Inspected by Joanna Freslov, archaeologist 2.6.2008 Ground-edged axes first appeared in south-eastern Australia about 4,000 years ago and were used either with handles or hand-held. Stone tools were used for a variety of purposes, in ways similar to those of steel knives, axes, hammers and chisels. Ground-edge tools are made from fracture-resistant stone, such as basalt which is able to withstand repeated impact, and so is suitable for use in objects such as stone axes. The stone was quarried, and then roughly shaped into a tool blank with blows from a hammerstone. The edges were then sharpened and refined by grinding the tool against a coarse, gritty rockThe necessary tools and equipment for hunting, fishing and warfare were one of the very few items that Aboriginals carried with them from place to place. Most were used for a multiplicity of purposes. Because many were made from raw natural materials, such as wood, generally only partial remains are found today. This item is an example of an early axe head used by the Indigenous people of East Gippsland.A handmade stone Aboriginal axe head.aboriginal tool stone-artefact axe-head

Silcrete and chert can create sharp flakes and have been important materials for stone tool making in Australia. Silcrete was commonly used and widespread. Heat treatment of silcrete made the rock easier to fashion into flakes.Partly worked, incomplete Aboriginal rock blanks. The collection includes rocks of silcrete, quartz, and chert. 8969.26 is quartz chert. 8969.37 is a flint stone with a vein of quartz. The dark brown rock is silcrete with more iron than others (possibly 8969.41). 8969.45 is Quartz. aboriginal, tool, blank, rock, scraper, aborigines, quartz, silcrete, chert, stone tools, quartzite, flaking, flake tools, archaeology

Inspected by Joanna Freslov, archaeologist 2.6.2008. -unusual axe head. Ground-edge tools are made from fracture-resistant stone, such as basalt. This axe would able to withstand repeated impact. The stone would have been dug or found and then roughly shaped into a tool blank with blows from a hammerstone. The edges were then sharpened and refined by grinding the tool against a coarse, gritty rock. Ground-edge tools could be held in the hand, or fashioned to be fixed onto a haft or handle.The necessary tools and equipment for hunting, fishing and warfare were one of the very few items that Aboriginals carried with them from place to place. Most were used for a multiplicity of purposes. Because many were made from raw natural materials, such as wood, generally only partial remains are found today. This stone axe head is an example of a ground-edge tool used by the early Indigenous people in Eastern Australia.A handmade stone Aboriginal axe head.aboriginal tool aboriginal stone-artefact

Document - letters and comments and suggestions for a tender specification for the Austral Otis grinding machine from Chief Engineer MMTB to A G Wray Engineer for Tramways, NSW Govt Tramways. The grinder was used to remove corrugations from the rail head. Includes comments about the performance of a similar machine in Melbourne. Dated July 1929.Yields information the performance of the Melbourne rail grinders - 1929 Document or memo - 6 typed foolscap sheets and 3 quarto typed letters.tramways, mmtb, track work, track maintenance, rail grinding, specifications, sydney

Slim A 5 book, well-illustrated, and a picture of Market Street Quarry on the front covernon-fictionThe history of quarrying bluestone in the 19th century in Melbourne's westbluestone, quarry

Art pigments Boomerangs Woomera Natural resins and gums Separation of poisons from edible plants Aboriginal bush foods Stone tool technology Aboriginal inventors Aboriginal bush medicine Specific uses of technology by a community Seasonal calendars Games and toys Firestickscolour photographs, b&w illustrations, diagramsart, seasonal calendars, aboriginal social life and customs, stone tool technology, games and toys

Inspected by Joonna Freslov, archaeologist 2.6.2008. Stone tools were used for a variety of purposes, in ways similar to those of steel knives, axes, hammers and chisels. Ground-edge tools are made from fracture-resistant stone, such as basalt which is able to withstand repeated impact, and is suitable for use in objects such as stone axes. The stone was quarried, and then roughly shaped into a tool blank with blows from a hammerstone. The edges were then sharpened and refined by grinding the tool against a coarse, gritty rock.The necessary tools and equipment for hunting, fishing and warfare were one of the very few items that Aboriginals carried with them from place to place. Most were used for a multiplicity of purposes. Because many were made from raw natural materials, such as wood, generally only partial remains are found today. This axe head is an example of an early stone tool used by the Indigenous people of Eastern Australia.A handmade stone Aboriginal axe head. Finger grips are clear.axehead aboriginal tool stone-artefact

