A razor strop (or razor strap) is a flexible strip of leather or canvas used to straighten and polish the blade of a straight razor, a knife, or a woodworking tool like a chisel. Unlike honing or sharpening a blade, in which a whetstone removes metal bent out of alignment from the blade's edge, stropping the blade re-aligns the indentations without removing any material. The strop may be a hanging strop or a hand-held paddle. Various abrasive compounds may be applied to the strop to aid in polishing the blade while stropping to obtain a mirror-like finish. The properties of the compound applied will alter the polishing result. Jeweller's rouge is a very fine abrasive compound. The green Chromium(III) oxide compound is most often used as an abrasive compound. Sprays containing diamond particles are another option. Stropping is primarily done with straight razors, used for shaving, as these are the thinnest blades in everyday use, and require stropping at each use, due to the thinness of the blade Two points are key to stropping: Draw the blade spine-first along the strop. By contrast, honing is done edge-first. When you turn the blade at the end of a stroke, turn it over the spine, so the edge moves away from the strop and faces you, and the spine rests on the strop. This preserves the edge – if the blade is turned over with the edge against the strop, this will roll the blade edge, defeating the purpose of stropping As the use of safety razors increased in popularity this 'Jason' strop prolonged the life of each razor blade thus making them economical.A leather 'Jason' strop, for sharpening safety shaving razor blades, with box. Top of Box: J / The JASON / STROP/ Reg. Trade Mark / for SAFETY RAZOR BLADES / Reg. Patent No. 25435/35 ; Back : How to operate the JASON STROP ( instructions) Side: JASON / Razor Strop Dressing / A keen smooth blade will always be assured by the / occasional use of JASON RAZOR STROP DRESSING/ Side: FIFTY SHAVES WITH ONE BLADE ! / by using - JASON and JASON / Razor Blade Strop Razor Blade Dressing. End: JASON / Made by MEIK BROS. Pty. Ltd. / 15-17 Bedford St., Collingwood, and / 287 Flinders Lane, Melbourne, Vic. End: JASON / SAFETY RAZOR BLADE STROP.safety razors, the jason strop, shaving equipment, personal effects, strops, meik bros pty ltd, gillette, collingwood melbourne

Iodine is an essential trace element for life, the heaviest element commonly needed by living organisms. In medicine, potassium iodide is usually used to treat acute thyrotoxicosis. Hyperthyroidism, an overactive thyroid, is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces and secretes excessive amounts of the free (not protein bound, and circulating in the blood) thyroid hormones, This is the opposite of hypothyroidism ('sluggish thyroid'), which is their reduced production and secretion. Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Iodine's main role in animal biology is as a constituent of the thyroid hormones thyroxine If there is a deficiency of dietary iodine, the thyroid will not be able to make thyroid hormone. The lack of thyroid hormone will lead to decreased negative feedback on the pituitary, leading to increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone, which causes the thyroid to enlarge (the resulting medical condition is called endemic colloid goitre This has the effect of increasing the thyroid's ability to trap more iodide, compensating for the iodine deficiency and allowing it to produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone. The thyroid hormones are essential to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. These hormones also regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, affecting how human cells use energetic compounds. They also stimulate vitamin metabolism. Natural sources of iodine include sea life, such as kelp and certain seafood, as well as plants grown on iodine-rich soil. Iodized salt is fortified with iodine. Elemental iodine is used as a disinfectant in various forms. It is a wound cleaner and Iodine also acts as an expectorant of mucous from the common cold and other respiratory ailments. Iodine is a common aid for skin conditions, such as acne, ..A brown glass triangular shaped bottle with a plastic screw top lid that contained IodineFront Label : SANA / TINCTURE WEAK (2 1/2 % ) / IODINE / POISON / ANTISEPTIC COUNTER / IRRITANT ETC. / THE SANAX CO. / 5 BRUNSWICK STREET FITZROY / TEL. J 3208 MELBOURNE. on side : ANTIDOTE FOR IODINE / DIRECTIONS.........pharmacy, medicines, iodine, athritis, glassware, bottles, moorabbin, bentleigh, cheltenham, thyroxin, goitre, iodised salt, gravves' disease

