Showing 928 items
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Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Newspaper - JENNY FOLEY COLLECTION: SUMMER FUN
This photo originally appeared in the "Bendigonian" 20th January 1914. Ada Keck was born in Sandhurst 24/7/1856 to William and Mary Reynolds (nee Williams). In 1906, she married Herbert Keck (1859-1937). Herbert went on to become a MLA. Ada died 14/1/1933 and had had a long association with the YWCA.Bendigo Advertiser ''The way we were'' from 2002. Summer fun: the opening day for the YMCA swimming club at Mrs. Keck's, Back Creek. Date unknown. The clip is in a folder.newspaper, bendigo advertiser, the way we were -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - DOCUMENT: THE CRUIKSHANK CENTENARY, 1959
Memento (from Glass photograph) from the Cruikshank Centenary, 1959 entitled ''Five Little Scots who came to Bendigo In 1859'' Single page memento - centenary meeting held by Bendigo Branch of RHSV, 26/11/1959. Photograph on page of the five daughters of Dr and Mrs John Cruikshank - Fannie, Annie, Ina, Bessie, Jane. (5 copies) See also 2741 for 1860s Batchelder photo of Janie. On rear is a print from a rubber stamp in the name of Harold Curnow, P.O. Box 96 Bendigo.Harold Curnowperson, individual, cruikshank, bendigo branch of rhsv, harold curnow, batchelder. -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - CONSTABLE RYAN COLLECTION: REPORT ON CHINESE CAMP 1859
This report comprise a photocopy of the Bendigo Mercury dated Saturday, March 26, 1859 carrying an article titled: The Chinese on Bendigo, Official Inspection of the Ironbark Camp. Copy of the Victoria Police gazette dated Tuesday, January 12, 1886 offering a fifty pounds reward for information on the disappearance of Constable Ryan. Copy of Victoria Police gazette dated March 23rd, 1886 offering a reward of 100 pounds for information on Constable Ryan. Photocopy of an application for lease by a Hock Suey and a registry of application document declaring the application void.chinese -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Photograph - SIMPSON FAMILY COLLECTION: MR. ARTHUR SIMPSON
Photograph - sepia. A portrait of Mr Arthur Simpson, Eaglehawk, Cordial Manufacturer. Arthur Simpson was born in 1862 in Sandhurst, died in 1921, aged 59 at Eaglehawk (Reg.No. 1388). Arthur's father was Alexander Simpson, mother was Jane Buswell. Arthur married Elizabeth (Amelia) Duncan in 1859 (Reg.No.3150). A child of theirs was Marjory Pearl, died 1978, aged 84 at Kyneton (Reg.No.11683) married Claude Francis Halsall in 1922. In 2002, their son, Robert Halsall sent BHS these photo's and information.Stewart & Co. Bourke St. East Melbourne.person, individual, simpson cordial factory, simpson family collection. arthur simpson. -
Stawell Historical Society Inc
Slide, Ian McCann, Monuments Doctor's Hill
Monument to mark where the First hospital was built at Pleasent CreekDoctor's Hill On the hill in 1859 the First Pleasant Creek Hospital was built to serve the needs of the Gold Miners and the Rural Communitites of Western Victoria. There not being anything else of the kind further towards the interior oof the Colony. [1st Annual Report 1959] The Hospital was resited at Stawell West 1861.doctor's hill -
Mont De Lancey
Book, American Bible Society, The Holy Bible containing the Old and New Testaments, c. early to mid 1800's
The Holy Bible containing the Old and New testaments: translated out of the original tongues and with the Former Translations Diligently Compared and Revised. 60th Edition - c.1840'sA badly damaged small brown leather hardcover Holy Bible from the mid 1800's with an embossed insignia on the front cover as well as Holy Bible and four gold lines on the spine. The front cover has stamped in the middle of it inside a circular insignia the words, 'Massachusetts Bible Society'. The title page and the page before it are badly torn at the bottom. There are illegible pen and ink inscriptions on the end papers at the front. The text is extremely miniscule, but readable. non-fictionThe Holy Bible containing the Old and New testaments: translated out of the original tongues and with the Former Translations Diligently Compared and Revised. 60th Edition - c.1840'sholy bible, religion, christianity -
Glen Eira Historical Society
Document - KAMBROOK ROAD, 46, CAULFIELD NORTH
