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8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Photograph - Soldier in army vehicle with child
Army Reserve regiments were responsible for their own recruiting in 1970sShows recruiting activity involving the community of which regiment was part.Black and White photograph of 8/13 VMR soldier in turret of M 113 Armoured Personnel Carrier with boy in civilian dress wearing headphones." Trooper McKechnie Recruiting Drive."military, vmr, recruiting, pr -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Weapon - 76mm shell
This shell type is used in the main armament of the interim Fire Support Vehicle (FSV) developed using the turret from the Saladin Mk2 Heavy Armoured Car on an M113A1 Armoured Personnel Carrier. The vehicle was developed by the Australian army. 8/13 Victorian Mounted Rifles was equipped with FSVs in the 1980s.76 mm shell rendered inert for display purposes.shell, gun, fsv, vmr -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Book - APC Manual
Blue soft cover book " Australian Army Manual of Land Warfare Part two Armour Training. The Armoured Personnel Carrier Regiment " apc, armour, army, reserve -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Weapon - Cannon, 1866
In the years following the Crimean War (1854-1857J) there was a great concern in the Colony that Imperial Russia would attempt an invasion. Coastal defences in the colony of Victoria were greatly strengthened by the Government as a result. Warrnambool was originally protected by cannons at Cannon Hill, approximately 1 kilometer west of the Flagstaff Hill Fortifications. These cannons included two 1866 guns, both 80 Pound Rifled Muzzle Loaders (RML) purchased by Victoria’s Colonial Government. They were part of a shipment of 26 such guns sent from England in December 1866. They are registered as No. 23 (80cwt-2qr-0lbs) - Gun 1, and No.13 (81cwt-1qr-12lbs) - Gun 2. They were cast at the Royal Gun Factory, Woolwich Arsenal, in 1866 and have a 6.3 inch bore. Both barrels carry the Royal Cypher of Queen Victoria, Insignia of the Royal Engineers, within the Garter and Motto surmounted by the Crown, with the Royal Cypher of Queen Victoria within the Garter (letters in centre “VR”, motto “HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE”, "Shame be to him who thinks evil of it."). The guns were originally supplied with wooden carriages. (The Royal Arsenal at Woolwich, England, was established eleven years after the Restoration of King Charles II. It was the principal supplier of armaments to the British and Empire Governments. At the height of its operations during World War One the factory covered 1300 acres and employed very nearly 80,000 workers. Woolwich was the Headquarters of the Royal Artillery since the raising of that Regiment in 1716. The Arsenal was closed in the late 1960’s.) These two cannons were transferred to the Warrnambool Garrison Artillery Battery Fortifications erected at Flagstaff Hill in 1887 as part of Victoria’s Coastal Defences. The original wooden carriages were subsequently replaced with the present iron garrison carriages in 1888. They are a “C” pivot. The ‘racers’ or curved track set into the floor of the gun emplacement (which enabled the guns to be traversed more quickly) are as specified for guns up to 10 inch, being of wrought iron 2.78 inches wide. A temporary third gun, now no longer on Flagstaff Hill’s site, was a 5 inch Rifled Breech Loading (BL) Armstrong gun mounted on an Elswick hydro pneumatic disappearing carriage It was faster to load and fire than the 80 pound RMLs and its arrival spelt the end of the older 80 pound guns’ useful life, apart from being used for practice sessions. The 5 inch BL gun was the main defensive weapon of the Warrnambool Battery until the Battery was downgraded in importance and the gun was recalled to Melbourne in 1910. The State of Victoria took over the ownership of the guns at the time of Australian Federation in 1901. In about 1901/1902 the Garrison Battery was converted to the Warrnambool Battery of the Australian Field Artillery (No 4 Field Battery). It was equipped with 4.7 inch naval guns mounted on field carriages. They were now a mobile unit but continued to use the Warrnambool Garrison area at Flagstaff Hill for practice. When the Fortifications were declared obsolete the two 80 Pounder RML were relocated to Cannon Hill in 1910. On the outbreak of World War One the 4.7 inch guns were recalled to Melbourne, and the Battery was disbanded. Most of the personnel probably re-enlisted in the local 4th Australian Light Horse Regiment. The two 80 Pounder RML were moved back to the Fortifications in 1973. They were both fully restored by Army First Year Apprentices at the Ordinance Factory in Bendigo in time for the centenary year of the fortifications in 1987. The guns are capable of firing 80 pound (32.3kg) armour piercing exploding shells 3.65kms out to sea. They were original manned by volunteers before a paid Garrison was established. Now the Guns are again fired by volunteers on Special Event days. Since restoration the Gun Number 1 had been fired on a regular basis but Gun Number 2 hadn’t been fired since the mid 1990’s. In April 2015 Gun Number 2 was serviced in preparation for the firing of both cannons on the ANZAC Centenary commemorations on April 25th 2015. Other guns from the original Cannon Hill location were obsolete by the time the 1887 Warrnambool Garrison Artillery Battery was built. These guns are (1) a 32 Pounder Muzzle Loading Smooth Bore (SB) cast in 1813 at the famous Carron Foundry, number 80837 and now located in the Warrnambool Botanic Gardens (2) a 68 Pounder Muzzle Loading Smooth Bore cast in 1861 at the equally august Low Moor Foundry, number 10310 and now located on the lawn area at the entrance to Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village. Both of these guns are mounted on their original wooden garrison carriages. There are only seven 32 Pounder SB made by Carron and fifteen 68 Pounder SB made at Low Moor known to exist in the State of Victoria (Conservation Management Plan for Victorian Guns and Cannon, South Western Victoria, May 2008, ref W/F/05)The Warrnambool Garrison has been added to the Victorian Heritage Register H1250 “for its intact battery and guns, a strong reminder of Victoria’s wealth and determination to protect itself from the perceived threat of invasion in the 1880’s.” The City of Warrnambool is one of several custodians of a collection of artillery pieces of heritage significance at a state, national and international level. These pieces are directly related to the defence of south-west Victoria in the 19th century. The care and preservation come under the Heritage Act 1995. Cannon. 80 Pound Rifled Muzzle Loading (RML) Gun on iron carriage and slide, installed in the Battery at Flagstaff Hill’s Fortifications. Made in 1866 at the Royal Gun Factory (R-G-F), Woolich, England. Gun Reg No 13. Flagstaff Hill Garrison Gun 2 (Gun No. 2). Insignia of the Royal Engineers, and the weight of the gun, stamped on top of the gun’s barrel. There is a brass plate on the side of the gun with the details of 1987 restoration.Stamped into the metal on top of the barrel, Insignia of the Royal Engineers; Garter and Motto “HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE”, surmounted by the Crown, with the Royal Cypher of Queen Victoria “VR” within the Garter. Also stamped on top of the gun are 2 inward pointing arrows above the weight ”81-1-12”. Brass plate “RESTORATION / BY / FIRST YEAR / APPRENTICES / ORDANANCE FACTORY / BENDIGO 1987”flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, colonial defences, victoria’s coastal defences, warrnambool fortification, warrnambool garrison battery, warrnambool volunteer corps, ordinance, armaments, cannon hill fortifications, 4th australian light horse regiment, no 4 field battery, 80 pound cannon rifled muzzle loaders (rml), victorian colonial government, royal gun factory england, woolwich arsenal, royal cypher of queen victoria, garrison gun -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Weapon - Cannon, 1866
In the years following the Crimean War (1854-1857J) there was a great concern in the Colony that Imperial Russia would attempt an invasion. Coastal defences in the colony of Victoria were greatly strengthened by the Government as a result. Warrnambool was originally protected by cannons at Cannon Hill, approximately 1 kilometer west of the Flagstaff Hill Fortifications. These cannons included two 1866 guns, both 80 Pound Rifled Muzzle Loaders (RML) purchased by Victoria’s Colonial Government. They were part of a shipment of 26 such guns sent from England in December 1866. They are registered as No. 23 (80cwt-2qr-0lbs) - Gun 1, and No.13 (81cwt-1qr-12lbs) - Gun 2. They were cast at the Royal Gun Factory, Woolwich Arsenal, in 1866 and have a 6.3 inch bore. Both barrels carry the Royal Cypher of Queen Victoria, Insignia of the Royal Engineers, within the Garter and Motto surmounted by the Crown, with the Royal Cypher of Queen Victoria within the Garter (letters in centre “VR”, motto “HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE”, "Shame be to him who thinks evil of it."). The guns were originally supplied with wooden carriages. (The Royal Arsenal at Woolwich, England, was established eleven years after the Restoration of King Charles II. It was the principal supplier of armaments to the British and Empire Governments. At the height of its operations during World War One the factory covered 1300 acres and employed very nearly 80,000 workers. Woolwich was the Headquarters of the Royal Artillery since the raising of that Regiment in 1716. The Arsenal was closed in the late 1960’s.) These