A medication for the treatment of Asthma made by J.L Brown Chemist Pty Ltd Melbourne c 1950A brown glass bottle with a plastic screw lid for 'Sanolin' asthma tablets Front: 25 TABLETS/ SANOLEN / BRAND / ASTHMA / TABLETS/ Original Formula / of / D. DeLancy DSc. / LONDON / Caution: Do not / exceed the stated / dose. Back: SANOLEN / BRAND / ASTHMA TABLETS / give instant relief and positive / relief from Asthma, Hay / Fever, …. etc. / J.L. BROWN & Co. / 123 Williams St., Melbourne. Left Side: INGREDIENTS……….. “POISON”…… / Reg. Vic. No. 388 . Right Side : DIRECTIONS pharmacy, medicines, asthma, respiratory diseases, early settlers, market gardeners, moorabbin, bentleigh, cheltenham, manufactured glass, bottles, j l brown & co ltd melbourne

The magazine has been produced for ANZAC Memorial Day 25 April 1918, the pages are full of photographs of Australain Troops preparing for departure overseas and preparing for their service overseas. There are two pages 'Heroes of the Southern Cross' authored by A M David, Secretary Victorian Branch, RSL.This magazine is an original of those printed for ANZAC Memorial Day 25 April 1918. The magazine contains photographs of the period 1914-1918 and a dedication authored by the then Secretary of the RSL Victorian Branch, A M David.An oblong magazine, colour photograph on the front page with a soldier at a grave site and the Australian Flag on the left side, 6 paper pages the cover of the magazine has a grease proof paper cover.The magazine has been printed by D W Paterson Co Pty Ltd for the Victorian Branch of the RSL, J W Mc Kenzie, President, A M David Secretary.anzac memorial day, 1918, magazine, ww1, photographs

Manufactured in Dunkeld Victoria by the local blacksmith. Believed to be a copy of a model which originated in New Zealand.One of the few remaining doule box wool presses still in existence.Double box wool press. Made of timber and iron. Manufactured in Dunkeld. Both boxes are filled then the top box is hinged to be placed on top of the lower box before the wool is pressed.J. H. C. Womersley, maker, Dunkeld on the lower box.Shield and decoration on sides of the lower box and the top box.blacksmith, wool, press, western district

The photo was taken by Gilbert Rogers, a well known local photographer. Note that the inscription says MacKenzie Fall with no "s".A photo of a large waterfall (MacKenzie Falls) taken from the lower right side."MacKenzie's Fall. Grampians Mountains. 306 J" inscribed on lower left of photo. "Rogers" inscribed on lower right of photo.scenery, mackenzie falls

This refillable ink bottle was extensively in use in the early 1900's, firstly with the nib pen and then with the fountain pen. Both these pens required to be refreshed with ink as they had no long term self storage capacity. The requirement, before the 1970's, for all legal documents, wills and heath certificates etc. forms had to be signed with penned ink and not biro(1950's onward). This caveat was to prevent forgeries (signatures) from ocurring. Hand writing experts can clearly distinguish forgeries because by using nibs, the "natural" and distinctive hand inflections whilst forming the signiture cannot be replicated by forgers.This item is significant to the Kiewa Valley because it details that even in the rural sector,(Kiewa Valley) the legal requirements of the day had to be adhered to. This was even at a time when in the rural areas a "man's word and handshake" was his bond", especially between neighbours or others in a small rural region. This however was not the case for Government Departments , banks and the hospital. To highlight certain words or paragraphs due to their importance, the red ink application was not only highly visible but also less likely to be tampered withThis is a clear thick glass bottle with shoulders tapering up to the neck. The red stain on the cork stopper indicates that the bottle contained red ink.On one side is embossed "ANGUS & C0" and on the base "J 32" and below this "M" (the manufacturer's mark)dip pen ink, ink bottle, writing methods, nib.