A copy of a one page typed report by Hilary Bullock and Rosalind Landells of the Brighton Historical Society, dated 14/10/1995, with handwritten notes about this property. It covers the owners of this address from 1918 to 1994 and a short history of the origins of Caulfield Racecourse and land development by 1917. It also mentions the first meeting of the Caulfield Amateur Turf Club in 1859.caulfield north, kambrook road, caulfield cup, caulfield racecourse, racecourses, caulfield amateur turf club, 'kambrook', payne john, balaclava road, swan william h, urquhard john, wenn john, reddon george, may phillip g, griffin g mrs, newton g t (horse trainer), bullock hilary, landells rosalind, bick david, foote henry (surveyor), caulfield roads board, glen eira road, land subdivision -
Glenelg Shire Council Cultural Collection
Book, Halstead Press, Wreck of the Admella, 1966
Blue hard-copy book. Gold text on spine. Two double-sided pages of black & white photos half way through book. Book has dust jacket with coloured reproduction of a painting of the wreck of the Admella, by Charles Hill. Photo of author inside back of dust jacket.admella, portland lifeboat, book -
Emerald Museum & Nobelius Heritage Park
Sepia photograph, Nightingale/Thompson Collection, c 1870 to 1915
Photograph of farmhouse with family members on front veranda. Inscription on the back reads: 'To dear Emma with love from Lizzy'. Emma is possibly Emma Augusta Nightingale (nee Thompson) b 1859; d 1949. Lizzie is possibly Elizabeth Anna Thompson (nee Fleming) b 1874; d 1954 information sourced from Nightingale Family History folder Clear photograph depicting country farmhouse with large family on front veranda, very good example of charming country cottage garden with plants easily recognisable Sepia photograph mounted on brown card'To dear Emma with love from Lizzy'thompson collection, nightingale -
Surrey Hills Historical Society Collection
Book, Leaving their mark: a tribute some of those who left their mark and reside in Boroondara (Kew) Cemetery, 2014
FOBKC (Friends of Boroondara Kew Cemetery) has previously published "Triangle of Tranquility":150 years of the Boroondara (Kew) Cemetery. 1859-2009 Gives brief biographies of many of the people buried in the Kew Cemetery from all walks of life, including the Henty family, Georgiana McCrae, George Coppin, Sir Owen Dixon and the Duffy family of lawyers.Gives brief biographies of many of the people buried in the Kew Cemetery from all walks of life, including the Henty family, Georgiana McCrae, George Coppin, Sir Owen Dixon and the Duffy family of lawyers.boroondara general cemetery, cemeteries, kew cemetery, fobkc, friends of boroondara kew cemetery -
Ballarat Heritage Services
Photograph, Barkly Street Uniting Church
Postcard showing Ballarat's Barkly Street Methodist Church, later known as Barkly Street Uniting Church.A plaque reads "This plaque is in memory of the pioneers of this community and the Methodist Church est circa 1853 in a canvas tent. This brick building was built in 1859 with collections from the congregation. First Minister of the church was the Reverend Theopholis Taylor 1829 ~ 1858 -and the Methodist Church in 1977 became part of the Uniting Church in Australia.barkly street uniting church, barkly street methodist church, religion, theopholis taylor -
Uniting Church Archives - Synod of Victoria
Photograph, Rev. Thomas Watt Leggatt
B. 1859 Glasgow; Glasgow University; 1886 ordained in Scots Church Melbourne; to New Hebrides Mission, Aulua, Malekula; 1907 Dunolly; 1910 Sunbury; 1919 Convener of Board of Missions; editor "Record"; 1923 Abbotsford; 1929 Glen Iris; 1931 Moderator, Victoria; 1944 died 23 August. Son, William Watt Leggatt was a politician in the Bolte Government in Victoria.Sepia photo of Leggatt posed facing his right; dressed in 19th century clerical suit, collar and waistcoat."Thomas Watt Leggatt - Aulua, New Hebrides - minister Sunbury, Abbotsford. Father of Sir William (Bill) Watt Leggatt, Ormond Law Agent for (?) in London - Deaconess Dorothy Leggatt."leggatt, thomas watt, new hebrides -
Linton and District Historical Society Inc
Photograph, Deborah Mercer, née Sinclair, c.1832-1906
Deborah Sinclair, a daughter of Jos. Sinclair and his wife Jane (née Cook), married Henry Boyd Mercer in 1859, and they had six children - Jane, Henry, William, Hugh, Emma and Elizabeth. In the 1870s Henry Boyd Mercer purchased farm land at Spring Vale (now Pittong). The property was known as "The Pines". Photograph is part of Old Lintonian Collection ; No. 59Sepia photograph of a well dressed lady seated with hands on lap. (Mounted photograph cropped to show head and shoulders only.)deborah mercer née sinclair, mrs henry boyd mercer, old lintonian collection -
