standards. Children were required to attend at least 50 days each half year. Thomas H Smith, Inspector of Schools in the Sandhurst district examined the students in attendance and twice a year, over the period of the register. March 1864 to Match 1868. Sandhurst Common School, Examination Register Index 1864 - 1868. Published by Bendigo Area, Australian Institute of Genealogical Studies in 2002. Light blue card cover. Bound spine.education, schools

The Fundamentals of Legacy was a paper offered to the Fortieth Annual Conference of the Legacy Clubs of Australia, held in Ballarat from 7th to 10th November 1968, by the Sydney Legacy Club. It was presented by Legatee Daniel S. Aarons, past president of the Legacy Club of Sydney (1946-47). By resolution of the Conference it was printed by Legacy Co-ordinating Council for distribution upon their request to Legacy Clubs. The first part of the brochure examines birth of Legacy growing from the seeds of comradeship that were sown in war service. Comradeship from the deep friendship forged in war time. The second part examines the personal service that is fundamental to Legacy. It includes a story of burial after a fierce battle at Pozieres in August 1916 where the writer witnessed a mate pledge to the deceased "don't worry, our friends, we will look after your widows and children". The final words of the of the brochure. "Legacy is a magnificent monument whose foundations made from everlasting materials, Mateship, Comradeship, and Friendship. The edifice upon that foundation was erected by the dedicated, personal service of a mere few thousand Legatees of whom it may truly be said, that, Never in the history of social service Has so much been done for so many By so few." The notation H65 in blue pen shows that it was part of the archive project that was trying to capture the history of Legacy. A record of speech at a Legacy Conference being reprinted for distribution among Legacy Clubs.Brochure on white paper with black type x 8 pages about The Fundamentals of Legacy.Handwritten H65/1 in blue pen. history, speech

The School of Mines Ballaarat Annual Report 24 January 1882, Additional Examination Statute, Certificates Granted by Council, Copy of letter received from the Honble. Francis Ormond MLC, Extracts from Visitors' Book, Fees, Form of Bequest, Life Governors, Museum open to Visitors, Office Bearers, Paper of Particulars, Report of the Curator of the Museum and Library (with plans), Report of the Superintendent of Laboratories, Report of the Lecturer in Telegraphy, Report of the Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering, Statement of Receipts and Expenditure for the year 1881, Subjects and Lecturers, Subjects and Examiners, Subscriptions and Donations from 1 January to 31 December 1881, The Lignite Deposit at Skipton (with Section and Plan)Ballarat School of Mines Annual Report. Pale brown booklet of 64 pages. A plan of the Ballarat School of Mines shows the position of the Botanical Gardens, and the Ballarat School of Mines Museum. Geological Sketch Map of Country in the Neighbourhood of Skipton and Plan showing site of Coal Discovery. Skipton Coal Discovery - Section of Windlass Shaft. .2) is a leatherbound copyballarat school of mines, coal, plan, ballarat school of mines botanical gardens, ballarat school of mines museum, museum, annual report, james oddie, w. p. bechervaise, s. e. friggis, f. j. martell, w. h. nicholls,, e. i. rosenblum, h. r. caselli, thomas mann, theos. williams, f. m. krause, alf. mica smith, walter d. campbell, w. h. shaw, charles kent, andw. berry, robert adam, wm. lant carpenter, henry parkinson, h. b. de la poer wall, w. h. brockenshire, arthur parker, c. davies, simon richards, c. r. blackett, david jones, wilberforce dyke, kr. r. krauel, duncan love, william ralph heaton, edward dowling, octavius vaughan morgan, william denton, e. h. grimwade, james hunter, the honble. francis ormond, ferdinand krause, a.a. buley, j. cosmo newberry, w.c. kernot, john lewis, j.m. bickett, james bickett, fees, annie barnett, annette budden, isabel clinton, john dimsey, agnes pobjoy, charlotte shaw, bernard o'dowd, bernard patrick o'dowd, josiah wasley, ferdinand von mueller, william kernot, john lynch, william henderson, henry richards caselli, w.p. berchervaise, e.i. rosenblum, w.h. nicholls, lignate, samuel figgis, mary drury, w. longley, botanical reserve, botanical gardens, francis ormond, george russell, william foster stawell, w.j. clarke, rivett henry bland, john warrington rogers, j. lonie, s.e. figgis, r.f. hudson, w. robertson, e.l. rosenblum, theophilus williams, andrew berry, henry sutton, h. rosales, state school classes, calcutta international exhibition, examinations, h.b.m ship bounty, certicates, walter charles kernot, william tunbridge, mary skelton, cartherine moran, mary rose usher, margaret ellen brophy, william burbridge, andrea tuxen, elizabeth curnow, francis campigi, james s. morrison, arthur hogue

