This badge appears to have been made in World War Two and may be an example of trench art made by a soldier serving overseas. The piece labelled ‘Australia’ may have come from another badge belonging to that soldier. This badge has no known local connection but is of interest as a memento of World War Two. Semi circular stylised badge with background forming the letters AIF. Australia is on a slightly rounded bar in the front of the letters. Hole in upper left corner.AIF as background. Australia printed on banner at the front.warrnambool, aif warrnambool, aif badge

The subject leather leggings are associated with mounted troops known as the Australian Light Horse that served in the South African War from 1899 to 1902. After the war, Britain wanted to use fewer mounted troops and restructured its force around a style of combat that needed more infantry. But the defence of Australia still relied upon mounted military units as these were more mobile than infantry and could travel faster over long distances. Light Horse brigades in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) mostly contained recruits who served in the Light Horse regiments of the Citizen Forces. Many young men from rural areas of Australia volunteered for the Light Horse regiments. They had to pass a riding test to join, this test was easier for men from the bush because horses were still the main method of transport on farms and in country towns. The army did not officially accept First Australians into the AIF until May 1917 when enlistment standards were relaxed to include 'half-castes' with a parent of European origin. Indigenous soldiers served as valuable members of the Light Horse and many possessed excellent horse handling skills and specialist tracking knowledge.The subject items are part of the uniform for the Light Horse Units that served in the Australian army from 1899 until 1918. These leggings were worn by soldiers on horseback and are significant as they represent a noteworthy time in Australia's early military history. It was a time when many young men gave their lives during the South African and First World Wars in the defence of the then British Empire as part of the Imperial Forces that were gathered from many British-controlled Colonial countries.A pair of two Leather Leggings used by Mounted Australian soldiers during the first world war. The leggings are dark tan in colour with stitching to attach buckles and fastener straps. The strap buckles are made of brass and the leather legging straps are of same leather as leggings. Noneflagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff hill maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, leggings, leather leggings, protective leggings, protective clothing, australian mounted light horse units, military equipment

This project started from the discovery of named photographs which were discovered behind an Honour Roll at the Koroit Primary School during renovations in 2009. These two volumes contain enlistments in the First World War, from the area of Koroit, Port Fairy, Macarthur, Penshurst and surrounding hamlets. It stretches from Codrington in the West through to Byaduk, Penshurst, Caramut in the north, and down though Woolsthorpe, Winslow and Dennington. It includes the personal family details, military records, photographs where possible, and fate of each soldier. Enlistments from the district numbered 250 men who paid the supreme sacrifice and 1100 who returned. It includes citations for bravery, excerpts from correspondence and local press.The significance and value of these two volumes lies in the fact that they bring together a large amount of information from various sources and link them effectively to the area of the Western district. They tell the stories of the many district soldiers of the first world war.Volume 1 Cover has collage of photographs of soldiers over coloured with different shades of green. Title text is white on black banner. Back cover is in shades of green, yellow and black with photograph of soldier and his bride in the centre. 348 pages Volume 2 has the same front cover with a family plaque on the back cover commemorating the four Dix brothers. Page numbers continue into Volume 2 up to page 654. The full index of names is contained in Volume 2. Signed James Affleck, April 17, 2015 on title page. The volumes are dedicated to “The brave men of the AIF, particularly those written about in these volumes.” stories untold and faces forgotten by james affleck., soldiers from the western district ww1, codrington, byaduk, penshurst, caramut, warrnambool

The dead man's penny is a commemorative medallion which was presented to the family of soldier s who were killed in the First World War. The images of Brittania the dolphins and the lion represent Brittain and the eagle represents Germany. The name of the soldier is presented without rank to signify the equality of all sacrifice. This medallion was to commemorate Daniel Nicol Peters who came from Scotland but enlisted in the AIF in Blackboy Hill Western Australia. His regimental number was 3200. he was Killed in Action on 26 August 1918. His father was John Peters of Greenside Fifeshire Scotland. From a country with a population of approximately 5 million people, there were more than 60000 soldiers killed. This object represents but one of these soldiers. It therefore has historical and social significanceCircluar brass plaque with figure of Brittania and a lion in low relief. There are two dolphins around the figure of Brittania and and image of a defeated eagle below the lion.To the right of the figure is a small rectangle with the name of the soldier. Text around the edge.He died for freedom and honour. Daniel Nicol Petersdead man's penny, daniel nicol peters