two cannons were transferred to the Warrnambool Garrison Artillery Battery Fortifications erected at Flagstaff Hill in 1887 as part of Victoria’s Coastal Defences. The original wooden carriages were subsequently replaced with the present iron garrison carriages in 1888. They are a “C” pivot. The ‘racers’ or curved track set into the floor of the gun emplacement (which enabled the guns to be traversed more quickly) are as specified for guns up to 10 inch, being of wrought iron 2.78 inches wide. A temporary third gun, now no longer on Flagstaff Hill’s site, was a 5 inch Rifled Breech Loading (BL) Armstrong gun mounted on an Elswick hydro pneumatic disappearing carriage It was faster to load and fire than the 80 pound RMLs and its arrival spelt the end of the older 80 pound guns’ useful life, apart from being used for practice sessions. The 5 inch BL gun was the main defensive weapon of the Warrnambool Battery until the Battery was downgraded in importance and the gun was recalled to Melbourne in 1910. The State of Victoria took over the ownership of the guns at the time of Australian Federation in 1901. In about 1901/1902 the Garrison Battery was converted to the Warrnambool Battery of the Australian Field Artillery (No 4 Field Battery). It was equipped with 4.7 inch naval guns mounted on field carriages. They were now a mobile unit but continued to use the Warrnambool Garrison area at Flagstaff Hill for practice. When the Fortifications were declared obsolete the two 80 Pounder RML were relocated to Cannon Hill in 1910. On the outbreak of World War One the 4.7 inch guns were recalled to Melbourne, and the Battery was disbanded. Most of the personnel probably re-enlisted in the local 4th Australian Light Horse Regiment. The two 80 Pounder RML were moved back to the Fortifications in 1973. They were both fully restored by Army First Year Apprentices at the Ordinance Factory in Bendigo in time for the centenary year of the fortifications in 1987. The guns are capable of firing 80 pound (32.3kg) armour piercing exploding shells 3.65kms out to sea. They were original manned by volunteers before a paid Garrison was established. Now the Guns are again fired by volunteers on Special Event days. Since restoration the Gun Number 1 had been fired on a regular basis but Gun Number 2 hadn’t been fired since the mid 1990’s. In April 2015 Gun Number 2 was serviced in preparation for the firing of both cannons on the ANZAC Centenary commemorations on April 25th 2015. Other guns from the original Cannon Hill location were obsolete by the time the 1887 Warrnambool Garrison Artillery Battery was built. These guns are (1) a 32 Pounder Muzzle Loading Smooth Bore (SB) cast in 1813 at the famous Carron Foundry, number 80837 and now located in the Warrnambool Botanic Gardens (2) a 68 Pounder Muzzle Loading Smooth Bore cast in 1861 at the equally august Low Moor Foundry, number 10310 and now located on the lawn area at the entrance to Flagstaff Hill Maritime Village. Both of these guns are mounted on their original wooden garrison carriages. There are only seven 32 Pounder SB made by Carron and fifteen 68 Pounder SB made at Low Moor known to exist in the State of Victoria (Conservation Management Plan for Victorian Guns and Cannon, South Western Victoria, May 2008, ref W/F/04)The Warrnambool Garrison has been added to the Victorian Heritage Register H1250 “for its intact battery and guns, a strong reminder of Victoria’s wealth and determination to protect itself from the perceived threat of invasion in the 1880’s.” The City of Warrnambool is one of several custodians of a collection of artillery pieces of heritage significance at a state, national and international level. These pieces are directly related to the defence of south-west Victoria in the 19th century. The care and preservation come under the Heritage Act 1995. Cannon. 80 Pounder Rifled Muzzle Loading (RML) Gun on iron carriage and slide, installed in the Battery at Flagstaff Hill’s Fortifications.. Made in 1866 at the Royal Gun Factory (R-G-F), Woolich, England. Gun Reg No - 23. Flagstaff Hill Garrison Gun 1 (Gun No. 1) Insignia of the Royal Engineers, and the weight of the gun, stamped on top of the gun’s barrel. There is a brass plate on the side of the gun with the details of 1987 restoration.Stamped on axle cover on side of barrel “R-G-F / No 23 / 1866”. Stamped into the metal on top of the barrel, Insignia of the Royal Engineers; Garter and Motto “HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE”, surmounted by the Crown, with the Royal Cypher of Queen Victoria “VR” within the Garter. Also stamped on top of the gun are 2 inward pointing arrows above the weight ”81-2-0”. Brass plate “RESTORATION / BY / FIRST YEAR / APPRENTICES / ORDANANCE FACTORY / BENDIGO 1987”flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, cannon, 80 pounder, rifled muzzle, loading, royal gun factory, woolich -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Boot, Charles Rogers
... as examples of the boots worn by Army Lighthorse personnel ...These boots belonged to Captain Charlie Rogers of the Australian Army who wore these and ceremonial regalia when he was part of the Guard of Honour during the visit of the Duke of Gloucester in 1934. The visit was part of Victoria’s centenary celebrations and the Duke officially opened the Melbourne Shrine of Remembrance. Rogers was a well-known Warrnambool identity in the 1930s, 40s and 50s as a horseman and an Army identity. He built a house in Birdwood Avenue, Warrnambool, in 1935 and was a long-serving Warrnambool Show official as a judge of equine events. Rogers died in 1961. These items are of great interest as examples of the boots worn by Army Lighthorse personnel in the 1930s. The mechanism for keeping the boots in good condition is of some technological interest. They are also of interest because they belonged to a well-known 20th century Warrnambool person. These are two knee-high brown leather boots with brown laces. The boots are slightly scuffed. Inside the boots are two pieces of red-striped canvas. The boots have wooden inserts to support the boots in storage. These wooden inserts, all varnished, are in four pieces - a solid foot shape to fit in the foot of the boots, two pieces shaped to fit the calf of the leg padded with green felt, one with slight indents at the top and the bottom and the other with a decided groove and the centre piece that has a hole cut out to fit the shape of the other two. This last piece has a wooden handle with a metal attachment. There is only one handle as it can be screwed out and fitted to either wooden insert. On the two wooden inserts ‘R ‘ for right and ‘L’ for left, marked twice on each insert.charles rogers, duke of gloucester, warrnambool -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Army Survey Regiment – Commanding Officer Handover Parade, 1985
These photographs were taken at a Commanding Officer Handover Parade at the Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo in 1985. LTCOL Jorge Gruszka was the CO of the Army Svy Rgt from 1982 to 1985 and handed over LTCOL Don Swiney MBE. LTCOL Swiney’s appointment was from 1985 to 1987.This is a set of 5 photographs of a Commanding Officer Handover Parade at the Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo in 1985. The photographs were printed on photographic paper and are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. The photographs were scanned at 300 dpi. .1) - Photo, black & white, 1985, L to R: MAJ Kym Weston, MAJ Bob Roche, CPL Lyall Camp, LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, Peter Johnson, SGT Terry Danger, SGT Bruce Bowers, SPR Dave Wright, SPR Michael Arnott. .2) - Photo, black & white, 1985, L to R: LTCOL Don Swiney MBE, RSM WO1 Bob Mason, LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, MAJ Bob Roche. .3) - Photo, black & white, 1985, L to R: MAJ Mick Byrne, CAPT John South, unidentified, LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, LTCOL Don Swiney MBE, RSM WO1 Bob Mason. .4) - Photo, black & white, 1985, L to R: MAJ Kym Weston, CAPT Roger Rix, unidentified, CPL Terry ‘TJ’ Wicker, unidentified, SPR Rob Straube, LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, LTCOL Don Swiney MBE, RSM WO1 Bob Mason. .5) - Photo, black & white, 1985, L to R: MAJ Daryl Hockings CSM, unidentified (2), 2LT Kathie Ryan, CPL Bob Thrower, LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, LTCOL Don Swiney MBE, RSM WO1 Bob Mason..1P to .5P – There are no personnel identifiedroyal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Air Survey Squadron - Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo, c1988
This is a photograph of Air Survey Squadron, one of the Army Survey Regiment’s four squadrons, taken at Fortuna, Bendigo, c1988. Air Survey Squadron’s main functions were aerotriangulation and digital photogrammetric extraction of 3D topographic features from aerial photography, using Wild B8s coupled to the AUTOMAP 2 computer system.This is a photograph of Air Survey Squadron at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, c1988. The photograph was printed on photographic paper and is part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. The photograph was scanned at 300 dpi. .1) - Photo, black & white, c1988: Back Row L to R: SPR Mark Linwood, SPR Trevor Roddam, SPR Noel Brinsmead, CPL Mark Lander, CPL Frank Downie, SPR Sandy Craig 3th Row L to R: SPR Steve Rundle, unidentified, Darren Wilkinson, CPL Dave Longbottom, SPR Max Watson, unidentified, SGT Paul Hopes, unidentified. 2nd Row L to R: SGT John ‘Shep’ Shepherd, SPR Paul Boulton, SPR Stuart Bowd, SPR Paula (Golding) Brinsmead, SPR Jo Otto, CPL Steve Coulson, SPR Steve Linane, CPL Chris ‘Charlie’ Brown. Front Row L to R: SSGT Bruce ‘Hap’ Hammond, WO2 Barry Lutwyche, LT Struan Robinson, SSM WO1 Alan Hancox, OC MAJ Peter Clark, LT Simon Buckpitt, WO2 Neil ‘Ned’ Kelly, SSGT Noel ‘Macca’ McNamara.No personnel are identifiedroyal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr, air survey -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Army Survey Regiment – Commanding Officer Handover Parade, 1980