This large deep pan (with a long handle) was used by pioneer families, mainly rural folk, that needed a pan which could cope with an open fire heat source, in or mainly outside the homestead. This pan was used in the early to late 1900's for the "stews" and other meals required by hard working stock men and farmers that had irregular "lunch and dinner" breaks under sometimes hard and gruelling conditions. Hot plates were normally not in use.This "open fire" saucepan belonged, and was used by a Kiewa Valley, pioneer family, the Roper Family. This saucepan was moved from their Kiewa Valley property to their hut built on the Bogong High Plains. This saucepan was one of an array of "open fire" cooking utensils used in the "camp draft" grazing in the Bogong High Plains and this could take up to six weeks. This kettle belonged and was used by a Kiewa Valley, pioneer family, the Roper Family. This kettle was moved from their Kiewa Valley property to their hut built on the Bogong High Plains. A scientific study started in 1947 to study the impact of grazing cattle on the natural Alpine and sub Alpine vegetation found grazing cattle had an adverse affect on the natural Alpine and sub alpine vegetation, and grazing on the plains was stopped by the Victorian Government in 2005.This large (black, soot infused) cast iron saucepan has a "ten pint" holding capacity and was used on the "open fire", possible on the fire direct. It has a long all metal handle coming from the top half of the pot and angled at approximately sixty degrees upwards. This angle insures that both distance from flame intensity and least bending of knees when lifting is at a minimum.On bottom of pan (underside) "N0. 8 JSJ SIDDONS" on the other side "WEST BROMWICH 5 QUARTS"camp fire cooking utensils, hot plate, cast iron cooking appliance, drovers kitchen

This box which once contained linen thread manufactured in Scotland and labelled "British" manufacture" was used for the repair/manufacture of clothing by professional seamstresses and those wives required to "do" repair stitching of family clothes. This box was manufactured in a period when the title "United Kingdom" was used (late 1700's early 1900's) to describe the union of Britain and Scotland. The label however can be misleading as the"British Manufacture" thread was manufactured in Scotland. The broad term "British Manufacture" was used for the benefit of those in the "colonies" of Australia and New Zealand, during a period when the "coined" phrase "best of British, or British best" was synonymous to "top quality". After World War II the need for "cheaper products" was more persuasive than the quality of the product. In rural areas this shift to cheaper "non British" goods was at a slower rate than in the cities. Goods such as clothing manufactured or altered by seamstresses were regarded as of a higher standard and therefor the use of linen thread from "Britain" was a sign of quality and reliability.This box which contained linen thread, "British" made, is very significant to the Kiewa Valley because it demonstrates the conditions under which households in the late 1800's and early 1900's evolved from a "domestic repair /replacement" of damaged clothing to a consumer of recycled and shop bought clothing and linen. The ability of semi isolated rural based families to purchase "off the rack" clothing was severely affected by weather, long distance over dirt roads(poorly serviced) to large towns(shops), horse/cart or slower driven cars. The purchasing of clothing was, on the whole, from trading house "mail order" consignment orders.This red paper covered box has a white covered lid (top) with black print detailing the manufacturer and contents. This box contained 150 yds of linen thread 2 cord. A small added note pasted on one side "USUAL TWIST (s)" describing the thread's appearance. Two semicircular "finger" holes on two sides of the lid permit easier removal of the lid from the base.On the top lid: "W.&J. KNOX'S" below this a crest with latin motive "MOVEO ET PROFICIOR" English translation "I proceed and am more prosperous" encircling an open winged falcon. below this "LINEN THREAD", "2 CORD." "WARRANTED" "150 Yds." Made from Flax." British Manufacture". On one side "DRABS SOFT FINISH" within a shield "KNOX'S TWO CORD 150 YARDS 30" next to this a trade mark "W & J KNOX below this "made in KILBIRNIE, SCOTLAND"thread, cord. flax, box container, linen thread, seamstress items, cardboard box