Federation University Historical Collection
Work on paper - Artwork, Ballarat East Main Road Joss House Rubbings
A number of rubbings of calligraphic carvings thought to be from the Ballarat East Joss House in Main Road. .1) Blue and brown crayon. Translation: Erected on an auspicious day in winter 1859. Think of his loyalty (Quan Yu, now can canonised as the god of war to whom this temple is dedicated) (AD1084) to his sworn lover their sworn botherhood pledged in the peach garden as has been praised for thousands of years. .2) Rubbing in blue crayon of Chinese calligraphy from pole on right hand side of Joss House Door. (Larger) his great graciousness spreads to other (us here in foreign lands) kingdoms, and his virtue guards our gold miners everywhere. (Smaller) Dedicated to his disciples the Chu Pei-Huo family .3) Rubbing on litho paper. translation - One who knows the nature of things (in the world) will thus understand human nature. .4) Rubbing on litho paper. Translation of middle calligraphy - We all behold the wisdom of the gods in the heavens, earth and man. .5) Rubbing on litho paper - translation - The grace of god flows to all corners of the earth. .6) Charcoal rubbing - translation - Temple of the god of war. .7) Crayon rubbing of calligraphy on litho paper. Translation - Dedicated by the Ma Chu-Feng family. Emperor's virtue spreads far and wide. Grace in Abundance. Erected in winter, 1859. .8) Crayon rubbing of calligraphy on litho paper. Translation: Respectfully dedicated by the Ts'Ai Chi-Yang family. Grace in abundance. Erected in winter of 1859. .9) Crayon rubbing .10) Outline of calligraphy on copy paper .11) Rubbings of calligraphy on copy paper. Translation: The Holy God of War. Exhibited in 1862. Your respectful disciples. .12) List of 11 disciples chinese, joss house, keith rash, chu pei-huo, quan yu, ma chu-feng, ts'ai chi-yang, lee chua-yeh, hwong tien-jyue, wa perg-nan, liu chin-chuson, an lee factory, lice hsue-chiere, lee mei-tzy, lee pas-chi, lui lih-nie, wir hon-fu, li hsi-yang -
Kiewa Valley Historical Society
Skis - Downhill with bindings
Used by Doug Mc Conville a local skier at Falls Creek, at the 1976 Winter OlympicsUsed by Doug Mc Conville a local skier at Falls Creek, at the 1976 Winter Olympics.Pair of dark blue Dynastar (French) Downhill skis with leather blue red white logo. Gold coloured metal bindings Salomon brand with "Equippe - Competition - Reglage - S 555 - 1234" inscriptions. Used by Doug McConville 1974 Winter Olympics185 - GEL 37 09 11810 Dynastar Polysoft. Label on ski (red white blue) on dark blue skis. Bindings - Salomon Competition Reglage Equippe S 555 - 12345 - Dynastar on base Dynastar some gal on one side. 1859 GL 37 09 11810 on the other side.downhill skis, doug mc conville. 1976 winter olympics. snow. falls creek. -
Ballan Shire Historical Society
Book - Book. St. Brigid's School, Ballan, St Brigid's School Ballan. A Short History, 2010
A short history of St. Brigid's (Catholic) School from it's beginnings as the Ballan Catholic Common School No. 100 at St. Agnes Church c. 1859 up to the present in 2010. The book contains teacher and class photographs, information on the establishment of Catholic Schools in Victoria, and a section on the history of Catholics in Ballan and the beginnings of the Church community. Recent events are covered as are recollections and interviews with former pupils.Significant to past and present students and staff, also to those researching family history and education within the local area.A small paperback book with an olive green cover on which is centered an oval coloured photograph of the school. 62 pages.schools, ballan, st brigids, catholic schools -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Photograph - Wangoom Methodist Church members, 1888
