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matching 1940's
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Wangaratta Historical Society
2nd 24th Battalion Wangaratta's Own, 01/07/1940
"Wangaratta's Own", the 2nd 24th Battalion was formed in Wangaratta on 1st July 1940, during World War Two. They camped at the Wangaratta Showgrounds, where they trained until they marched out of Wangaratta on 28th September 1940. Before they marched out Alan MacFarlane and the Battalion were presented with the Battalion pennant by Wangaratta Mayor, Cr Thomas Nolan. They fought in . On 28th September 1990, the 50th anniversary of the Battalion leaving Wangaratta, (retired) Alan MacFarlane, President of the 2nd 24th Battalion Association were presented the Freedom of the City and represented with the Battalion pennant by Wangaratta Mayor, Cr Kevin Gleeson & Cr Val Gleeson, Cr Thomas Nolan's son in law & daughter. This was an Army Battalion formed in Wangaratta. The young men interacted with the businesses, sporting & social societies & families of Wangaratta in the early 1940's. Lifelong friendships were made."Wangaratta's Own", the 2nd 24th Battalion was formed in Wangaratta on 1st July 1940, during World War Two. They camped at the Wangaratta Showgrounds, where they trained until they marched out of Wangaratta on 28th September 1940. Before they marched out Alan MacFarlane and the Battalion were presented with the Battalion pennant by Wangaratta Mayor, Cr Thomas Nolan. They fought in . On 28th September 1990, the 50th anniversary of the Battalion leaving Wangaratta, (retired) Alan MacFarlane, President of the 2nd 24th Battalion Association were presented the Freedom of the City and represented with the Battalion pennant by Wangaratta Mayor, Cr Kevin Gleeson & Cr Val Gleeson, Cr Thomas Nolan's son in law & daughter. army battalion wangaratta's own world war two -
8th/13th Victorian Mounted Rifles Regimental Collection
Photograph - 3Tp 13th LH 40-41
The regiment was raised as 13th Light Horse (Gippsland), a Citizen Forces unit. following WWI, and trained as a cavalry regiment till August 1940, when it converted from horse to mechanised initially as 13th Motor Regiment then 13th Armoured Regiment. It trained in Victoria and, as the Japanese threat to the mainland declined, was disbanded in October 1943 with men going to other units.Black and white photograph mounted on card being 3 Troop 13th Light Horse Regiment c. 194013th, light horse, world war two -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village
Domestic object - Bottle, c. 1850's - 1900's
Glass bottles and glass jars are in many households around the world. The first glass bottles were produced in south-east Asia around 100 B.C. and the Roman Empire around 1 AD. America's glass bottle and glass jar industry were born in the early 1600s when settlers in Jamestown built the first glass-melting furnace. The invention of the automatic glass bottle blowing machine in 1880 industrialized the process of making bottles. In 2019, plans were made to re-introduce milk glass bottle deliveries to Auckland in early 2020 The earliest bottles or vessels were made by ancient man. Ingredients were melted to make glass and then clay forms were dipped into the molten liquid. When the glass cooled off, the clay was chipped out of the inside leaving just the hollow glass vessel. This glass was very thin as the fire was not as hot as modern-day furnaces. The blowpipe was invented around 1 B.C. This allowed molten glass to be gathered at the end of the blowpipe and blown into the other end to create a hollow vessel. Eventually, the use of moulding was introduced, followed by the invention of the semi-automatic machine called the Press and Blow. In 1904 Michael Owens invented the automatic bottle machine. Before this time most glass bottles in England were hand blown. This is one of four bottles in our Collection that were recovered by a local diver from the quarantine area just inside the Port Phillip Heads. Ships were required to pull into this area to check for diseases etc before they could head up to Melbourne. Quite often they would drink and throw the bottles overboard. Handmade glass bottle, manufactured in the 1850s-1900s. The bottle gives a snapshot into history and a social life that occurred during the early days of Melbourne's development and the sea trade that visited the port in those days. 1850's Pontiled Black Glass Stout/Porter/Ale Beer Bottle, solid colour brown glass,concave base with Pontil scar, tapering slightly wider towards shoulder then inwards towards neck; ring of glass just below opening cork and wire type.Label "c.1850's "Stubby ale" hand made in England flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, brown glass bottle, handmade glass bottle, handmade beer bottle, handmade late 19th century bottle -
Whitehorse Historical Society Inc.