Edge of brick building part of the light industrial area including N. J. Tillings Timber Factory, Brougham Street, Eltham. This is one of 7 B/W 8x10 inch photos with notes on back by Dick Crichton. Accompanying letter from Florence Chrichton 2013 : "Originally sent to Shire of Eltham Engineer, Mr. McDonald. [These photographs were part of their campaign to the Shire of Eltham in 1975] claiming that the zoning regulations were being breached by the occupants of various factories in the nearby light industrial zone [Brougham Street, Eltham] - to the detriment of those living in adjoining residential zones, and that, despite .. earlier objections and complaints, nothing was done about it." 1 black and white photograph printed with white border on three sidesindustrial estate, brougham street, eltham, 1975, bolton street, dick crichton, n.j. tillings, timber factory, shire of eltham

Piles of dirt alongside dirt road, part of the light industrial area including N. J. Tillings Timber Factory, Brougham Street, Eltham. This is one of 7 B/W 8x10 inch photos with notes on obverse by Dick Crichton. Accompanying letter from Florence Chrichton 2013 : "Originally sent to Shire of Eltham Engineer, Mr. McDonald. [These photographs were part of their campaign to the Shire of Eltham in 1975] claiming that the zoning regulations were being breached by the occupants of various factories in the nearby light industrial zone [Brougham Street, Eltham] - to the detriment of those living in adjoining residential zones, and that, despite .. earlier objections and complaints, nothing was done about it." 1 black and white photograph printed with white border on three sidesInscribed on back: "View from residential premises in Brougham Street. Trees in foreground will soon be lost due to making of the main drain by M.M.B.W.. Photograph shows topographical features of the valley and how sound travels upwards and outwards to residential zones surrounding." industrial estate, brougham street, eltham, 1975, bolton street, dick crichton, n.j. tillings, timber factory, shire of eltham

Fence yard with piles of timber. Weatherboard building in background. This is one of 7 B/W 8x10 inch photos with notes on obverse by Dick Crichton. Accompanying letter from Florence Chrichton 2013 : "Originally sent to Shire of Eltham Engineer, Mr. McDonald. [These photographs were part of their campaign to the Shire of Eltham in 1975] claiming that the zoning regulations were being breached by the occupants of various factories in the nearby light industrial zone [Brougham Street, Eltham] - to the detriment of those living in adjoining residential zones, and that, despite .. earlier objections and complaints, nothing was done about it." 1 black and white photograph printed with white borderInscribed on back: "Ryans Yard, Susan Street, (part owned by Tillings) showing Tillings surplus baulk timber (at extreme right and left) before milling. This timber is often also stored in Peel Street. Majority of baulks are stored at rear or side of Tillings main premises. Eltham High School object to transportation of this timber along Bell and Susan Streets in large semi-trailers. Trucks backing in and out of Tillings cause frequent traffic jams in Bridge Street (often around 8am)." industrial estate, brougham street, eltham, 1975, bolton street, dick crichton, n.j. tillings, timber factory, shire of eltham, susan street, bell street, eltham high school

No 336, Tpr William Shirley, 34-yo labourer, of Yea Victoria. Enlisted B Squadron 4 LH Regiment, 20 Aug 1914, embarked 19 Oct 1914. Wounded in action (side) 24 June 1915, 1 General Hospital Alexandria 30 June 1915, 4 London General Hospital , 23 Aug 1915. Returned to Australia 8 May 1916. Previous service: No 1012 Pte, 5 VMR, Boer War. Embarked 15 Feb 1901. Returned to Australia 27 March 1902. Militia service 15 Light Horse RegimentB&W framed photograph of Trooper W S Shirley, 4th Light Horse RegimentTrooper W S Shirley of the 4th Aust Light Horse Regiment. Sailed 25.10.14photograph, ww1, w s shirley, 4th light horse regiment