A central tableau is beautifully lit to expose choreographed arrangements of plants, animals, objects and food. Grounded in a photographic aesthetic that echoes Dutch Old Master paintings, they examine the industry and practices that have so effectively brought damage to traditional Aboriginal culture, the natural environment of the Australian continent – and the globe. Each image explores an aspect of the devastating impact of colonisation on Australia’s First Nations peoples, and the global repercussions of environmental degradation. The translation of the French in the title of this series, “Natures mortes” is dead nature. Yet in the simmering emotional register of each image lies an inherent belief in the individual over environment, and the redemptive nature of culture. australian first nations art, photography, colonialisation, environment

A central tableau is beautifully lit to expose choreographed arrangements of plants, animals, objects and food. Grounded in a photographic aesthetic that echoes Dutch Old Master paintings, they examine the industry and practices that have so effectively brought damage to traditional Aboriginal culture, the natural environment of the Australian continent – and the globe. Each image explores an aspect of the devastating impact of colonisation on Australia’s First Nations peoples, and the global repercussions of environmental degradation. The translation of the French in the title of this series, “Natures mortes” is dead nature. Yet in the simmering emotional register of each image lies an inherent belief in the individual over environment, and the redemptive nature of culture. australian first nations art, photography, colonialisation, environment

A central tableau is beautifully lit to expose choreographed arrangements of plants, animals, objects and food. Grounded in a photographic aesthetic that echoes Dutch Old Master paintings, they examine the industry and practices that have so effectively brought damage to traditional Aboriginal culture, the natural environment of the Australian continent – and the globe. Each image explores an aspect of the devastating impact of colonisation on Australia’s First Nations peoples, and the global repercussions of environmental degradation. The translation of the French in the title of this series, “Natures mortes” is dead nature. Yet in the simmering emotional register of each image lies an inherent belief in the individual over environment, and the redemptive nature of culture. australian first nations art, photography, colonialisation, environment

A central tableau is beautifully lit to expose choreographed arrangements of plants, animals, objects and food. Grounded in a photographic aesthetic that echoes Dutch Old Master paintings, they examine the industry and practices that have so effectively brought damage to traditional Aboriginal culture, the natural environment of the Australian continent – and the globe. Each image explores an aspect of the devastating impact of colonisation on Australia’s First Nations peoples, and the global repercussions of environmental degradation. The translation of the French in the title of this series, “Natures mortes” is dead nature. Yet in the simmering emotional register of each image lies an inherent belief in the individual over environment, and the redemptive nature of culture. australian first nations art, photography, colonialisation, environment

A central tableau is beautifully lit to expose choreographed arrangements of plants, animals, objects and food. Grounded in a photographic aesthetic that echoes Dutch Old Master paintings, they examine the industry and practices that have so effectively brought damage to traditional Aboriginal culture, the natural environment of the Australian continent – and the globe. Each image explores an aspect of the devastating impact of colonisation on Australia’s First Nations peoples, and the global repercussions of environmental degradation. The translation of the French in the title of this series, “Natures mortes” is dead nature. Yet in the simmering emotional register of each image lies an inherent belief in the individual over environment, and the redemptive nature of culture. australian first nations art, photography, colonialisation, environment