This photograph was taken at a Commanding Officer Handover Parade at the Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo in 1980. LTCOL Bob Skitch was the CO from 1976 to 1980 and handed over LTCOL Frank Thorogood SB St J. LTCOL Thorogood’s appointment was from 1980 to 1981. Personnel from Cartographic Squadron appeared in the background. This is a photograph of a Commanding Officer Handover Parade at the Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo in 1980. The photograph was printed on photographic paper and is part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. The photograph was scanned at 300 dpi. 2nd Rank L to R: SPR Ilen Isaac, CPL Sue (Fryer) Bottomley, SPR Gina (Coore) Neilson, unidentified personnel, SGT Bob Scaddan at end. Front Rank L to R: SPR Rod Skidmore, SPR John Martin, SGT Bob Bright, SPR Gerry Gates, SPR Peter Main, CPL John ‘Stormy’ Tempest, unidentified personnel. Officers Rank: CAPT Bob Williams. Foreground L to R: LTCOL Bob Skitch, LTCOL Frank Thorogood.No personnel are identified. Annotated on back with ‘1981 LTCOL Bob Skitch handed over to LTCOL Thorogood. *Date is incorrect.royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - RASvy Serving and Retired Personnel Farewelling LTCOL Peter Constantine AM at Bonegilla, VIC, 1981
This is a group photograph of RASvy serving and retired personnel at a farewell to LTCOL Peter Constantine AM, at the School of Military Survey, Bonegilla, VIC, 3rd December 1981. LTCOL Constantine was the CO of the Army Survey Regiment from 1975 to 1976 and CO of School of Military Survey (SMS) from 1976 to his retirement in January 1982. The contingent of serving and retired personnel from units across Australia travelled in civilian attire by bus to Bonegilla for the occasion culminating with a farewell dinner. Most personnel appearing in uniform were instructional staff from the SMS. LTCOL Constantine was one of RASvy’s most revered officers in this era, with 32 years of meritorious service as a leader on active duty in Vietnam in 1969 and the commanding officer of the Regiment and School. His memoirs of active duty in Vietnam ‘Surveyor - Printer Behind the Lines’ was published in 2022.This is a group photograph of RASvy serving and retired personnel at a farewell to LTCOL Peter Constantine AM, at the School of Military Survey, Bonegilla, VIC, 3rd December 1981. The photograph with annotated personnel was printed on photographic paper and is part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. The photograph was scanned at 600 dpi. Serving and retired personnel are identified in the footnotes at the bottom of the photo. royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Army Survey Regiment – Commanding Officer Handover Parade, 1982
These photographs were taken at a Commanding Officer Handover Parade at the Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo in 1982. LTCOL Peter Eddy was the CO of the Army Svy Rgt from 1981 to 1982 and handed over to LTCOL Jorge Gruszka. LTCOL Gruszka’s appointment was from 1982 to 1985. W02 Gary Warnest in Photo .4P was congratulated by LTCOL Eddy on his recent promotion to WO2.This is a set of 6 photographs of a Commanding Officer Handover Parade at the Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo in 1982. The photographic negatives are on 35mm film. They are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. The photographic negatives were scanned at 96 dpi. .1) - Photo, black & white, 1982, L to R: WO1 Noel ‘Nesty’ Coulthard, SPR Graham Hales, SPR Peter Dillon, CPL Frank Lenane, SPR Roy Hicks, CPL Russ Mollenhauer, WO2 Gary Warnest, SSGT Stu Thaxter, SSGT Rowan Gillies. .2) - Photo, black & white, 1982, L to R: LT Karen (Adams) Byrne, LT Struan Robinson, CAPT John Bloor, MAJ Jim Mitchell, CAPT Mick Byrne, LTCOL Peter Eddy, SPR Tom Bloxhom, SPR Gerry Gates, SPR Peter McCurdy, SGT Bob Clisby, SSGT Bob Rogister, SGT Dave Critchlow, SGT Dennis Learmonth, SPR Dave Lawler. .3) - Photo, black & white, 1982, L to R: LT Karen (Adams) Byrne, LT Struan Robinson, MAJ Jim Mitchell, LTCOL Peter Eddy, SGT Bob Clisby, SSGT Bob Rogister, SGT Dave Critchlow, SGT Dennis Learmonth, SPR Dave Lawler, SPR Di (Thomas) Souter. .4) - Photo, black & white, 1982, L to R: CAPT John Bloor, CAPT Mick Byrne, LTCOL Peter Eddy, WO2 Gary Warnest. .5) - Photo, black & white, 1982, unidentified personnel. .6) - Photo, black & white, 1982, L to R: MAJ Jim Mitchell, LTCOL Peter Eddy, LTCOL Jorge Gruszka. .1P to .6P – There are no personnel identifiedroyal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Army Survey Regiment – Corps Day Parade, 1983
These photographs were taken at the Corps Day parade at the Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo in July 1983. This was the Director of the Survey Corps – COL John Hillier’s last parade at Fortuna before his retirement. COL Hillier, often referred to as ‘NRJ’ (his initials) was Director for five years. COL Alex W. Laing attended the parade as his successor, seen in the foreground of photos .5P and .6P. COL Hillier was appointed a couple of years later to the honorary position of Colonel Commandant of the Royal Australian Survey Corps from 1989 to 1993. COL Laing was Director of RASvy from July 1983 to November 1988. Corps Day Parades were held to commemorate the formation of the Royal Australian Survey Corps in July 1915.This is a set of 19 photographs of a Corps Day parade at the Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo in July 1983. The negatives of the photographs were scanned at 96 dpi. .1) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: CPL Di Chalmers, CPL Dave Cook, unidentified, SGT Bob Bright, unidentified, SPR Dave Wright, SGT Josh Degroot, SPR Chad Hardwick. .2) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: LT Karen (Adams) Byrne, CAPT Roger Rix, RSM WO1 Bob Mason, MAJ Bob Roche, CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, CAPT Mick Byrne, Director COL John Hillier, CPL Terry Danger, CPL Paul Richards, CPL Greg Sulman, CPL George Holland, CPL Roger Pearson, LT Terry Lord, CPL Warren ‘Wah’ Hall. .3) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: unidentified personnel, Director COL John Hillier, SPR Ben Tarasenko, CAPT John Bloor, unidentified, RSM WO1 Bob Mason, CPL John Bettridge, SPR Tom Bloxham. .4) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: unidentified, MAJ Bob Roche, CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, Director COL John Hillier, MAJ Stan Vote. .5) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: Colonel Alex W. Laing – foreground, CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, MAJ Bob Roche. .6) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: Director COL John Hillier, MAJ Jim Mitchell – background, Colonel Alex W. Laing - foreground, CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, unidentified, SGT Kevin Boehm, SGT Jim Beard, unidentified, CAPT Dave Sankey .7) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: CAPT John Bloor, CAPT Andy McLeod, SGT Kevin Boehm, MAJ Bob Roche, SGT Jim Beard, CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, Director COL John Hillier, SSGT Bill Kemp, CPL Peter (Jack) Elvard, SGT Bob Croxton, CAPT Dave Sankey, CPL Mick Minchin, SGT Bruce Wetzig, CPL Ken Talbot-Smith. .8) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: CAPT John Bloor, RSM WO1 Bob Mason, Director COL John Hillier, CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, MAJ Graham Baker. .9) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: CAPT John Bloor, RSM WO1 Bob Mason, Director COL John Hillier, MAJ Bob Roche, CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, MAJ Graham Baker. .10) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: CAPT Chris Mazur, CAPT John Bloor, CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, MAJ Graham Baker, SPR Steve Coulson, SGT Harald Mai, Director COL John Hillier, SPR Viv (Hawkins) Doherty, unidentified, SPR Tony Grivell, SPR Ross Collishaw, SGT Phil Meagher, SSGT Brett ‘Dutchy’ Van Leeuwen. .11) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, MAJ Graham Baker, SPR Tony Grivell, SPR Ross Collishaw, Director COL John Hillier, SGT Phil Meagher, SPR Peter Peterson, SSGT Brett ‘Dutchy’ Van Leeuwen, SGT Bruce Bowers, SGT Mick Davy, SPR Gerry Gates. .12) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: SSGT Bruce ‘Stretch’ Gordon, SGT George Timmins, CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, Director COL John Hillier, MAJ Graham Baker, CAPT John Bloor, MAJ Bob Roche, WO2 Ted Burgess, RSM WO1 Bob Mason, WO2 Peter Biorac, WO1 Graeme Birrell. .13) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, CAPT John Bloor, Director COL John Hillier, inspecting rank R to L: SSGT Peter Barrett, CPL Gary Drummond, SPR Peter Breukel, CPL Ian Nichols, unidentified personnel. .14) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, Director COL John Hillier, MAJ Stan Vote, SSGT Peter Barrett, RSM WO1 Bob Mason, CPL Gary Drummond, SPR Peter Breukel, CPL Ian Nichols, unidentified. .15) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: SGT John Cain, SSGT Jim Cook, CAPT John Bloor, CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, MAJ Stan Vote, Director COL John Hillier, CPL Keith Quinton, CPL Mick Gillham, CPL Kim Reynolds, SPR Paul Baker, WO1 Ken Slater, SPR Brian Fauth, SPR Jim Ash, WO2 George Graham, SGT Gavin Neilson. .16) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: MAJ Bob Roche, MAJ Stan Vote, CPL Kim Reynolds, CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, Director COL John Hillier, WO2 George Graham, CPL John ‘Flash’ Anderson, SPR Gary Tremain, WO1 Ken Slater. .17) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: MAJ Stan Vote, CO LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, Director COL John Hillier, WO1 Noel ‘Nesty’ Coulthard. .18) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, Director COL John Hillier, unidentified civilians. .19) - Photo, black & white, 1983, L to R: Director COL John Hillier, LTCOL Jorge Gruszka, RSM WO1 Bob Mason..1P to .19P – There are no personnel identifiedroyal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Personnel and Equipment, Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo. c1979, c1979