Gladys Holmes born 1897, Byaduk, eldest daughter of Joseph (Baker) and Agnes Homes. She married Alexander George Henderson in 1924. James Orford Critchlow born 26/08/1896. He enlisted in Casterton, Victoria on 26/08/1916. The Nominal AIF Roll indicates he was a clerk, single, son of James Critchlow and Cof E and a Gunner 33322. in 1924 he married Brice Violet Payne in Victoria. His death is recorded in New South wales on 15/08/1962 with probate granted 06/12/1962.Original documents sent by James Orford Critchlow, Gunner 33322 abroad to Gladys Holmes of Bydauk during WW1, 1917 to 1919. Part of 14 sets of items forming the Gladys Holmes collection.1808.1 Sepia photograph 1808.2 Colour, child holding two pot plants and basket of flowers 1808.3 Embroidered floral envelope in a white mount with small card inside 1808.4 Embroidered 'Forget Me Not' scene in white mount 1808.5 Black and white photograph of Town hall and Gardens, Durban 1808.6 Through the Pines, Kloof Road 1808.7 Embroidered flower, small, in pink mount with gold text 001808.08-001800.8.12; Letter, 5 pages 1808.1 Yours sincerely/Orford/15/2/1919, on reverse note Dear Gladys...Yours sincerely 1808.2 Reverse 'a Fraire/Belgique/Janvier 29th 1919, note Dear Gladys...from yours sincerely Orford 1808.3 Revers: Gladys...from Orford/France/23/10/1918, Insert- Front-Merry/Christmas/from/France; Revers- Gladys/from/Orford/Longpre, France/28/10/1918/Heaps of good luck 1808.4 Front- Forget Me Not, reverse-Gladys/with best wishes/from Orford/France/20/1/1918 1808.5 Reverse- Dear Gladys..Yours sincerely/Orford and address 1808.6 Reverse- 20/5/1917,At Sea/SS Shropshire, Dear Gladys..Yours sincerely Orford 1808.7 Reverse- Dear Gladys..from Orford Critchlow 001800.8-001808.12R: Letter on Y.M.C.A. letterhead paper, written on both sides of 5 pages. Boyton,1/8/1917-1/9/1917/Dear Gladys.... Yours sincerely Orfordgladys holmes, james orford critchlow, letter, photograph, postcards, ww 1, byaduk, casterton, belgium, embroidery, france, 4th battery, australian field artillery, durban, ss shropshire, the valentine & sons publishing co ltd

These medals were produced for Anzac Day 1918 by the Education Department of Victoria and made by the Melbourne firm, Stokes and Son. They were issued to Victorian school children and also sold to aid the war effort. These medals have no particular local provenance but are retained for display purposes..1 A silver-coloured metal medal with an image of an A.I F. soldier and printed words on the obverse side and a banner and decorative leaves and printed words on the reverse side. The medal has a metal circular piece at the top for attachment to a ribbon or cord. .2 as above except that the medal is bronze-coloured. EDV Gallipoli France Palestine Anzac Day 1918 Honor to the AIF S & S world war one, history of warrnambool, anzac day

Charles Hayden Hose enlisted in WW1 20/07/1915 at the age of twenty one.He embarked on HMAT A18 Wiltshire on 18 November 1915.He returned to Australia to Australia 3 March on HMAT Euripedes. His full military record is available on National Archives of Australia. https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/DetailsReports/ItemDetail.aspx?Barcode=5831534&isAv=N These medals are significant items both to WW1 military history and Warrnambool. C H Hose was one of.1 A tri pointed star shape with crossed swords and a garland in low relief. It is mounted by a crown. A banner in the centre of the crossed swords has the date 1914-15. It has a red, yellow and dark blue ribbon threaded through a loop at the top . .2. This medal is white metal with an image of a man on horseback. The horse is stepping on a shield and there is a skull and crossbones.It is headed by a bar through which yellow ribbon edged narrowly in cream, black and blue. .3 This medal is cast in brass and has the winged figure of Victory on the obverse and a laurel wreath surrounding the words,"The Great War for Civilization1914-1919 on the reverse..1 6357GNR C.H.HOSE 4/F A BDE AIF .2 6357GNR C.H.HOSE4 FAB AIF .3 6357 GNR C.H.HOSE 4FAB AIF All of these inscriptions are on the rim of the respective medals. charles hayden hose., warrnambool, ww1 soldiers, hose 6357, ww1 medals