This is a photograph of those attending the Wangoom Methodist church picnic and christening in 1888. The Wangoom Methodist church was established in 1859 on the Wangoom Road. It was a weather board building seating 100 people. The Gothic windows and the pulpit came from the first Warrnambool Wesleyan chapel (1850) The church closed in 1963. The Christening was of a Dixon child and the Dixon family were early members of the Wangoom church congregation. This photograph is of considerable significance as it documents some of the congregation of the Wangoom Methodist church in 1888 and the clothing worn at the time. This is a faded photograph mounted on a piece of cardboard. It depicts gentlemen, ladies and children standing and sitting in front of a building. The ladies and children are wearing hats and the gentlemen are dressed in suits.Two ladies are holding babies. A separate item is a piece of brown paper with blue ink hand writing. WANGOOM OCT. 18 1888 Wangoom Methodist Picnic and Christening Dixon Baby.wangoom methodist church, warrnambool methodism, dixon, wangom -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Medal, Warrnambool Fire Brigade Camperdown, C 1900
This is a medal won by J. McKenzie of the Warrnambool Fire Brigade at a Camperdown competition in 1899. A Warrnambool Fire Brigade was first established in 1859 but it lapsed and another Fire Brigade was formed in 1863. This Brigade prospered and entered in, and won many Fire Brigade demonstrations and competitions which were particularly popular in the late 19th century and early 20th century. No information has been found on J. McKenzieThis medal is of considerable interest as a memento of the Warrnambool Fire Brigade in 1899 and of its successes in competitions against other Victorian Fire Brigades.This circular silver coloured light metal medal features an eight petal shaped centrepiece inserted into an outer circle with text on both obverse and reverse. It has a small attached ring at the top. Obverse -CAMPERDOWN 24/5/99 ENGINE3 MEN WON BY J MC KENZIE Reverse W.F.B. Maker's markj. mckenzie, warrnambool fire brigade, warrnambool history -
Emerald Museum & Nobelius Heritage Park
Photograph, Nightingale/Thompson Collection, c 1880 - 1919
Wedding party; groom, bride, older woman (possibly mother of the bride) plus couple on groom's L/H side. As Ethel is mentioned on inscription the bride could be Ethel Georgina Nightingale(b.1885 - 1946) currently do not have spouse's name. Older seated woman possibly mother of the bride could be Emma Augusta Thompson (1859 - 1949) (Needs further research for confirmation)Sepia photograph on dark grey card of wedding partyMakers mark: The Yeoman Studios Inscription on back: To Dear Ethel with best wishesthompson collection, nightingale -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - RESEARCH PAPERS: HISTORY OF BENDIGO SALEYARDS, 1869
In 1859 6 acres were set aside for use as a cattle market and this was established between January and July 1861 in Charleston Road, Bendigo. By 1889 this had expanded to 13 acres. It initially included an abattoir, butchers, tanners and soap makers. In 1893 a rail spur was opened to prevent the need to drive cattle through residential areas. The yards moved to their current site at Huntly in 1997.HISTORY OF BENDIGO SALEYARDSbendigo saleyards, cattle market -
Canterbury History Group
Book, Public Record Office of Victoria et al, 'My heart is breaking' : a joint guide to records about Aboriginal people in the Public Record Office of Victoria and the Australian Archives, Victorian Regional Office, 1993
Part 1 is a Guide to relevant holdings about aboriginal people of the PRO and Australian Archives. Part 2 is a compilation of material to illustrate the "richness and variety of the surviving record as well as the complementary nature of the two holdings".191 pages; Includes black and white photographs, indexes and bibliographynon-fictionPart 1 is a Guide to relevant holdings about aboriginal people of the PRO and Australian Archives. Part 2 is a compilation of material to illustrate the "richness and variety of the surviving record as well as the complementary nature of the two holdings".aboriginal peoples, australian archives -
Glenelg Shire Council Cultural Collection
Mixed media - Video - Mount Gambier and District, n.d
Bought from Filmart Australiana, Adelaide.Casterton. Covered well and interestingly over eight to nine months of well photographed material from 1936 (silent) Parade in honour of late King, Australia day carnival, Casterton gift won by swimmers;G. Spoof fight outside pub. Portland - from 1927, with various tints, about eight months (slient) Pan over Bay; Henty monument and homes; Church; School; Holidays via train; Admella lifeboat 1859 guesthouse Bridgewater lakes; Cattle raising. Government opens Harbour 1960 about three minuits (sound)Front: Back- Description supplied by David Donaldson of Filmart Australiana -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Photograph - PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, EAGLEHAWK