... Personnel and Equipment, Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna...Personnel and Equipment, Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna...-triangulation and lithographic equipment, and personnel at the Army...-triangulation and lithographic equipment, and personnel at the Army... goldfields Personnel and Equipment, Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna ...This is a set of 23 photographs of cartographic, aero-triangulation and lithographic equipment, and personnel at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo circa 1979. Photos .8P to .23P were taken in Lithographic Squadron’s printing, Camera, proofing rooms and external buildings. Cartographic Squadron’s SGT Jim McDonald operated the Editwriter type setting machine, as shown in photo .2P for a couple years in a room on the top floor of Fortuna Villa. This is a set of 23 photographs of cartographic, aero-triangulation and lithographic equipment, and personnel at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, c1979. Black and white photos are on photographic paper and mounted on manilla card. They were scanned at 300 dpi. .1) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Typesetting machine, ‘Editwriter’ Model 7500, SGT Jim McDonald. .2) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Processor Model ACP101 & dual disk module (attached to Editwriter). .3) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Duplicating machine, stencil process electric ‘Gestetner’. .4) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Comparator photogrammetric stecometer, modified ‘Carl Zeiss’, CPL Jack Elverd. .5) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Point transfer device ‘Wild PUG IV. .6) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Zoom transfer scope, stereo ‘Bausch & Lomb’ .7) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Stereoplotter analytical automatic, ‘APC/3-1’. .8) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Prophylaxis unit, ‘Densply/Cavtron’ .9) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Machine punch register (made by Bendigo Ordnance Factory). .10) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Plan printer 122cm (48”) wide. ‘Admel Bruning’ Model - 5003A. .11) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Metal halide printing lamp. ‘Violight 5000 HV’ .12) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Densitometer transmission or reflection, ‘Macbeth’ Model – TR 524 MD. .13) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Machine whirling vertical type ‘Payne VLW’. .14) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Densitometer reflection, ‘Macbeth’ Model – RD917. .15) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Densitometer reflection, 240V ‘Cosar’ .16) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Printer contact ‘Hohlux’ Model RP-II, LCPL Martin Van der Maele. .17) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Frame printing vacuum vertical. .18) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Frame printing vacuum flip top 91cm x 117cm. .19) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Printer reduction stereo plotter diapositive ‘Wild’ Model – U3A modified and U4A modified to U4A plus. .20) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Printing press offset rotary lithographic 3 colour ‘Ultra-MAN-III’ .21) to. 23) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Camera cartographic consolidated super 100 32” x 32”The three personnel appearing in this set are identified. Most items have a full description, NSN, serial number, and the Repairer’s name, address and phone details and contact name. Just the full description is documented.royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - AUTOMAP 1 Production – Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, c1979
This collection of 19 photos was most likely taken in 1980. The AUTOMAP 1 computer assisted cartography and mapping system was introduced in 1975. The components of AUTOMAP 1 were the Input Sub-System of four Wild B8s stereoplotters and three Gradicon digitising tables, the Optical Line Following Sub-System – Gerber OLF, the Verification Sub-System – Gerber 1442 drum plotter, the General Purpose Sub-system – HP21MX computer and the Output Sub-System – Gerber 1232 flatbed plotter). The first map was published in 1978 (Strickland 3665-3, 1:50,000). AUTOMAP 1 was the first computer assisted cartography and mapping system utilised by the Survey Corps and was the first system used by Australian mapping organisations. The history of the AUTOMAP 1 system is covered in more detail with additional historic photographs, in pages 116-118 of Valerie Lovejoy’s book 'Mapmakers of Fortuna – A history of the Army Survey Regiment’ ISBN: 0-646-42120-4.This is a set of 19 photographs of Air Survey Squadron military and civilian personnel operating AUTOMAP 1 equipment at the Army Survey Regiment at Fortuna, Bendigo, c1979. The photographs were on 35mm negative film and were scanned at 96 dpi. They are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. .1) - Photo, colour, c1979, Gradicon edit table, SSGT John Bennett. .2) - Photo, colour, c1979, Gradicon edit table. .3) - Photo, colour, c1979, HP21MX computer General Purpose Sub-system. .4) - Photo, colour, c1979, HP21MX computer General Purpose Sub-system. L to R: CAPT Graham Baker, SPR Ian Belmont. .5) - Photo, colour, c1979, Gerber verification drum plotter. 1130 System administration, unidentified. .6) - Photo, colour, c1979, Gerber Optical Line Follower (OLF). .7) - Photo, colour, c1979, Gerber OLF .8) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Programming and system administration, L to R: WO1 Don Taylor, Robert Cox, Tony Spurling, SSGT John Bennett, SGT Alan Toogood. .9) to .14) - Photo, black & white, c1979, .15) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Gerber OLF, unidentified. .16) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Gerber verification drum plotter, unidentified using Gradicon edit table. .17) to .18) - Photo, black & white, c1979, - Photo, black & white, c1979, Programming and system administration, SSGT John Bennett. .19)- Photo, black & white, c1979, - Photo, black & white, c1979, HP21MX computer General Purpose Sub-system..1P to .19P No personnel are identified.royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr, automap 1 -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Demonstration of TI4100 GPS Receiver, Royal Australian Survey Corps, c1988
This is a set of two photographs of WO2 Graham Ragless from the Royal Australian Survey Corps demonstrating the operation of Global Positioning System equipment in c1988. The photos were probably taken at the School of Military Survey (SMS), Bonegilla, VIC. Texas Instruments TI4100 portable Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic receivers were introduced from 1986–1988. The GPS receivers and Ferranti FILS3 helicopter and vehicle mounted Inertial Positioning System (IPS) replaced the TRANSIT satellite receivers. The equipment was deployed to establish the baseline for a GPS controlled air camera and photogrammetric system to significantly reduce the requirement for ground survey to accurately control air photography for topographic mapping. Personnel from the four field survey squadrons at this time were trained at the SMS to operate the TI4100 receivers. Field survey operations using GPS and IPS equipment followed in the late 1980s. This technology is described in more detail in the RA Svy booklet titled An Introduction to Topographic Mapping. See record ID - 6010. WO2 Graham Ragless progressed to the rank of WO1 and was appointed as RSM of the Army Survey Regiment from 1990 to 1992. Refer to item 6226.4P for more photographs of WO2 Graham Ragless demonstrating the TI4100.This is a set of two photographs of a technician from the Royal Australian Survey Corps demonstrating the operation of Global Positioning System equipment in c1988. Colour photos are on 35mm slide film and were scanned at 96 dpi. .1) and .2) - Photo, colour, c1988, WO2 Graham Ragless demonstrating the operation of a TI4100 GPS receiverThere are no annotations.royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr, surveying -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Lithographic Technicians preparing a Cromalin map proof at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna Villa Bendigo