Headwear - Hat, 1940's WW2
Beret knitted during WW2 from darning wool. Darning wool was the only wool not rationed during the 1940's in Britain. Wool was sold only cut into lengths so was often used for fair-isle knitting.Knitted Fairisle beret. Knitted during WW2. Made with assorted colours of darning wool.costume, female headwear -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - KELLY AND ALLSOP COLLECTION: LETTER TO MICHAEL, 01/04/1896
Letter to Michael from S. Carr, dated 1 Apr '96. S. Carr has enclosed a list of Debts he owes and he asks Michael to square up when the division of the Estate takes place. He doesn't know if the jewellery will be sold or not, but he would like a piece to keep in remembrance of his father. The loan from T. W. Mason he wished to keep secret because there might be a little bit of unpleasantness in the family. He also mentions one or two small sums from Mr. Neill which he has no account of. He also mentions he has a life assurance with the Australian Mutual Provident Society and where the policy is, and also if anything else crops up he will let him know. Signed S. Carr. On a separate piece of paper is a list of Loans from W. Neill, H. J. Carr and T. W. Mason.S. Carrbusiness, stockbroker, kelly & allsop, kelly and allsop collection - letter to michael, h j carr, w neill, t w mason, australian mutual provident society, s carr, 'glendalough' -
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists (RANZCOG)
Glass infant feeding bottle, Maws, Maws
Maws were a well known British medical instrument and supply manufacturer. Originating as J and S Maw in 1828, the company changed names a number of times and was renamed Maws Pharmacy Supplies Limited in 1940. It continued trading as such until the company was sold to an American company (ITT) in 1973. Clear glass feeding bottle with four rounded edges, tapering to s short neck. Calibrations for ounces and mls imprinted on opposite sides of the bottle. Bottle in inscribed "MAWS" and "HEAT RESISTING". On base, "MADE IN BELGIUM".infant feeding, infant care -
Beechworth RSL Sub-Branch
PHotograph Walter S Howe V104087
He served in the 8th light horse regiment but did not see war service due to ill healthPhotograph Walter S Howe V104087 in black plastic frame with perspex V104087 Water S Howe 8th Light Horse Regiment A.I.F. at bottom of protraitww2, world war 2, 8th light horse regiment -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Negative, Wal Jack, late 1940s
Negative and Digital images of the Wal Jack Geelong Negative file of Geelong 25 at the Beach terminus. Tram has the destination of Newtown. Photo possibly late 1940's. trams, tramways, geelong, beach, tram 25 -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - Black & White Photograph/s, Peter Duckett, 1940's
Yields information about the appearance of Bendigo steam tram motors and trailers.Black and White Photograph of Geelong No. 27, Birney tram, showing "Newtown" as the destination and a "Pay as You Enter" sign. Photo taken during the 1940's, before the tram went to Bendigo. Peter Duckett Collection. Dave O'Neil confirmed June 30/2009, photo taken at Aphrasia St, near Pleasant St Loop, the tram travelling to Newtown. The house behind the tram is still there.On rear, stamped in black ink "Photo supplied from P.W. Duckett Collection, All Rights Reserved, 69 Howitt Rd. Nth Caulfield 3161."trams, tramways, geelong, birney, newtown, tram 27 -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Negative, Wal Jack, 22/03/1940 12:00:00 AM
Negative - cable tram set turning from Smith St into Gertrude St 22/3/1940, trailer 286. Wal Jack Negative number T147. Has destination of Spencer St. and an advert for The New Palais Royale at the Exhibition buildings. In the background is G. D. Langridge Real Estate building. On the street outside is a fire alarm point. Rod Atkins advised 6/9/2020: "I have been so impressed with the photo that is being used in Bellcord for the issue that did some digging. The photo is priceless! The photo is taken on a Friday (to my surprise) mid-afternoon given the shadows. Did you notice the flip side of the dummy destination - Clifton Hill. Hard working cable tram line to the end - licence to print money for the board. The building on the South east corner. - G.D. Langridge & Sons Auctioneer. This was a Melbourne "institution" . George David Langdon was a local identity who went on to become MLA for Collingwood. ot sure when the business started but could have been in the 1860s or 70's Well before the cable trams. George died on 24th March 1891. The business survived till well after the war." Clock is showing 2.30pm, - day of the week - Friday.On rear of print in album "Cable 286 turning out of Smith St in Gertrude St Fitzroy. T147" and 22/3/1940.trams, tramways, cable trams, gertrude st, smith st, tram 286 -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Photograph - Black and White - group cable tram employees 1940?