Black and white photograph. Brick building with one spire, door each side of front central section, window each side. Decorative brick work at top of walls, on gable. Weatherboard shed at L. House with verandah at R. Inscriptions: in image - 'Eaglehawk Presbyterian Church. Rev Neil Scott. On Back - 'Presbyterian Church'. History of object: James Lerk 2000 'Presbyterian Church, Eaglehawk first constructed in 1859 with alterations by Vahland & Getzechmann and later by Tolhurst in 1871' Photographed for Bendigo Advertiser 1.1.2001 Enlarged digital copy is included.buildings, church, presbyterian church, eaglehawk -
Kiewa Valley Historical Society
Photo - Lagoon Hotel Kiewa
The Lagoon Hotel was built in Kiewa in 1859 by James Lawson. It consisted of an inn and attached store. In marh\ch 1871, the Kiewa Post Office was opened at Lawson's Lagoon Hotel. When Lawson died in the 1880s, James's wife took over the hotel with the help of her twin daughters. In 1908, Felix McDermott bought it. For further information refer to "A History of the Kiewa Valley" by Esther Temple and "Victorian Places".Early Social History of the Kiewa Valley including transport, communications, accommodation, and establishing a business.Small, old, black and white photo of Hotel with a dog out the frontOn the back in pencil -"Lagoon Hotel Kiewa"; Printed with ink stamp - "Kodak Print" and "512"lagoon hotel kiewa, early pubs, early inns -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - Correspondence re Joseph Teague
Joseph Edward Teague (1859 -1925) Son of John and Annie Ellison, Joseph was born at Heathcote. Joined the police force in 1890 and had the number 4324. He served at several stations including Elmore and Strathfieldsaye. During his career he received several commendations for arrests and convictions. He left the Police Force in 1912 and died 112/11/1925. He is buried at Fawkner cemetery Two documents. A letter providing the Police Service record of Joseph Teague (1890 - 1912) from Victorian Police to Joseph's sister (Sister Mary Teague) and recollection of his granddaughter sister Mary Smith 25th March 1998 for the Strathfieldsaye 125th Anniversary 1998 recollections of Sister Mary Teague following the 125th Anniversary celebrations of StrathfieldsayeJoseph Teague served at Strathfieldsaye Police Station (26/09/1902 - 5/04/1911)police service record, joseph teague, police stations -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Booklet, Sands & McDougall, Rules and Regulations, Boroondara General Cemetery, 1911
The 31-acre (13 ha) cemetery site was reserved in 1855 and trustees were first appointed in 1858. A site plan was drawn up by Frederick Acheson, a civil engineer in the Public Lands Office, with the layout segregated by religious denomination, a common occurrence at the time. The first burial took place in 1859. The rules were gazetted rather than published as guidelines as the cemetery was constituted under and act of parliament. Early publication about the Boroondara General Cemetery which, in addition to providing public guidelines, reflects the social and spiritual values of the period.Rules and regulations of the Boroondara General Cemetery. Published in by Sands & McDougall Ltd, Collins St. Gazetted 10th November, 1893. 24pp. The booklet includes a plan of the cemetery.rules and regulations -- cemeteries -- victoria, boroondara general (kew) cemetery -
The Beechworth Burke Museum Research Collection
Card (Series) - Index Card, George Tibbits, 25 Bridge Road, Beechworth, 1976
George Tibbits, University of Melbourne. Faculty of Architecture, Building and Town & Regional PlanningIndex system that support the research for Beechworth : historical reconstruction / [by] George Tibbits ... [et al]Arranged by street names of BeechworthEach index card includes: street name and number of property, image of property, allotment and section number, property owners and dates of ownership, description of the property according to rate records, property floor plan with dimensions.beechworth, george tibbitsbeechworth, george tibbits -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Functional object - Bonnet Box, Late 19th to early 20th century