These six photographs were most likely taken in the 1990s in Lithographic Squadron at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo. There is no annotation describing the date or personnel in the photographs. Cromalin proofing was a laminate and dry powder proofing system introduced in 1978. The system allowed the production of true to colour proofs, mainly for the proofing of orthophoto maps and process printed 1:250,000 JOG that used positive printing plates. It was upgraded in 1986. The pre-press proof was a cost-effective way of producing a one-off visual copy of the map or chart product. It enabled cartographers to perform a quality inspection and correct any faults before publication. The pre-press proof was deemed authoritative before its release to Print Troop for bulk printing and distribution.This is a set of six photographs of lithographic technicians preparing Cromalin map proofs at the Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo c1990s. The photographs were on 35mm negative film and were scanned at 96 dpi. They are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. .1) to .6) - Photo, colour, c1990s, printer technician SPR Shona Hastie, Lithographic Squadron. .1P to .6P – no annotationroyal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr, litho -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Aerotriangulation Production – Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, c1979
This collection of 19 photos was most likely taken in 1979 in Air Survey Squadron. The PDP 11/70 minicomputer shown photos .2P to .3P was the operating system introduced in 1977 as the mainframe system for the control of the APC4, aerial triangulation block adjustments, SORA OP Analytical Orthophoto control, APR Analytical Terrain Profile Recorder computation, graphics, and general computing. The Zeiss (Jena) Stecometer analytic stereocomparator for air photography shown in photos .5P to .9P was introduced at Air Survey Squadron in 1963. Aerotriangulation production was expedited using computers for analytical photogrammetric processes. The technician accurately measured between pass, tie, and survey control points on aerial photographs. The OMI/Nistri AP/C-3 analytical plotter shown in photos .10P and .11P was introduced in 1972–1973. Photo .11P shows a coordinatorgraph attached to the AP/C-3. The Zeiss D2 Planimat Stereoplotter shown in photo .12P was used for analytical orthophoto control. Wild PUG4 point transfer devices shown in photos .17P to .19P were introduced in c1968 superseding the PUG2 devices. PUG4 devices were used by technicians to stereoscopically view the photography containing the survey control points and the mapping aerial photography. The Control points were transferred from the control photography to the mapping diapositives of aerial photography by drilling their locations into the photographic emulsion.This is a set of 19 photographs of Air Survey Squadron personnel operating aerotriangulation equipment at the Army Survey Regiment at Fortuna, Bendigo, c1979. Black and white photos are on photographic paper and were scanned at 300 dpi. They are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. .1) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Aerotriangulation tasks, unidentified technicians. .2) to .3) - Photo, black & white, c1979, PDP-11 minicomputers tasks, unidentified technician. .4) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Aerotriangulation tasks, unidentified technician. .5) - Photo, colour, c1979, Zeiss (Jena) Stecometer, unidentified technician. .6) to.9) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Zeiss (Jena) Stecometer, unidentified technician. .10) - Photo, black & white, c1984, OMI/Nistri APC/3-1 analytical stereoplotter, SPR Kristin (Isaac) Skidmore. .11) - Photo, colour, c1979, OMI/Nistri APC/3-1 analytical stereoplotter, unidentified technician. .12) - Photo, colour, c1979, Zeiss D2 Planimat Stereoplotter, unidentified technician. .13) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Aerotriangulation tasks, unidentified technician. .14) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Aerotriangulation tasks, unidentified technician. .15) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Aerotriangulation tasks, CPL Ken Talbot-Smith .16) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Aerotriangulation tasks, SPR David Jobe. .17) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Wild PUG4 point transfer device, WO2 Brian Mead. .18) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Wild PUG4 point transfer device, CPL Andy Wilson. .19) - Photo, black & white, c1979, Wild PUG4 point transfer device, unidentified technician..5P is annotated ‘OMI-Nistri AP/C Analytical Plotter’ and ’Topo 36’. .12P is annotated ‘Zeiss Jena Stecometer Stereocomparator’ and ’Topo 35’. There are no annotations on the other photos.royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr, aerotrig, air survey -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Multiplex mechanical stereoplotting equipment, Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna Bendigo, c1950s
This is a set of five photographs of Multiplex mechanical stereoplotting equipment at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna Bendigo. c1950s. Multiplex equipment was imported from the UK in 1951 and introduced in the following year, to accelerate map production output covering CMF training areas at 1:25,000 map scale. Multiplex plotting was a productive advancement replacing the ‘Arundel’ method of graphical plotting planimetric detail that was expensive and slow, especially in timbered mountainous terrain. Air photos were made into small diapositives and mounted on racks in the exact position relative to when the aerial photos were taken. The technicians operated the Multiplex in a darkened room, with one photo projected with a green filter and the other through a red filter to form a 3D view of the overlapping photos. The 3D model projected onto a platen, which was a small platform that was raised up and down. The technician viewed the 3D image with special glasses fitted with red and green lenses. In the centre of the platen was a small pinhole that served as a floating mark, with a vertical pencil located exactly below the pinhole. This tracing table was moved to follow the topographic feature or contour line and draw it on the paper underneath. The technician raising or lowering the platform’s floating mark to match the height of the 3D terrain. It also replaced the slotted template method of mechanical adjustment of strips of aerial photography, however was restricted to each strip rather than between strips in the block. Although the Multiplex was phased out of production in 1968, it was used in the training of photogrammetry and aero-triangulation at the School of Military Survey located at Bonegilla, Victoria until the early 1990s. The history of the Multiplex is covered in more detail with additional historic photographs, in pages 50 to 51 of Valerie Lovejoy’s book 'Mapmakers of Fortuna – A history of the Army Survey Regiment’ ISBN: 0-646-42120-4.This is a set of five photographs of Multiplex mechanical stereoplotting equipment at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo. c1950s. The photographs were printed on photographic paper and are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. The photographs were scanned at 300 dpi. .1) - Photo, black & white, c1950s, unidentified personnel operating Multiplex equipment. .2) - Photo, black & white, c1950s, Multiplex equipment. .3) - Photo, black & white, c1950s, Multiplex components identified. .4) - Photo, black & white, c1950s, Multiplex optical components. .5) - Photo, black & white, c1950s. Unidentified technician laying down individual Multiplex plots..1P to .2P, .4P – No annotations. .3P annotations identifying Multiplex components on front of photo. .5P annotated on front ‘Lay down of individual Multiplex plots at 1/14000 to framework of master grid to form Composite Compilation Sheet – Material Duralex.’royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr, photogrammetry -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Army Survey Regiment - Defence Force Service Medal Presentations, Fortuna Villa, Bendigo, 11.12.1992
These five photographs were taken at a formal Army Survey Regiment medal presentation at the lakeside of Fortuna on the 11th of December 1992. The CO of the Army Survey Regiment – LTCOL Bob McHenry presented the Defence Force Service Medal to five RA Svy personnel in recognition of 15 years of efficient remunerated service. They were SSGT Greg Byers, SGT Peter Hardy, SGT Garry Kerr, SGT Laurie Justin and WO2 Rhys De Laine. LTCOL Bob McHenry was the CO of the Army Survey Regiment from 1992 to 1993.These five black & white photographs were taken at a Defence Force Service Medal Presentation on the 11th of December 1992 at the Army Survey Regiment, Bendigo. The photographs were printed on photographic paper and are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. The photographs were scanned at 300 dpi. .1) Photo, black & white, L to R: SSGT Greg Byers and LTCOL Bob McHenry. .2) Photo, black & white, L to R: SGT Peter Hardy and LTCOL Bob McHenry. .3) Photo, black & white, L to R: SGT Garry Kerr and LTCOL Bob McHenry. .4) Photo, black & white, L to R: SGT Laurie Justin and LTCOL Bob McHenry. .5) Photo, black & white, L to R: WO2 Rhys De Laine and LTCOL Bob McHenry..1 to. 5P – annotations identifying personnel and the date provided on paper.royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Stereoscopic Equipment – Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo
... and personnel at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, c1950s... and personnel at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, c1950s... equipment and personnel at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna ...This is a set of six photographs of stereoscopic equipment and personnel at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, c1950s to c1960s. The stereoscopes shown in photos .1P and .2P were used to stereoscopically view and interpret features in overlapping aerial photographs. The stereoscopic plotters shown in photos .3P and .4P were used to stereoscopically plot topographic detail from overlapping aerial photographs using a pantograph arm with pencil onto a controlled plotting sheet. The Ryker Model PL-3 Wernstedt-Mahan type stereoscopic plotter shown in photos .5P and .6P was used for precision contouring, planimetry and profiling. It was a comparatively simple stereoscopic mapping instrument designed to use ordinary contact prints of aerial photographs. It provides for plotting on a constant scale and approximate tilt correction but does not provide refinements such as correction for lens distortion. The plotter in Photo .6P does not have its pantograph arm attached. These plotters pre-date the Wild B9 and B8 stereo plotters introduced in the 1960s.This is a set of six photographs of stereoscopic equipment and personnel at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, c1950s to c1960s. Black and white photos are on photographic paper and were scanned at 300 dpi. .1) - Photo, black & white, c1950s to c1960s, Universal Stereoscope, unidentified technician. .2) - Photo, black & white, c1950s to c1960s, Old Delft Scanning Stereoscopes, unidentified technicians. .3) - Photo, black & white, c1950s to c1960s, Unidentified stereoscopic plotters and technicians. .4) - Photo, black & white, c1950s to c1960s, Unidentified stereoscopic plotter, CPL Bill Shapcott. .5) and .6) - Photo, black & white, c1950s to c1960s, Ryker Model PL-3 stereoscopic plotter.Photo .4P is annotated on back - ‘Bill Shapcott (CPL)’royal australian survey corps, army svy regt, rasvy, army survey regiment, fortuna, asr, air survey, photogrammetry -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Photo Troop Equipment and Personnel, Lithographic Squadron, Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, 1960s and 1970s
... Photo Troop Equipment and Personnel, Lithographic Squadron...Photo Troop Equipment and Personnel, Lithographic Squadron... Equipment and Personnel, Lithographic Squadron, Army Survey Regiment ...This collection of 14 photos were taken at Lithographic Squadron, Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo probably in the 1960s and 1970s. The main tasks undertaken by technicians in Photo Troop were most likely enlargements, reductions and duplication of map reproduction material, and processing of aerial photography. The equipment operated by the technicians is the KLIMCH camera. The main tasks undertaken by the technicians were most likely enlargements and reductions of map reproduction material. The KLIMSCH Commodore camera was introduced in 1953 and was the largest in the Southern Hemisphere. It was replaced with a new model of the same size in 1979. The new model with its computer-based interface provided productivity gains with improved speed and its consistent results led to less wastage in time and materials. See items 6057.8P, 6056.11P and 6058.8P for more information and photos on Photo Troop equipment and personnel. There is more information on the KLIMSCH Commodore camera, on pages 70 and 120 of Valerie Lovejoy’s book 'Mapmakers of Fortuna – A history of the Army Survey Regiment’ ISBN: 0-646-42120-4. This collection of 14 photos were taken in Photo Troop, Lithographic Squadron, Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo probably in the 1960s and 1970s. The photographs were printed on photographic paper and are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. The photographs were scanned at 300 dpi. .1) - Photo, black & white, 1960s, KLIMSCH Commodore camera, unidentified technicians. .2) - Photo, black & white, 1960s, KLIMSCH Commodore camera, unidentified technician. .3) - Photo, black & white, 1960s, KLIMSCH Commodore camera. .4) - Photo, black & white, 1960s, KLIMSCH Commodore camera, unidentified technician. .5) - Photo, black & white, 1960s, KLIMSCH Commodore camera. .6) - Photo, black & white, 1960s, KLIMSCH Commodore camera, unidentified technicians. .7) - Photo, colour, 1970s, KLIMSCH Commodore camera, unidentified technicians. .8) - Photo, black & white, 1970s, WILD U4A Diapositive Camera, SPR Garry Hudson. .9) - Photo, black & white, 1970s, Photographic camera enlarger, SPR Garry Hudson. .10) - Photo, black & white, 1970s, Photographic camera enlarger, Phil Beaty. .11) - Photo, black & white, 1979, Film developer, SGT Garren Hill. .12) - Photo, black & white, 1970s, Film contact frame. .13) - Photo, black & white, 1970s, LogEtronics Contact Printer. .14) - Photo, black & white, 1970s, Tri-stud registered map separations with composite black negative on top.No personnel are identified. .11P annotated ‘1979’. .13P and .14P annotated ‘orthophoto’royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr, litho -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Print Troop Equipment and Personnel, Lithographic Squadron – Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, c1970s
... Print Troop Equipment and Personnel, Lithographic Squadron...Print Troop Equipment and Personnel, Lithographic Squadron... Equipment and Personnel, Lithographic Squadron – Army Survey ...This collection of 17 photos was most likely taken in Lithographic Squadron, Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, c1970s. Although these photos are not annotated most personnel are positively identified. Some photos are cropped enlargements of previous photos. See item 6060.8P for more information and photos of platemaking. There is more information on the Ultra-MAN-III, Komoni and Planeta Printing Presses on pages 71 and 120 of Valerie Lovejoy’s book 'Mapmakers of Fortuna – A history of the Army Survey Regiment’ ISBN: 0-646-42120-4. For additional photos, refer to item 6062.4P for the Heidelberg press, item 6063.5P for the Komori press, item 6064.9P for the Planeta press and item 6065.10P for Ultra-MAN-III presses. In photos .11P to .14P the technician is applying a UV-sensitive pigmented dye emulating one of the map print colours to a white opaque polyester sheet mounted on a rotating table in a whirler. .12P and .14P are enlargements of previous photos. See item 6059.4P for more information and photos on the map proof making process. The Krause Wohlenberg operated by George Austen in photo .17P was a heavy-duty guillotine to trim bulk printed map stock in the c1970s and c1980s. See item 6069.6P for more information and photos of guillotine equipment.This is a set of 17 photographs of Print Troop personnel and equipment from Lithographic Squadron at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, c1970s. The photographs were printed on photographic paper and are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. The photographs were scanned at 300 dpi. .1) - Photo, black & white, c1970s, Preparing printing plate, SGT Alvan Howard. .2) to.3) - Photo, black & white, c1970s, Preparing printing plate, unidentified technician. .4) - Photo, black & white, 1979, Planeta Polygraph Printing Press., L to R: SPR Peter Breukel, CPL Lance Strudwick. .5) - Photo, black & white, c1970s, Ultra-MAN-III Printing Press. .6) and .7) - Photo, black & white, c1970s, Ultra-MAN-III Printing Press, unidentified technician. .8) - Photo, black & white, c1970s, Newkoni Komori Printing Press, unidentified technician. .9) - Photo, black & white, c1970s, Original Heidelberg Printing Press, unidentified technician. .10) - Photo, black & white, c1970s, MANN flatbed proof press, unidentified technician. .11) to .14) - Photo, black & white, c1970s, applying dye to a whirl-on proof, unidentified technician. .15) and .16) - Photo, black & white, c1970s, applying diazo coat to a scribe sheet, CPL Colin Hardisty. .17) - Photo, black & white, c1970s, Krause Wohlenberg heavy-duty paper guillotine, George Austen.No personnel are annotated. .2P annotated ‘completed development on a negative working plate.’ .3P annotated ‘a wipe-on plate.’ .4P annotated ‘1979’. .12P annotated ‘Re-coating a proof with the next wanted colour on the vertical whirler.’ .13P annotated ‘has hardened (retained) area required. Done on a vertical whirler.’ .15P and .16P annotated ‘Preparing a sheet of scribe material with a Diazo (light sensitive) coating.’royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, printing, litho -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Lithographic Squadron Incident Response Exercise – Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna, Bendigo, 1987
This is a set of 10 photographs of This is a set of 10 photographs of Lithographic Squadron participating in an incident response exercise at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna Villa, Bendigo, in 1987. The incident exercise was held on the basketball court and the roadway from Lithographic Squadron up the hill to the back gate of Fortuna. Photos .9P and .10P were taken in the offices of Lithographic Squadron. In 1987 MAJ Mick Byrne was the OC of Lithographic Squadron and WO1 Trevor Osborne was probably the Squadron Sergeant Major (SSM).This is a set of 10 photographs of Lithographic Squadron participating in an incident response exercise at the Army Survey Regiment, Fortuna Villa, Bendigo, 1987. The photographs were printed on photographic paper and are part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. The photographs were scanned at 300 dpi. .1) - Photo, colour, 1987, L to R: unidentified, CPL Paul Baker, Steve Burke? .2) - Photo, colour, 1987, CPL Paul Baker. .3) - Photo, colour, 1987, SSGT Nick Collins RE (behind left door), unidentified personnel. .4) - Photo, colour, 1987, L to R: unidentified (x4), Gavin Neilson, unidentified (x5), Waldo Shirley, John Reid, unidentified. .5) - Photo, colour, 1987, unidentified personnel. .6) - Photo, colour, 1987, L to R: unidentified (x6), Lance Strudwick, SPR Janet Murray, SPR Colin Yeats, Alan Virtue. .7) - Photo, colour, 1987, unidentified personnel, Graham Hales on right. .8) - Photo, colour, 1987, L to R: John ‘Flash’ Anderson, Colin Campbell, Jim Ash, unidentified, Greg Rowe, Peter Dillon, Damien Nolan. .9) - Photo, colour, 1987, Lithographic Squadron OC - MAJ Mick Byrne. .10) - Photo, colour, 1987, Lithographic Squadron SSM - WO1 Trevor Osborne. .1P to .10P No annotations identifying personnel. Photos annotated ‘1987’ on back. royal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr, litho -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - PHOTOGRAPH, FRAMED