Dross Drossou sold his cordial manufacturing business to Phillips and Stone, a Bairnsdale company, in 1948. Phillips and Stone continued to manufacture soft drinks at Orbost until the early 1970's when the factory became a distribution centre. It closed as a distribution centre in 1978 and later served as the headquarters of the Orbost State Emergency Service. The site of the Cordial Factory now forms part of a carpark. A deposit on the bottles was added to all sales as they left the factory. The returned bottles were washed and the old label removed. The inside was cleaned by pushing the bottle onto a revolving brush. The reusing of the bottles went on until the bottle was broken or the top became chipped.This bottle is an example of a product manufacture by a local industry no longer existing.A clear glass bottle with a screw thread top. The label and print ( in upper case) are white.Front- Refreshing Drinks Back-Manufactured by Phillips & Stone Base-1121 P&S Bairnsdale and Orbost Ask for Phillips and Stone Artificially Coloured & Flavoured Net Contents 30 fld ozscontainer beverage bottle phillips-and-stone

The architecture of Ithaca has been influenced by various cultures in particular by the Venetian and British periods of rule. The house pictured is typical of many of the dwellings found on Ithaca built of stone which is sourced locally. Stone buildings are ideal for the climate of the island, retaining the heat in winter and cooler in summer. Sadly the catastrophic earthquakes of 1953 resulted in the widespread destruction on the many of the island's old buildings. Being one of the smaller and less accessible islands of Greece Ithaca fortunately has been spared inappropriate development and thus able to retain its authenticity and beautiful character. A coloured photograph of a double storey stone house with a tiled roof. A flight of stairs leads from the road to the elevated front door. At the bottom of the stairway there is a single storey stone building. Three trees are growing at the street level across the front of the house. architecture, houses

Heatherlie Quarry colour photo of stone building. Geoff Sudholz standing in doorway.Coloured Photograph of GeoffSudholtz standing in a doorway of a stone building with an iron roof in a bushland setting. Building is at Heatherlie Quarrystawell grampians industry

Dross Drossou sold his cordial manufacturing business to Phillips and Stone, a Bairnsdale company, in 1948. Phillips & Stone continued to manufacture soft drinks at Orbost until the early 1970s when the factory became a distribution centre. It closed as a distribution centre in 1978 and later served as the headquarters of the Orbost State Emergency Service. The site of the Cordial Factory now forms part of the carpark at the rear of the Orbost Newsagency. (John Phillips) This bottle is an example of a product manufactured/distributed by a local industry no longer existing.A narrow-shouldered, clear glass bottle with white and red lettering. The neck is threaded (cap is missing). It is labelled "P & S 850ml; Phillips and stone; refreshing drinks. BAIRNSDALE AND ORBOST. Manufactured by Phillips & Stone Bairnsdale & Orbost E2361. Preservative added. Artificially coloured and flavoured."glass-bottle container phillips-and-stone