Soft drink came in bottles bought at the local grocery store or at a large city store on a shopping expedition. The shape of the bottles changed as did the stopper used to seal it. Bottles were re cycled remaining the property of the manufacturer. History of R.J. Hadden's company in Benalla.Historical: Change of bottles - shape, glass, stopper. embossing, use. Aesthetic: Display showing embossing & shape especially if in good condition.Clear glass bottle heavily embossed. It was used for lemonade. It has straight sides that taper towards the opening two thirds of the way up. On 1 side the company's logo forms a circle with the word 'lemonade' embossed horizontally inside the circle. On the other side, at the base, are 2 lines of embossing.R. J. HADDEN - moon shape across the top forming the top of a circle with BENALLA completing the circle below. LEMONADE is embossed horizontally inside this circle. On the other side of the bottle: 'This bottle is the property / of R.J.Hadden, Benalla.' Base: lemonade, benalla, bottle, drink, r.j.hadden, soft drink

Cream came in bottles bought at the local store or at a large city store on a shopping expedition. The shape of the bottles changed as did the stopper used to seal it. The amount of liquid was measured in ounces and pints pre 1966. History of J. Kikpatrick, Waverley, East malvern.Historical: Change of bottles - shape, size, stopper, embossing and use. Aesthetic; Display showing embossing and shapeClear small glass cream bottle with heavy embossing on both sides. Inside the opening is a rim to hold a cardboard disc used to seal the bottle. The sides are straight half way up then taper to the opening. One side: The Property of / J. Kilpatrick (half moon on top) / Waverly Road (across middle) / East Malvern (half moon on bottom) Other side: Please / wash / & / Return (also curved with & in the middle) Along side at base: "Contents not less than 8 ozs." Base: Across middle M93 above M, and AGM below. cream, dairy, milkbar, bottle, household

Gin came in bottles sold at licensed premises either locally or in larger cities visited during shopping expeditions. The shape of bottles varied and were re cycled remaining the property of the manufacturer who paid for their return. Sealed with a cork. History of H & A Gilbeys Ltd.Historical: Change of bottles - shape, glass, embossing. Collected by bottle collectors. Aesthetic: Display showing embossing and shape.Clear glass bottle with a mottled pattern except on one side where there is a clear rectangle and above it the shape of an elongated heart. The other side is heavily embossed with manufacturer. The first 2 lines across the bottle printed in capital letters below which is the manufacturer written as a signature and Ltd underneath. The shape bulges from the base one third of the way up then tapers gently for the second third to a straight neck. The top third finishing at the lip before the opening. At the bottom there is a short taper to a smaller base. the opening is for a cork seal.Side: 'This Bottle Always / Remains The Property of / J & A Gilbey / Ltd.' Base: centre: '2'gin, spirits, bottle, h & a gilbeys ltd

Sauce came in bottles bought at the local grocery store or at a large city store on a shopping expedition. The shape of the bottles changed. Bottles were re cycled remaining the property of the manufacturer. History of W. J. & F. Barnes, Pty. Ltd. Melbourne.Historical: Change of bottles - shape, glass, embossing, use Aesthetic: Display showing embossing and shape Clear glass medium sized bottle. The base is as wide as the top before it tapers into the neck and lip and then the screw top. From the base it tapers in before a very gradual taper to the broad part which is three quarters of the way up. The base is round but the sides have 4 wider 'panels' opposite each other. In between these are 2 smaller panels. Heavy embossing on 1 wider panel and base printed in capital letters.Side: vertically: 'This bottle is the Property of / W. J. & F. Barnes Pty Ltd. Melbourne' Base: Common Seal "A" with 'G' inside the top half and 'M' inside the lower half. Underneath the 'A' and across the middle is 'F1570' and below this is 'M'sauce, glass bottle, w. j. & f. barnes pty ltd melbourne, household