Black & white photo in brown wooden frame with gold inner edge & glass front, white backing with wire hanging strap. Photo of 300th Co Army Service Corps (late 9th Australian Company). All personnel in full uniform with vehicles in background, Australian flag in centre.Bottom of photo: “300th Army Service Corps (late 9th Australian ASC). DSCM Mobilized for European War. June 1915”photography-photographs, frame accessories, 300th, passchendaele barracks trust -
Bendigo Military Museum
Photograph - Army Survey Regiment Warrant Officers and Sergeants, c1975
This photograph of the Army Survey Regiment’s Warrant Officers and Sergeants was taken at Fortuna Villa Bendigo in c1975. WO1 John Hogan served as RSM of the Regiment from 1968 to 1976.This is a photograph of the Warrant Officers and Sergeants posted to Army Survey Regiment c1975, Fortuna Villa, Bendigo Victoria. The photograph was printed on photographic paper and is part of the Army Survey Regiment’s Collection. The photograph was scanned at 300 dpi. .1) Photo, black & white c1975. Middle Row to L to R: centre WO2 Tom Pattison, Front Row to L to R: 2nd WO1 Marj Knight, centre RSM WO1 John Hogan. All other personnel are unidentified.no annotationsroyal australian survey corps, rasvy, army survey regiment, army svy regt, fortuna, asr -
Waverley RSL Sub Branch
R.A.A.F. Long Service Medal
Awarded to Alan Bowers (A236814) who was a R.A.A.F. dental mechanic who serverd during WWII including service in Darwin, and then continued in the R.A.A.F. for some years after the end of WWII The Royal Australian Air Force (and all Commonwealth Air Forces) Long Service and Good Conduct Medal: Awarded to NCOs and ORs of the RAAF (RAF, RCAF etc) for 15 years service. A cupro-nickel plated medal, the obverse features the sovereign's head, the reverse features the crown and eagle emblem of the RAAF (and RAF). Officers are eligible for the award provided they have served a minimum 12 years in the ranks. The riband is dark blue and maroon with white edges. This medal ceased to be awarded in Australia in 1975 when it was replaced by the National Medal (and sbsequently the DFSM and DLSM) in the Australian system of honours and awards. http://www.heritagemedals.com.au/medals-1/service-long-service/air-force-long-service-and-good-conduct-medal.html History of the RAAF Dental Branch It took six years following the formation of the RAAF in 1921 for the first Dental Clinic to be established at Point Cook, Victoria. On 10th June 1927 Flying Officer James Carl Rosenbrock commenced work as an RAAF Dental Officer for the FlyingTraining School at Point Cook. As personnel numbers were still relatively small, Rosenbrock was also responsible for the dental care of all Victorian RAAF units, which involved treating members at 1AD Laverton, as well as Air Force Headquarters at Victoria Barracks in Melbourne. As Army Dental Officers were currently caring for RAAF personnel at Richmond, NSW, the Senior Dental Officer of the 3rd Military District in Victoria (SDO 3MD) requested through the military board that a similar arrangement be established, where that the newly appointed RAAF Dentist provide part time dental services to the Army units stationed at Queenscliff. This was seen as an effective reciprocal arrangement, with both units having a Dental Officer in attendance for, in total, around 3-4 weeks a year. Rosenbrock continued to serve as the sole RAAF Dental Officer until the middle of 1933, when the Air Board asked for his service to be terminated following ‘behaviour unbecoming of a RAAF officer'. He had borrowed several sums of money, of around 40 Pounds or so, from junior ranks on base (as well as from the Regimental Sergeant Major) and had failed to pay the money back. He was replaced by a fellow Victorian, FLGOFF Norman Henry Andrews, on the 18th Sep 1933, who went on to become our first Director of Dental Services, and was instrumental in establishing the organisations and conditions of the Branch that are still present today. Through a fair amount of persistence and hard work on the part of Norman Andrews, the RAAF Dental Branch began to expand from 1937, with the introduction of 2 additional positions, at RAAF station Richmond, and at the FlyingTraining School at Point Cook. This gave the RAAF 3 uniformed Dental Officers, which was expanded to 5 in the months leading up to WW2. 4 of these Dental Officers were based in Victoria and 1 at Richmond, with the other two RAAF units being cared for by the Army (as in the case of Pearce in WA) or by civilians (as in Darwin). With the sudden increase in RAAF personnel required at the outbreak of WW2, the number of RAAF Dental Officers increased dramatically, from 5 in 1939, 28 in 1940, 64 in 1941, 147 in 1942, 193 in 1943, 219 in 1944, and peaking at 227 in 1945. RAAF Dental Officers were required to work in a variety of locations, both in and out of Australia. Between 1940 and 1942 a massive construction programme occurred, with new dental clinics being established around Australia. Priority was given to aircrew training units in order to get these personnel dentally fit for operational deployment, but Dental Officers could equally find themselves posted to recruit depots, fixed stations, medical clearance stations, mobile dental sections, and RAAF and civilian hospitals. RAAF Dental Officers were posted to the large dental centres at Ascot Vale (Vic) and Bradfield Park (NSW) when first appointed, where they received military and clinical training, before being deployed to their needed location. Mobile Dental Units When Japan entered the war in 1941, the rapid deployment of troops to northern operational areas with less than ideal dental fitness was extremely high. As a result, the RAAF deployed a range of mobile dental units, either alone or with medical sections, to support the increasing number of isolated deployed personnel within Australia and overseas. There were three types of mobile unit used: a. Mobile Dental Unit – relied on using either a semi-trailer to get around or by building a surgery directly on to the truck chassis, and installing hydraulic chairs, units, x-rays, and laboratory equipment. They were able to move around between small units, such as RAAF radar stations, where they could plug into the local power supply and work immediately. b. Transportable Dental Units – used for stops of longer duration, where field equipment was carried in panniers from one unit to another by road or rail and housed in whatever accommodation was available at the destination. They were often carried within Australia on Tiger Moths and Dakota aircraft. c. Itinerant Dental Units – in some areas, the dental equipment was installed at the RAAF unit and the Dental Officer and their staff would travel from unit to unit, using the equipment available at each location. RAAF Dental BadgeAs the war developed in Europe, it soon became obvious that the RAF Dental support was not capable of supporting the increasing numbers of RAAF aircrew that were being sent for service with the RAF, with only enough Dental Officers available to provide one to every 2000 men ( instead of the preferred 1 to 600). As a result, the RAAF provided a mobile dental unit, fitted out in a caravan and pulled by a Ford V8 Coupe, to travel around England in support of RAAF personnel at various squadrons. Some degree of tact was needed to ensure that the RAF did not take this as a comment on the treatment they were providing, but it proved successful in maintaining a satisfactory state of dental fitness in RAAF personnel, and a second mobile unit was soon dispatched. They were also set up with a laboratory on board as well as the surgery, which was a major difference between the RAF and RAAF, as the RAF did not provide dentures for their troops (the RAAF would, providing they had served for 6 years). In 1943 the RAF was no longer able to provide Dental support to Australian troops in the Middle East, which resulted in the need for a transportable dental unit to be deployed from Australia. It functioned in a similar manner to the RAF, by moving from one squadron to another. It served in the Middle East and Africa, from Cairo across North Africa, to Italy, and eventually back to England to treat returned prisoners of war. GPCAPT Norman Andrews The growth and development of the RAAF Dental Branch owes a debt to one man in particular, GPCAPT Norman Andrews. As the second RAAF Dental Officer to enlist on 18 Sep 1933, Andrews became the principal architect of the structure and organisation of the RAAF Dental Branch leading up to and during WW2. Until early 1940, the RAAF Dental Branch was administered by the Director of Medical Services (Air), which placed it under the control of the Army Medical staff. The Army would provide their Inspector of Dental Services for advice whenever needed. In April 1940, the RAAF Medical service separated from the Army, resulting in the control of the RAAF Dental Branch shifting back to the RAAF. Andrews became the first Director of Dental Services, when the position was created in 1943 as recognition of the