Pam Stone was the first woman elected to the Wodonga City Council and first woman elected Deputy Mayor and later Mayor of the Rural City of Wodonga. She was born in Swan Hill on 22nd January 1929. Her early years were spent in Mildura, Melbourne and Swan Hill but she lived most of her adult life in Albury Wodonga. Pam attended school in Melbourne and was also a member of the Catholic Club where she met her future husband, Les Stone. They married on 18th April 1949 at St. Patrick’s Cathedral Melbourne. On graduating from Melbourne Teachers College, Les was posted to several small country schools before being transferred to Wodonga in 1956. After a period teaching in Gippsland, the Stone Family returned to Wodonga. Les taught at several schools in the district before being promoted to Principal of Wodonga West Primary. Following involvement in many community organisations Les was elected as Councillor for the West Ward, Wodonga in 1967. He was re-elected unopposed in 1970 and 1971, becoming Mayor in 1973. He passed away in office in December 1974 Les Stone’s service was only possible with the support of Pam who also took a major role in public life and serving the Wodonga community. Four years after his death, Pam stood for and won the Council Ward of Wodonga West Riding, previously held by Les. Pam held the West Riding unopposed for her 15 years on Council from February 1977 to August 1992. This included a term as Deputy Mayor from August 1979 to August 1980. In August 1985 Pam was elected as Wodonga’s 6th Mayor and served in that role until August 1986. In 1978 Pam was made a Justice of the Peace and regularly sat in the Court of Petty Sessions Magistrates Court Wodonga. Pam’s commitment to education from preschool to post-secondary education was also a lifelong passion. Her strong advocacy made a defining difference to education available in Albury Wodonga from pre-school to tertiary education. On 27th October 1994, she was named by Wodonga Technical and Further Education College as a Friend of the College. Pam was conferred with the Order of Australia Medal on Australia Day 26th January 1994. Her citation read: “For service to local government and the community”. In 2010 Wodonga City Council dedicated parkland to mark her contribution. The signage reads: ‘Pam Stone OAM Wodonga’s first female Councillor (1977) and Mayor (1985), is recognised among the most important centenary pioneers of Wodonga. Pam was married to Les Stone, also a Mayor of Wodonga. Pam gave compassionate and effective support to the underprivileged people of Wodonga. She had a profound input in establishing Post-school education in Wodonga and Albury’. Pam Stone passed away in Albury on 6th August 2022. These photos are significant because they depict a female pioneer of local government and education in Wodonga.A set of black and white and colour images of Pamela Mary Stone.pamela stone, wodonga councillors, wodonga local government, wodonga mayors

A guide for Aboriginal community collaboration for school-based programs. Supporting the Aboriginal languages K-10 syllabus, this resource assists Aboriginal community participation in the teaching of Aboriginal languages in schools. Technical Details System requirements (PC): 64 Mb RAM; Windows 98; 800x600 screen; thousands of colours.CD-ROMmulticultural education, multilingualism

Les Stone was the last Shire President of Wodonga and first Mayor of the Rural City of Wodonga. Born in Collingwood, Victoria on 24th August 1919, he was the first of his family to obtain a post-secondary education. He became a Christian Brother but left the ministry after 10 years and became a trained primary school teacher. Les held various teaching appointments in and around country Victoria and Wodonga, the last as Principal of Wodonga West Primary School. It was in Wodonga that Les and his wife Pam settled with their family. Their contribution to the Wodonga community and local government was outstanding. Les established a strong network in the local migrant community, helping many new arrivals at Bonegilla Migrant Reception Centre with language issues and settling them into their new environment. He worked in support of all underprivileged people in the community. In 1967 Les was elected as a Councillor for the West Riding of Wodonga Council. The following year he was elected Deputy Shire President. He was the last Shire President of Wodonga and in 1971 became the inaugural Mayor of the Rural City of Wodonga. The City of Wodonga was proclaimed on 14th March 1973 and Les was re-elected as Mayor. He chose to serve one full term as Mayor having previously served two terms as Shire President. Les Stone passed away at the Mercy Hospital Albury on 28th December 1974 at 54 years of age. He left behind an enduring legacy which included the proactive encouragement of industry to Wodonga. He also championed the selection of Wodonga as a Growth Centre. A champion and defender of local government, Les served as Chairman of the North East Region of Municipalities which comprised 13 Councils including Wodonga and Wangaratta. He also played a critical role on the Albury Wodonga Development Corporation for five years in the early period of the Whitlam decentralization scheme. Les Stone’s life of giving wasn’t just about local government and teaching. He was an old-fashioned community activist who gave far more than he took from the community. Les worked tirelessly for numerous organizations including the Royal Children’s Hospital, Royal Melbourne Hospital (he was made a Life Governor of both), the Wodonga Good Neighbour Council, and Knights of the Southern Cross, Rotary, the St. Vincent de Paul Society and St. Augustine’s Parish Council. However it is in local government that he remains best remembered. He was an active and vocal councillor and gave over 16 years of service to the people of Wodonga - his election and re-election was never once opposed. Les Stone was interned in the Lawn Cemetery in Wodonga. He was aged 54 years. The naming and dedication of the Les Stone Park in West Wodonga is an important acknowledgement of Les Stone’s life. The inscription reads: '’Leslie Edwin Stone JP was the first Mayor of Wodonga from 1972 to 1974 and a former Shire President (1972). A school teacher and principal by profession Les had a long history of involvement with the migrant community and Catholic Church. He was an acknowledged champion of decentralisation’’. These photos are significant because they document the service of an important civic leader in Wodonga.A collection of coloured images related to Les Stone, Mayor of Wodongales stone, wodonga civic leaders, wodonga council