The photograph depicts eleven vignettes relating to the murders of Captain Lee Weller, Charles Burgess and Arthur Preston by Frank Butler (born Richard Ashe, alias Frank Harwood). Some historians consider Butler to be Australia's first serial killer. Butler submitted written advertisements to the classified columns of the Sydney Morning Herald newspaper looking for people to join him in prospecting for gold. Butler took his victims into the Blue Mountains in New South Wales and told fabricated stories of gold mines worth thousands of pounds. He then made his victims dig their own graves under the guise that they were digging for gold. He would then shoot them, take their valuables, and bury them.Sepia rectangular photograph printed on matte photographic paper mounted on card.Obverse: 1897 / Butler's inseparable Friend / Cap ' Lee Weller / The Victim Burgess / A OT Preston / Frank Harwood / alias / Butler / J. Mulhall & Son / discoverers of Burgess grave / Butlers supposed Wife / Frisco / Examining Burgess corpse at Black Range near Parkes NSW / The Swanhda / His Prospecting Tools / Burgs Waggonette used for Prospecting sold Butler / (?) / The Butler Tragedies Reverse: BMMA03308 / Removal story of the / 1997.3119 / Butler murders near / Parkes NSW 1897 / 84 - 35 - 1 / Enterprise Photo Company, / 26 Elizabeth Street, / SYDNEY. /entertainment album, captain lee weller, charles burgess, arthur preston, frank harwood, frank butler, crime, blue mountains, new south wales, murder, tragedy, gold, gold mine, sydney morning herald, swanhilda, richard ashe

Digitised video (3.20GB) Duration: 63 minutes. Recorded May, 2021 (Video is available for viewing at Ringwood & District Historical Society Archives by appointment)Presenter: Dr Jeff Kildea is an Honorary Professor in Irish Studies at the University of New South Wales. In 2014 he held the Keith Cameron Chair of Australian History at University College Dublin. He is the author of numerous books and articles on the Irish in Australia including Hugh Mahon: Patriot, Pressman, Politician, Anchor Books Australia, Melbourne, 2017 (Vol 1) and 2020 (Vol 2). This talk examines the background to Mahon’s expulsion from parliament and how it led to his being ostracised by his fellow Australians including his neighbours at Ringwood.

This stone Grinder or pounder was used as part of an indigenous grinding food preparation method, by the original inhabitants of the Kiewa Valley and its region. In conjunction with its grinding stone was used not only to grind seeds and but also to dig up eatable roots and leaves and served with the regions Bogong moth. This method of food preparation has survived in its basic form for centuries and is still used by master chiefs in modern eateries. This item has been registered with Aboriginal Affairs in Wangaratta, Victoria. Dhudhuroa elder Alan Murray has examined this tool, in Feb 2015, and said it was also used for sharpening axe heads as well as pounding food items. This item has a very significant historical and social aspect to it. Firstly it demonstrates the division of labour within a indigenous tribe. It was an era when the female had a definitive role within the family and the broader social indigenous tribal group of, gathering and preparing non animal(hunted) food. Hunted food was the domain of the initiated males of the tribe.Secondly it demonstrates the ability to fashion implements from raw materials(rock) into effective tools for the purpose of preparing a meal for human consumption. This was in an era where inter family and intra family participation in an indigenous tribal social protective environment was at a very high level. The Kiewa Valley/Mount Bogong region was an area where annual "get together" indigenous tribes for feasting, bartering and settling of disputes highlighting the importance of a regional gathering. Grooved stone, carved to a cylindrical shape with a relative pointed end tip one side (grinding or pounding end) and a rough other end (holding end} Made from Rhyolite stoneThere is a worn grove in the top side due to this tool being used for axe sharpening. indigenous, aboriginal, stone grinding, meal preparation, natural environment, pounding stone