No. 1 Pipeline heads down the mountain from McKay Power Station (the Kiewa Hydro Electric Scheme) and can be seen from the Falls Creek Rd.. The pipeline is 1635m long. It was built on the mountain rather than as a tunnel inside the mountain - "It was argued that a pressure pipeline on the surface, while not actually cheaper than the tunnel could possibly save one year in construction time.'The document is a report on the welding involved on the No. 1 pipeline. J. M. Scott was the welding inspector for the SECV on the Kiewa Hydro Electric Scheme. The book is produced by the SECV and is the 'Foremen's Guide' and includes rules and regulations across all areas.A) 10 pages of a 'field record' all pages typed on one side. Stapled on top left corner B) Small, fat book c190 pages plus appendix. Thick and 'tattered looking'. Bound by flexible 'cloth?'(linen?) and fastened with 2 rusty fasteners.B) Cover - F/M J. Scott and red SEC stamp. Inside cover: "checked ... 22-8-55" and "checked 18-11-55"j.m. scott welding inspector, no 1 pipeline mckay power station, kiewa hydro electric scheme

The book includes detailed accounts in 4 sections of 1. History and Exploration 2. General Geology 3. Vegetation and slide set index 4. Climate ...Important knowledge/study for the construction of the Kiewa Hydro Electric Scheme on the Bogong High Plains.Cream cardboard cover book with black spiral binding. Title printed in black on cover. 46 pages printed on both sides includes diagrams. Clear blue plastic sheet as last page.e. j. minty, bogong high plains, kiewa hydro electric scheme

Originated in the United Kingdom in 1822 with a motto "No man Is At All Times Wise" and a maxim of "Justice, Truth and Philanthropy". A branch of the Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes was formed at Bogong by Grand Lodge Officers from Melbourne and other members. The ceremony was held at Lewis Camp Mess (Kiewa Hydro Electric Scheme) with a world record of 78 new members initiated and a world record of over 100 pounds was raised. Another branch, No. 150 was opened in Mt Beauty. The Bogong and Mt Beauty lodges combined in 1948 and organised a Christmas treat for all children of the State Electricity Commission of Victoria working on the Kiewa Hydro Electric Scheme.Historical: The Bogong R.A.O.B. was formed circa Sept. 1946 and the Mt Beauty R.A.O.B. in 1948. It was a popular organisation in Bogong and then in Mt Beauty during the construction of the K.H.E.S. This club shows how important social clubs were in making up part of the community thus making it socially historic as well. It was a voluntary charitable organisation with a complicated ceremonial tradition and enjoyed by its participants. The donor, Brian William John Bourke was a cook at the pub and other places around the town. He had lived in the area since the 1950s and passed away 2019 and is buried at Tawonga Cemetery.Small brown leather case with attached handle and sliding clips on each side. The corners are reinforced with steel.The hinge appears to be stitched on and is held by an attached leather strap on the right side. Inside: the lid has a material open gathered pocket holding 4 small books and 4 thin booklets / papers. The case holds 2 large leather red and gold cuffs, 1 red with gold decoration apron, 1 red ribboned necklace with a personal badge and 1 of the lodge and 2 short ribbons (one green and 1 blue) with badges attached including the Mt Beauty badge on horns. 1 cardboard roll with B W J Bourke / Mt Beauty on the outside and 4 certificates rolled inside. These are dated 1964, 1970, 1974, 1974 . See also KVHS 0084, KVHS 0945, KVHS 1441 Brian William John Bourkeroyal antediluvian order of buffaloes, bogong, mt beauty, charitable organisation, lewis camp mess, r.a.o.b.