Dross Drossou established a cordial factory in Orbost in the 1930s. He sold his cordial manufacturing business to Phillips and Stone, a Bairnsdale company, in 1948. Glass bottles were refillable until the 1960s, creating a demand for their collection and onsale back to beverage manufacturers via ‘bottle merchants’. A deposit on the bottles was added to all sales as they left the factory. The returned bottles were washed and the old label removed. The inside was cleaned by pushing the bottle onto a revolving brush. The reusing of the bottles went on until the bottle was broken or the top became chipped. Phillips & Stone operated in Orbost and Bairnsdale. This bottle is an example of a product manufacture by a local industry no longer existingA clear glass soda syphon bottle with a red pump on the top."Soda Water Phillips & Stone Bairnsdale P S ORBOST (trademark) 30 Fl OZ"phillips&stone syphon bottle

The young couple standing outside the stone cottage in Kioni, Ithaca are Yianni Rafopoulos (Bourlotos) and Diamando (Manto) Raftopoulos nee Paizis. The house is typical of the traditional stone cottages built on Ithaca in times past. Although similar cottage are still standing, some of them lovingly restored, there are also many deserted and in disrepair or ruin as a result of migration over generations and inheritance issues. A black and white photograph of a lady and man photographed on a mound of rocks outside a stone cottage which has a tiled roof.

"The dry stone walls provide a tangible link to the area’s white settlement, and they remain a symbol of the profound change in land usage from the original Kulin custodians to the European arrivals of the nineteenth century. The bulk of dry stone wall construction in Victoria occurred between the 1850s and 1880s. The gold rush of the early 1850s in particular inspired a flurry of construction. At this time, labour previously available for shepherding livestock dried up, as men gravitated to the goldfields to seek their fortunes. This necessitated the building of fencing to contain the district’s growing number of sheep, cattle and horses. An explosion in surveying, subdivision and the sale of Crown lands also contributed to a boost in construction. Government regulations that punished pastoralists for allowing their livestock to stray provided further incentive to fence-off previously open expanses of land. The major benefit of this type of fencing was that it utilised the materials at hand; the plentiful grey basalt that scattered the landscape. In the case of the dry stone walls built around Melton, the characteristic round or oval shape of the volcanic fieldstones on the western plains inspired some distinctive designs.54 Another advantage of dry stone walls was their ability to withstand the ravages of flood, fire and drought often experienced in the district. This durability accounts for the fact that many of these fences still exist today". Dry Stone Wall trail brochure/pamphlet for visitors provided by Melton Visitor Information Centrecouncil, landscapes of significance

A branch of the Australian Natives Association (A.N.A.) was founded in Bacchus Marsh in 1889. In December 1904 the foundation stone for an ANA hall in Main Street Bacchus Marsh was laid. The ceremony was attended by Mr James Purves one of the founders of the ANA in Victoria. A detailed report of the ceremony was reported in the Bacchus Marsh Express, 10 December, 1904, page 1.At the top of the photograph, 'A Memento', At the bottom right side, 'Presented by Wm Mahoney Sept 1936'australian natives association bacchus marsh, australian natives association hall bacchus marsh