Irving Buzzard was born in Moonee Ponds in 1897. His study of medicine was interrupted by his enrolment in the AIF in World War 1, where he served on the hospital ship " Kanowns". After discharge in 1916 he returned to his studies, graduating in 1922. he came to Warrnambool in 1929 after purchasing the Cambourne Clinic from Dr Hedley Dunstan. He practised as a GP until the outbreak of WW2. His speciality was gynaecology and obstetrics. He retired from Warrnambool practice in 1964 and moved to Melbourne.he was involved in many different organisations , being a member of local sporting clubs as well as community groups such as Rotary and the freemasons. He died in June 1981.A link to one of Warrnambool's longest serving doctors of the 20th century which has historical and social significance.Small rectangular brass plate with six screw holes. Mounted on timber which is painted brown. Name is stamped and while namDr Irving Buzzardwarrnambool, warrnambool doctors, dr irving buzzard, cambourne clinic doctors

A framed poster which has the records of Australian Voluntary effort in the Great War of 1914 to 1919. It comprises photos of the main Generals in charge at the end of the War and the unit colour patches and our casultiesCopy Righted J W Sanders ( Late AIF )

The pewter tankard is part of a set of two that were presented to Lt. Col. L.G. Stevens of the 4th Light-horse Regiment. The Regiment was part of the Australian Military force in the First World War (WW1). At the end of WW1 the regiment was disbanded and it was re-raised in the 1920's as a part-time unit in the Shire of Corangamite, South Western Victoria. In World War 2 the 4th Light-horse Regiment was mechanised and became the 4th Motor Regiment. Lt.Col. Stevens served in both wars and was discharged in July 1942.. The tankards were probably presented to Lt. Col. Stevens at his retirement from the service. The set of two pewter mugs is of historic significance because of its connection to WW2 and the AIF. It indicates the relationship between Officers and Men of the regiment. It is of local significance as Lt. Col. Stevens was born and lived in Warrnambool, South Western Victoria. Pewter tankard (one of two) height 13mm circumference 3mm, ornate broken C handle height 9 mm, inscription on front, hall mark on base, mild tarnish, Inscription on front "PRESENTED TO LIEUT COL L.G. STEVENS ED. By the Officers of the 4th MOTOR REGIMENT 1.5.42 Hallmark on base "Crown & Rose" CAST PEWTER, CREST CROWN & ROSE3 surrounded by FIDE IN LONDONpewter tankards, world war 1, first world war, ww1, light horse regiment, 4th motor regiment, australian military force, aif, corangamite, 1942, world war 2, ww2

The pewter tankard is part of a set of two that were presented to Lt. Col. L.G. Stevens of the 4th Light-horse Regiment. The Regiment was part of the Australian Military force in the First World War (WW1). At the end of WW1 the regiment was disbanded and it was re-raised in the 1920's as a part-time unit in the Shire of Corangamite, South Western Victoria. In World War 2 the 4th Light-horse Regiment was mechanised and became the 4th Motor Regiment. Lt.Col. Stevens served in both wars and was discharged in July 1942.. The tankards were probably presented to Lt. Col. Stevens at his retirement from the service. The set of two pewter mugs is of historic significance because of its connection to WW2 and the AIF. It indicates the relationship between Officers and Men of the regiment. It is of local significance as Lt. Col. Stevens was born and lived in Warrnambool, South Western Victoria. Pewter tankard (one of two) height 13mm circumference 3mm, ornate broken C handle height 9 mm, inscription on front, hall mark on base, mild tarnish, Inscription on front "PRESENTED TO LIEUT COL L.G. STEVENS ED. By the Officers of the 4th MOTOR REGIMENT 1.5.42 Hallmark on base "Crown & Rose" CAST PEWTER, CREST CROWN & ROSE3 surrounded by FIDE IN LONDONpewter tankards, world war 1, first world war, ww1, light horse regiment, 4th motor regiment, australian military force, aif, corangamite, 1942, world war 2, ww2

WW1 AIF Training Camp in Egypt prior to deploying to Gallipoli The photograph shows the living conditions (Tents). It also shows the vastness of the site and suggests large numbers of servicemen. These two photographs are historically significant. They demonstrate the conditions that the soldiers in training experienced before they arrived at the front-line. They give the modern viewer some understanding of what it was like in Egypt. It is also very significant because it keeps the memories alive. Professionally framed work, two pictures one above the other. Shows AIF Camp with pyramids in background.Brown frameaif training, gallipoli, 1st australian division, egypt, ww1, australian imperial force

WW1 German Shell Casing. Height 200mm, Diameter 80mm. 2 Decorative Handles added (1 missing). Top flaired. Lid itemised and described separatelyOn Base: Centre- Nov 917. Above date- Rh MF (Rheinische Munitionsfabrik). Below Date- Dusseldorf. Other markings- 07%CU Sp67. AIF (unclear?)ww1 1917 shell