Photograph shows a group of three tramway inspectors, seven office or management staff, a grip man and conductor on a cable tram set possibly at ? depot prior to the closure of the cable system in October 1940. Related to Reg Item 6122, a large group photo taken with the same background location. The Poster see Reg Item 6368 contains this photo - "Official & Clerical Staff at Clifton Hill - last line to operate"Yields information about the type of uniforms or office clothing worn by cable tram staff prior to the closure of the cable tram system.Photograph - Black and White of a group of 12 cable tram employees - Inspectors, Office staff and crew 1940trams, tramways, cable trams, car houses, inspectors, grip men, conductors, clothing, suits, clifton hill -
Whittlesea Historical Society Inc.
Photograph - Copy, Plenty Rovers Football Team, c.1930's
Digital copy of the Plenty Rovers Football Team, undated, c.1930's. Players identified. Back Row from Left: Mick Giddens, L. Wheeler, B. Almond, Pud Bassett, R. Jones, ......, A. Wattle, B. Taylor, M. Giddens, Mr. Lampard. 2nd Row from left: S. Raitt, ....., B. Gale, R. Murphy, D. Allan, N. McPhee, S. Brock, A. Smith. Front Row from Left: N. Murphy, B. Archer, E. Bassett, J. McPhee, A. Tame, J. Giddens, ?. Walker, J. Waters. The Plenty Rovers Football Club dates back to the formation of the South Yan Yean Football Club in 1891. South Yan Yean became Mernda Football Club before World War 1 and then Plenty Rovers in 1932. Since 1965 the club has been known as Mernda.Digital image of the Plenty Rovers Football Team, undated, c. 1930's.Plenty Rovers Football Teamplenty rovers football team, south yan yean football club, mernda football club, giddens family, raitt family, bassett family, lampard family, gale family, murphy family, mcphee family, almond family, brock family, taylor family, archer family, tame family, walker family, waters family -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Slide, Ron Scholten, Mid 1960's
Colour Slide, white cardboard mount, of W5 815 in Flinders Street mid 1960's to Richmond route 28. In the background is Flinders Street Station and Princes Bridge Station. The tram has adverts for Stillwells Holden, Ferris Car Radios and 3DB."Flinders Street W5 815 mid 60's" in inktrams, tramways, w5 class, richmond, route 28, flinders st station, flinders st, princes bridge station, tram 815 -
Whitehorse Historical Society Inc.
Pamphlet, Autumn Show, 1940
Program for Blackburn Horticulture Society's Autumn Show 1940.Program for Blackburn Horticulture Society's Autumn Show 1940.Program for Blackburn Horticulture Society's Autumn Show 1940.horticultural shows, blackburn horticultural society -
Lakes Entrance Regional Historical Society (operating as Lakes Entrance History Centre & Museum)
Photograph, 1910 c
Taken after the launch of S S Gippsland in 1908.Black and white photograph showing shipping at Paynesville Slipyard, shows barge with crane on right, S S Gippsland next, several larger and smaller boats and small jetties. Paynesville Victoriaships and shipping, shipwrecks, jetties -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.