higher profile the Dental Branch was now playing in the RAAF Medical service. Until this time, Andrews's title had been as the Dental Staff Officer to the RAAF Medical Service. Andrews was responsible for the establishment of the war-time structure of the Dental service, establishing new dental centres at all major bases, creating mobile and transportable dental units, ensuring the continual growth of the Branch, maintaining professional development of staff through the establishment of a professional journal, and by organising renowned lecturers to speak at RAAF bases. He also believed in visiting as many dental units as possible to see for himself what conditions were like and to talk first-hand to staff in remote units. His itinerary during the war years, both in and out of Australia, shows a large number of trips in a variety of modes of transport in order to reach remote areas where units were serving. He was promoted to GPCAPT in July 1944, as the numbers of Dental Officers soon peaked at 227 towards the end of the war (1 GPCAPT, 9 WGCDRs, 60 SQNLDRs, and 157 FLTLTs). After the war, with the reduction in RAAF personnel required in uniform, the Dental Branch also reduced its numbers significantly. By 1947 there were only 18 Dental Officers serving (many part-time), with 1 GPCAPT, 1 WGCDR, 10 SQNLDRs, and 6 FLTLTs, and only 13 by 1950. With the decrease in Branch personnel numbers, the ‘powers to be' saw fit to reduce the Director of Dental Service rank to WGCDR, and as a result Norman Andrews found that in order to continue serving in the RAAF he would have to wear a reduced rank. This appears to have been a contributing factor in his decision to discharge at the relatively early age of 43 and accept an administrative job as Director of the Victorian Government's School Dental Service. Norman Andrews holds the proud honour of being the founder of the RAAF Dental Branch, which during the war was instrumental in educating servicemen of the importance of dental health and maintaining the dental fitness of troops in a variety of areas. Dental Orderlies (Assistants) The dental orderly mustering was first introduced in 1937. Until that time, medical orderlies were assigned to assist the Dental officer with their duties. As early as 1931 it had been noted by both RAAF and Army Dental Officers working in Victoria and Richmond that a lot of the troubles they were having would be solved by appointing a permanent Dental Orderly. Often they would find that the medical orderly they were assigned was a different one each day, and as a result the administration and work in general was very inefficient. By 1937, with the increase in Dental Officers to 3, it was realised that a Dental Orderly mustering needed to be created. Dental Mechanics/Technicians Before WW2, dental laboratory work was provided by civilian laboratories, as most RAAF units were stationed around metropolitan areas. At this time, service personnel were still required to pay for their own dentures, unless they had served for six years or had their dentures damaged during performance of their duties. In July 1940, mainly in response to the development of more remote RAAF dental units and the increasing demand for dental prostheses, the Dental Mechanic mustering was established. Unfortunately there was a very limited pool of civilian dental mechanics to recruit from, and as a result the RAAF set up a training school at Laverton (which was later moved to Ascot Vale) in June 1941 which conducted an intensive 6 month course in Dental mechanics. Dental mechanics were quickly in demand. In all fixed and mobile dental units at least 1 Mechanic was supplied for each Dental Officer, and indeed the RAAF supplied Dental Mechanics throughout all its deployments, something the RAF were unwilling, or unable, to do. Two grades of dental mechanic existed: the Senior Mechanic (with the rank of NCO), who was competent in all phases of laboratory work; and the Junior Mechanic, who could only handle routine work and not more advanced denture work. The progression to Senior required a further trade test in techniques including setting up, clasp-forming, casting and backing teeth. During the course of the War, two special courses were held for Mechanics. The first, directed at senior mechanics so that they could instruct others, was in 1942 when Acrylic Resin was first introduced as a denture base material, as an alternative to the current option of vulcanite. Later, towards the end of the War, a ‘refresher' course was provided for those that had served for the greatest period of time in order to allow them retraining in techniques that they had not practised during their service and which were common in civilian life. This included cast base dentures, crowns and bridges, partial dentures, and retainers. Towards the end of the War, a course was held with WAAAF trainees to train them as Mechanics. However, as the War was soon to end they never had the opportunity to progress within the mustering to become Senior Mechanics. The RAAF Dental Branch has survived 75 years of turbulence, with reviews of its viability occurring regularly every few years from as early as 1937. The Branch continues to provide excellent service to the ADF community and, despite reduced manpower, will continue to play an important role in Air Force Health operations. http://www.defence.gov.au/health/about/docs/RAAFDental.pdf40cm cupro-nickel plated medal, the obverse features the sovereign's head, the reverse features the crown and eagle emblem of the RAAF (and RAF). A23814 BOWERS.A. A. F.r.a.a.f long service medal, r.a.a.f good conduct, r.a.a.f. dental service medal -
Running Rabbits Military Museum operated by the Upwey Belgrave RSL Sub Branch
Helmet
PASGT* Helmet with New Zealand DPCU cloth cover (*Personnel Armour System for Ground Troops (PASG) )headgear, current, army -
Port Melbourne Historical & Preservation Society
Document - Military record, Private George Williams, WWI, Australian Archives
George's medals were kept by his daughter Marjorie Williams, and donated to the Society by herself and her daughter. These documents were obtained when PMH&PS applied to Canberra for information on the MM citation.Australian Archives folder containing WWI personnel records for Private George Williams of 1st Australian Imperial Forces, who was awarded the Military Medal 'For bravery in the field' Ref 813.01 for medals mounted with photo..Cream and brown, contains 48 pages including letter, notes, official sheets and photocopies of letters, war and medical recordswar - world war i, armed services - army, valerie williams morris, marjorie williams, george willaims -
Port Melbourne Historical & Preservation Society
Document - Photocopy, WWI personnel records for Private George Williams, Australian Archives, Black and Gold
George's medals were kept by his daughter Marjorie Williams, and donated to the Society by herself and her daughter. These documents were obtained from ANZAC Hourse Library, for added information on George's Battalion, the 29thPhotocopied by the RSL for our Australian Archives folder 813.02 containing WWI personnel records for Private George Williams, these are excerpts from Black and Gold, the History of the 29th Battalion 1915-1918 by Ronald J Austinwar - world war i, armed services - army, george willaims -
Monbulk RSL Sub Branch
Book, Peter Harclerode, Fighting dirty the inside story of covert operations from Ho Chi Minh to Osama Bin Laden, 2001
In the wake of the September 11th horror, nothing could be timelier than this exploration of world terrorism and the forces that fight it--armies and missions often shrouded in mystery. A foremost expert on guerrilla warfare presents, for the first time, a comprehensive investigation of covert military operations from Vietnam to Afghanistan. Among the revelations: that the CIA handed out shoulder-fired antiaircraft missiles "like lollipops" to Osama bin Laden and other mujahadeen leaders, weapons they may now turn against us how British SAS operated inside Afghanistan against the Russians and used "former special forces" personnel for clandestine missions why secret militia and locally recruited fighters successfully defeated guerrillas and terrorists in Oman, Malaya, and Borneo, but could not in Indochina and Algeria and how "fighting dirty" sometimes meant helping drug dealers in exchange for their support. Most relevant is the detailed analysis of why Russia failed to conquer Afghanistan, what we can learn from their experience, and the perils awaiting any invader.Index, bibliography, ill, maps, p.625.non-fictionIn the wake of the September 11th horror, nothing could be timelier than this exploration of world terrorism and the forces that fight it--armies and missions often shrouded in mystery. A foremost expert on guerrilla warfare presents, for the first time, a comprehensive investigation of covert military operations from Vietnam to Afghanistan. Among the revelations: that the CIA handed out shoulder-fired antiaircraft missiles "like lollipops" to Osama bin Laden and other mujahadeen leaders, weapons they may now turn against us how British SAS operated inside Afghanistan against the Russians and used "former special forces" personnel for clandestine missions why secret militia and locally recruited fighters successfully defeated guerrillas and terrorists in Oman, Malaya, and Borneo, but could not in Indochina and Algeria and how "fighting dirty" sometimes meant helping drug dealers in exchange for their support. Most relevant is the detailed analysis of why Russia failed to conquer Afghanistan, what we can learn from their experience, and the perils awaiting any invader. special forces - operations - 20th century, special forces - operations - 20th century