This particular edition was published in a period (1950s), when textbooks for primary and secondary schools were published by London based publishing houses such as LONGMAN. This particular publishing house brand is now only used by the Longman Schools in China. This reference book was one of the basic reading material for students learning the "English" language opposed to the "Americanised English". The two versions of English now in use are mainly influenced by the greater influx of American based media and the internet. At the time of this publication however print media was at its peak and the English used was from the United Kingdom. Although the written language is in English, the majority subject matter is of Australian origin. This text book is very significant in demonstrating the type of English taught in rural schools during the period and before the internet and the American based spell check programs now in use. The subtle changes in both the spoken and written English, due to the modern internet facilities, can be seen by the "texting" language of school aged students, post "world wide web" and mobile telephones. This English text book is a moment in time, when the isolation of rural communities had greater affect upon the standard of both the written and spoken language. It was a time when Britain was still thought of as "the mother land" and the English used was that brought to Australian by the original settlers and over time developed an "Australian flavour".Plastic covered soft green colored cardboard cover in black print. Pages (150) are printed in black ink on both sides and in different fonts.Front cover "INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH" underneath "J. Aughterson" underneath a squiggle of three half circles. underneath "LONGMANS". Spine: "AUGHTERSON INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH LONGMANS"school curriculum, secondary education, rural schools

This Directory of 1889 covers the location of Melbourne based trade and professional offices by street and in Alphabetical order. It covers all of Melbourne and its suburbs. It also covers government and official, ecclesiastic, legal, municipal and miscellaneous information. The directory details a cross section of a developing city with a splattering of advertisements opening up an in depth look of all aspects of living in the late 1800s. It is interesting to see that all the advertisements do not have any telecommunication numbers listed (personal shoppers or mail orders only). This was a period of high moral standing within the community and hotels advertised rooms " suites of rooms for families and single rooms for Ladies and Gentlemen" also "electric bells throughout the house. Telephone, night porter and hot and cold baths."This directory would be used by the majority of families and businesses working and living within the Kiewa Valley and the surrounding area. Melbourne was the only place where every aspect of living requirement was catered for. Although the delivery of services and goods were not at a high rate, certain items or transactions would require a visit to "the big smoke". Business information are listed both by suburb and alphabetically. There is also a section for British and Foreign Trade. This directory covered nearly everything to do with commerce, an example pay days for principle firms. Greater evolution of trade locations started to balloon out after the mid 1950's. Increased populations and greater levels of communication and safe fast transport facilities permitted greater devolution of commercial enterprises into rural communities, such as the Kiewa Valley.This directory has no front or back cover and is held together by its cloth spine. It contains over 1300 pages, however there may be some pages missing front and back of the directory which would have contained advertisements of some unknown shops. All the sides of this directory (except the spine) have advertisements and content information stamped on. The spine cover has been placed in the directory until further conservation work is carried out. It has gold coloured printing and in the central section, a gold coloured background with the words "Sands & McDougall's Melbourne Directory 1889." The spine has three adverts on the spine.On the spine in gold colour "South * British insurance Company Fire and Marine. Risks Lowest Current Rates No. 11 Queen Street, Arthur J Masters, Manager" and half way down " *Phoenix* Fire Office of London established over 100 years Annual Income exceeds (pound sign) 1,000,000" underneath "Losses Paid Over (pound sign) 16,000,000" underneath "Reserve Fund Exceeds (pound sign) 1,000,000" underneath "9 Market Buildings William Street, Melbourne " underneath " R. Manfield Taylor, Agent" and at the bottom section" Henry Scott Auctioneer and Estate Agent 49 Bridport St., Albert Park" stamped on the bottom side across the page endings "The Wonderful Wertheim Sewing Machines Swanston Street opposite Town Hall", stamped on the top side across the page endings " The Sweet Hapsburg Pianos & Organs Swanston Street Opposite Town Hall"state government listings, names and location of early melbourne population business names, 1889 members of the victorian executive council