Document, Will JA Bostock, 1940
This is a copy of the Will of John Augustus Bostock a grazier from "Preston Estate", Mansfield Victoria . The Bostock family members have been important in Warrnambool since the early days of settlement.This item is of minor interest as part of the Bostock collection held by WDHS.This is an A3 sheet of paper folded to make four pages. It has black typing on all pages. 1940 Will of J. A Bostock ESQ. -
Federation University Historical Collection
Photograph - Black and White, Frank Wright with two ladies, March 1940
Frank Wright was a renoun resident of Smeaton, where he was born on 2 August 1901. He lived at Laura Villa, and attended Smeaton State School. His father William was a gold miner and his mother's name was Sarah. Their family won many singing and instrumental awards. Frank was tutored by Percy Code and was awarded a gold medal for the highest marks in the ALCM examinations in the British Colonies at the age of seventeen years. He became the Australian Open Cornet Champion by the age of eighteen. A year later, Frank conducted the City of Ballarat Band, and later the Ballarat Soldiers’ Memorial Band. He formed the Frank Wright Frisco Band and Frank Wright and his Coliseum Orchestra. These bands won many South Street awards, and Frank as conductor won many awards in the Australian Band Championship contest. In 1933 Frank Wright sailed to England to conduct the famous St Hilda’s Band and was later appointed Musical Director of the London County Council, where he organized many amazing concerts in parks, in and around the London district. He was made Professor of Brass and Military Band Scoring and conducted at the Guildhall of Music and Drama. Frank was often invited to adjudicate Brass Band Championships around Europe, in Australia, including South Street and in New Zealand. The Frank Wright Medal at the Royal South Street competition is awarded to an individual recognized as making an outstanding contribution to brass music in Australia. He died on 16 November 1970.Small black and white photograph of a man dressed in a suit, standing with two ladies in an area with a few plants. The man is Frank Wright. The place is possibly in New Zealand.Written in pencil - March 1940frank wright, musician, composer -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Painting - Painting - Watercolour, Tatura Camp Australian, 1940
Dr. Leonhard Adam was an internee in Camp 2.RomanticismFramed watercolour painting of Tatura internment camp barracks through doorway.Tatura Camp, Australia, 1940tatura, dunera', internee camps, illustrations, watercolour -
Melbourne Tram Museum
Photograph - Black and White - Nicholson & Gertrude Street Engine House interior
Shows the interior of the cable tram engine house that was located on the corner of Gertrude Street and Nicholson Street in Fitzroy. Shows the steam pipes to two of the engine cylinders, the control equipment, and large cable winding wheels. An MMTB poster titled Melbourne Tramways Past and President (see Reg Item 6368), captions the photo as "Nicholson Sreet Power House - the last to operate" The facility ceased operation in 1940 though the equipment was retained until 1941. Yields information about the interior of the Gertrude Street or Nicholson Street cable tram engine houseBlack and white photograph - interior of the Engine house on the corner of Gertrude and Nicholson Streets prior to closure in 1940.tramways, trams, coburg, cable cars, engine house, nicholson street, gertrude street, steam engines -
Tatura Irrigation & Wartime Camps Museum
Photograph, 2001
Lord Stonehaven,s plane at Byrneside 1926lord stonehaven,s plane at Byrnesidelord stonehaven, victory hall, byrneside, photograph, people -
Surrey Hills Historical Society Collection
Photograph - Holy Trinity Surrey Hills Tennis Queen Carnival, 1940, 11 June 1940
Identification has been given as follows: Young women: (?) Elizabeth Cooper, Ilma Bodley, "Queen" Avis Andrews, Marion Fair, Lynette Elliott. Names of girl and boy attendants not known by donor. The Queen Carnival was a fundraiser for the Holy Trinity Tennis Club. The Queen Carnival Coronation was held in the Canterbury Memorial Hall on 11 June 1940. Mrs F Eastwood was the trainer and the Honorary Secretary of the tennis club. The donor Mary Holborn married Geoffrey Stroud Clucas in 1946 in Surrey Hills. The photo documents a social fundraising practice common in the early 20th century. Queen carnivals were also popular in New Zealand. In both countries they were particularly