Box is from Cramond & Dickson store in Warrnambool. Cramond and Dickson migrated from Scotland to Melbourne where they opened a Cramond and Dickson store in St Kilda in 1852. They were inspired by the growth in Warrnambool after a visit and established their second store there as Cramond and Dickson, direct importers and drapers, in 1855. In 1856 they opened a store on the corner of Liebig and Timor Streets, Warrnambool. They extended their premises in Liebig Street in 1859, and then in Timor Street in 1859. There were further additions and improvements in 1889 and they continued to trade until 1973 (now the site of a Mexican restaurant). An advertisement placed by Cramond and Dickson in The Camperdown Chronicle, Saturday 6th April 1895, states them “showing the latest novelties for the coming winter season” … “import directly from English and Continental manufacturers” … “representatives in London … always in touch with the Newest Continental Fashions” ... “having been established for so many years we know the requirements of the Western District”… “allow 5 per cent discount on goods paid for at the time of purchase”.The hat box is important for is connection with the local business store, Cramond and Dickson. The store traded for over 100 years; 1856-1973. The strong, sturdy hat box indicates its purpose was for travel luggage, providing protection for the fashionable women's headwear of the era.Metal bonnet box or hat box, round shape, coloured brown. There is a metal carry handle on both the lid and the side of the box. The box is from the Cramond and Dickson store in Warrnambool. The lid is detached from the base. The lock was mad by LEGGS."LEGGS patent and secure joint and padlock staple"flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, bonnet box, hat box, fashion accessory box, cramond & dickson, department store, warrnambool business, ladies fashion, headwear, travel luggage -
Orbost & District Historical Society
meat slicer, Early 20th century
This item was used in Dicken's Store. Originally the Pardew Brothers store in Nicholson Street, Orbost, Frank Dicken purchased the shop business. It was a bakery and general store and was known as F.B. Dicken and Son. In 1948 they bought the shop freehold . The store remains today converted into two separate shops. The meat slicer was purchased from Henry Berry and Company a large wholesale grocers and general merchant company, first established in Melbourne in 1859.The Dicken store is a prominent Orbost building. Frank and May Dicken moved to Orbost in 1936 where Frank became manager of Pardew Brothers store in Nicholson Street. In 1945, Frank purchased the business and in 1947, formed a partnership with his son, Selwyn. The store was then called F.B. Dicken and Son. The premises are still retained by the Dicken family although the shop business was sold in 1981. (ref. In Times Gone By - Deborah Hall)A heavy commercial meat slicer which sits on bench. Frame is painted red. The tray moves as the handle turns. The main structure is cast iron. It has a circular steel blade. The chrome output tray is detachable. The movable carriage has a cast aluminium tray with spikes to hold the meat and there is an adjustable clamp to secure the meat.INVICTA Model No 302 21 HENRY BERRY PTY LTD MELBfood-preparation dicken-store meat-slicer -
Lara RSL Sub Branch
bills trough
The Bills Cement Trough consists of two parts a large horse trough and a smaller dog,trough which was donated by Annis and George Bills. It is not known whether this trough was donated and installed prior to or after the death of George Bills in 1927. The installation was under taken by The Metropolitan Drinking and Cattle Trough Association which had been set up in England by an English Organisations in 1859 to provide water facilities for both drivers and animals. The Bills drinking trough, corner of Walker and Rennie Streets, Lara, is significant as it forms part of the Annis and George Bills Estate., which was established to provide watering facilities for horses after George's death in 1927. The concrete structure is also a legacy of the days of horse drawn vehicles before cars were introduced.The Billa concrete trough is associated with Annis and George from 1927 who establish a fund in the early 20th century to provide adequate watering facilities for horses and dogs. It is just one of over more than one troughs throughout Australia and the United States.