common during World War I and in the years after, when they were used to raise funds for returned soldiers. The first such carnival is believed to have been held in Napier, New Zealand, in 1913. The carnivals were not always annual events, and were held in various locations throughout a year.Black and white group photo of 5 women, 2 girls and 2 boys in formal costume mounted on cardboard which has been roughly trimmed. The 'Queen' is seated in the centre and the 2 young girls and 4 young women are standing beside her. The 2 'pages' seated in front of her on the edge of her train. The photo appears to have been taken in a hall. REAR: "Holy Trinity Tennis Club Queen Carnival / June 11 / 1940 / M Clucas / 33 Jurang St / Balwyn"sport, tennis, holy trinity anglican church, 1940, clothing and dress, queen carnival, mrs mary clucas, miss mary holborn, mrs f eastwood, elizabeth cooper, ilma bodley, avis andrews, marion fair, lynette elliott, canterbury memorial hall -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Book - ALEC H CHISHOLM COLLECTION: BOOK ''ON THE BARRIER REEF'' BY S. ELLIOTT NAPIER
Book. ALEC H CHISHOLM COLLECTION. 173 page hardcover book giving an account of a journey along the Great Barrier Reef by S. Elliott Napier. Notes from a No-ologist's Pocket- Book. Includes 36 B & W photographs and 2 maps. Published in 1928 by Angus & Robertson, Sydney and printed by Eagle Press, Waterloo. Catalogue sticker ''2219 NAP'' on spine. Handwritten in ink on flyleaf ''A. H. Chisholm from the author with all good wishes S. Elliott Napier 25-6-28''S. Elliott Napierbooks, collections, australiana, alec h chisholm collection, s.elliott napier, great barrier reef, birds, fish, flora. -
Wangaratta RSL Sub Branch
Ticket
Wangaratta Troop 8th Light Horse Annual Ball St Patrick's Hall Wangaratta, Tuesday June 11, 1940 - SSM W.A. McDonald, Hon Sec Tickets 3/-. The Ball was planned but was cancelled due to the War.Cream coloured parchment with fluted edging, blue printed wording with yellow and blue diagonal strip top left corner.Wangaratta Troop 8th Light Horse Annual Ball Tuesday June 11 19408th light horse, wangaratta -
Mont De Lancey
Booklet - Knitting Patterns, The Country Womens Associaotion of Victoria, War Workers' Woolcraft, c.1940's
The red covered book is compiled by The Country Women's Association of Victoria and sponsored by the Australian Wool Board. On the back of the front cover is an Introduction by the Chairman of the Australian Wool Board, Sir Dalziel Kelly, K.B., L.L.B. explaining the reason for these books encouraging the use of Australian wool to support the Empire Forces. The Foreward promotes the CWA in a similar vein. The book has knitting hints, patterns useful for war service members in the navy, army and air force patterns for clothing.The khaki covered book is similar, but is compiled by the Country Women's Association of Victoria. It is a Third Edition.Two small copies of War Workers' Woolcraft - Knitting and Spinning books: one with a red paper cover and the other with a faded khaki coloured paper cover. 1. The red front cover book shows the title printed inside a black cloud shape with a black lined illustration of a ball of wool underneath. The Country Women's Assoc. South Aust. is printed on the cover inside a round shaped black crest. It is compiled by The Country Women's Association of Victoria and sponsored by the Australian Wool Board. Inside on the back of the front cover is an Introduction by the Chairman of the Australian Wool Board, Sir Dalziel Kelly, K.B., L.L.B. explaining the reason for these books encouraging the use of Australian wool to support the Empire Forces. The Foreward promotes the CWA in a similar vein. The book has knitting hints, patterns useful for war service members in the navy, army and air force patterns for clothing - caps, sleeveless pullover, waistcoat muffler, armlets, man's socks and mittens, kneecaps, hot water bottle covers and scarves. Inside the back cover is advice on checking your tape measure against the 6 Inch one printed on the page. 2. The khaki covered book is similar, but is compiled by the Country Women's Association of Victoria with Price 3d.- posted 4d. at the bottom of the cover. It is a Third Edition. Both have advertising on the last few pages.non-fictionThe red covered book is compiled by The Country Women's Association of Victoria and sponsored by the Australian Wool Board. On the back of the front cover is an Introduction by the Chairman of the Australian Wool Board, Sir Dalziel Kelly, K.B., L.L.B. explaining the reason for these books encouraging the use of Australian wool to support the Empire Forces. The Foreward promotes the CWA in a similar vein. The book has knitting hints, patterns useful for war service members in the navy, army and air force patterns for clothing.The khaki covered book is similar, but is compiled by the Country Women's Association of Victoria. It is a Third Edition. knitting, knitting patterns, knitting equipment -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - MCCOLL, RANKIN AND STANISTREET COLLECTION: CENTRAL NAPOLEON GOLD MINING CO. N.L, 1934-1940
Document: Central Napoleon Gold Mining Co N.L Ledger, alphabetical pages partially used as ledger, itemised accounts for 1934, trust shares for 1935-1936, itemised yearly cr & dr for 1935-1940, profit and loss statements for 1934-1940, working account 1939-1940.organization, business, industrial - mining, mccoll rankin & stanistreet, mining, gold mining, central napoleon -
Kew Historical Society Inc
Award - Kew Bowling Club : Skippers Average Trophy, 1931-40
The Kew Bowling Club was formed in 1880 while the privately owned Auburn Heights Recreation Club was opened in 1904. By 1998, the two Clubs decided to amalgamate at the Auburn Heights site in Barkers Road, forming the Kew Heights Sports Club. The combined club was itself taken over by the Melbourne Cricket Club in 2012 becoming MCC Kew Sports Club. In 2017 MCC Kew closed and its landholding was subsequently sold to Carey Baptist Grammar School. The combined collections of the four sporting clubs making up the collection number hundreds of items that are historically and socially significant to the development of Kew. They are also significant to the sporting history of the greater Melbourne area and to the sports of lawn bowls and tennis in Australia in the 19th and 20th centuries. The collections illuminate two of the Victorian Historic Themes - 'Building community life' through forming community organisations and 'Shaping cultural and creative life' by participating in sport and recreation'.Kew Bowling Club : Skippers Average Trophy presented by S. R. PritchardKew Bowling Club presented by S. R. Pritchard / Skippers Average won by: 1931–2 G.H. Cole; 1932–3 W. Stronach; 1933–4 D.S.M. Norris; 1934–5 F.H. Rigg; 1935–6 A.E.H. Phillipps; 1936–7 P. Vance; 1937–8 D.B. Ross; 1938–9 C.G. Wood; 1939–40 W.H. Tregear; 1940–1 H. Coleman.kew bowling club, bowling clubs -- melbourne (vic.), sports awards, trophies -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.
Document - ARMSTRONG, JAMES SALTER AND LILY ELENA: LETTER TO BHS, 17/09/1981
Letter to BHS re Armstrong, James Salter & Lily Elena, from Mrs S Forbes, Belmont, Vic (17/9/1981) Death dates, residency and cemetery details provided by author. Reply from Sec. BHS.Mrs S. Forbesperson, family, armstrong, james salter armstrong, lily elena armstrong, golden square. kangaroo flat cemetery -
Bendigo Military Museum
Award - MEDAL SET, Post WW1
Stephen Spokes No 3870 enlisted on 16.6.16 in 9th reinforcements 29th Batt aged 43years 9 months. Embarked for England 19.9.16, embark for France 16.1.17, hospital 30.3.17 with Chronic Rhuematism, returned to Australia 22.7.17 classed with Rhuematism and Flat feet for home service. Discharged from the AIF on 2.11.17.Medals, brass plate mounted, set (2) re S Spokes. 1. War Medal 1914.19. 2. Victory Medal."3870 Pte S Spokes 29 BN A.I.F"medals, military, history -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Photograph - B&W print of donated negative
Black and White photograph of the retirement of SEC Ballarat inspector, S. Lawrence. Taken in the depot crew room area, with SEC Safety signs in the background. From left to right, ?, S. Lawrence, ?, Les Denmead and ?. Not known when photograph taken.On rear in black ink "Send off Insp. S. Lawrence" and in pencil "893".tramways, trams, personnel, retirements, ballarat -
Ballarat Tramway Museum
Negative, Wal Jack, late 1940;s
Yields information about the use of the Dawson St crossover during a disruption - reverse to the normal methods.Negative and Digital image of the Wal Jack Ballarat Negative file of No. 17 traversing the Dawson St crossing the other way to that normally used from the north side to the south side. The tram has passengers and the destination of Sebastopol. A workman is standing near where the points blade are. Could have been a disruption at Lydiard St North. Possibly late 1940's. In the background is the Golden City Hotel. trams, tramways, dawson st, sturt st, tram 17