Private Bertie Ernest Alfred Henderson served in the 5th Pioneer Battalion, 5th Division of the AIF. He died of wounds In France on 29/5/1918 or 1/6/1918. His burial place is Crouy British Cemetery, Crouy-sur-Somme. The framed 'In Memoriam' has been in the custody of family members until presented to W&DHS in 2013 by Mrs Beris Porter. Pte BEA Henderson, 1866, 3 Pioneer Battalion(2 Reinforcement Group) was a farmer and single. His father was Mr HH Henderson of Naringal. He enlisted on 27/5/1916 then sailed on the Themistocles on 28/7/1916 and transferred to the 5 Pioneer Battalion. His name is recorded on the War Memorial, Artillery Crescent, Warrnambool as having made the supreme sacrifice.Mass produced Memorial page with a sepia original half portrait photograph of a soldier surrounded with two mounts,narrow white and dark/grey brown, and a thin gold gilt surround next to an inward angled plain, wooden frame with clear glass. Hand white painted name, rank, number, battalion, division with decorative flourishes. A. tarnished plaque is on the mid lower frame Front- White hand painted dedication: 1866/PRIVATE B.E.A. HENDERSON/5th Pioneer Batt 5Division/A.I.F. The mass produced decorative mount has battle place names and a bird's eye view of battlefields in France. In sepia 'Glory' stand atop a rock and cross with a laurel wreath in her right hand and a scroll with ANZACS falling from her left hand. A verse is written Anzacs, you've graved your name upon Immortal Scroll/Naught can compare with what the World a claims/Zenith of a fighting patriotic soul./A host of heroes, you have but echoed back with Clarion tongue/the Spartan Sires from who you fitly sprung Coo-ee! Comrades, 'Kia-Ora' you didn't ant couch will ever be./Sacred to all Eternity. An oval cut-out holds a half portrait of the soldier in uniform. Plaque on lower wooden frame FRANCE/29.5.18 Reverse- in pencil handwriting: ? o/c/... ... A. Henderson/of ...T/Yar..galin memoriam, wwi, 5th pioneer battalion, 5th division, aif, private bea henderson, warrnambool, anzac

In 1918 the Ballarat Junior Technical School Cadets were the champions of the Maryborough, St Arnaud, Mildura, Colac and Ballarat Districts. According to Neil Leckie, Manager of the Ballarat Ranger Military Museum: * Originally 12 – 14 year olds went to Junior Cadets attached to their school. * From age 14 – 17 they were Senior Cadets attached to the local militia unit. * After 1 July of the year a Cadet turned 18, the Cadet left the Senior Cadets and became a member of the Citizen Military Force. * In October 1918 the AIF, Militia and Cadets were renamed to give some connection to the AIF battalion raised in the area. Ballarat saw: 8th Australian Infantry Regiment comprising: * 8th Battalion AIF renamed 1st Battalion 8th Australian Infantry Regiment * 70th Infantry Militia renamed 2nd Battalion 8th Australian Infantry Regiment * 70th Infantry Cadets renamed 3rd B, 8th Australian Infantry. 39th Australian Infantry Regiment comprising: * 39th Battalion AIF renamed 1st Battalion 39th Australian Regiment * 71st Infantry Militia renamed 2nd Bn, 39th Australian Infantry Regiment * 71st Infantry Cadets renamed 3rd Bn, 39th Australian Infantry Regiment Prior to the reorganisation in 1918 the 18th Brigade was the 70th, 71st and 73rd Infantry. It is thought that the 18th Brigade Cadet units in 1920 were those that came from the old: * 69th Infantry (Geelong/Queenscliff) * 70th Infantry (Ballarat/Colac) * 71st Infantry (Ballarat West) * 72nd Infantry Warrnambool) * 73rd Infantry (NW Vic) The next name change came in 1921! The Ballarat Star, Saturday 22 June 1918, Page 4 Junior Technical School Cadet Team. The Ballarat Junior Technical School Cadet Team, which was very successful in the competitions recently held at Colac, hopes to be able to compete in similar events at Maryborough. Mildura, and St. Arnaud, but unfortunately they have no funds available for the purpose. An appeal is to be made to the citizens of Ballarat to assist them in defraying the cost of their participation in the competitions at the places mentioned. The Ballarat Star, Saturday 6 July 1918, Page 3 MARYBOROUGH MILITARY SPORTS SUCCESS OF BALLARAT CADETS Maryborough, Friday, The following were the principal results of the events held here on the occasion of the handing over of' the 1900 quota of cadets to the Citizens' Forces, the ceremony in connection with which' was supplemented by arranging a programme of military events. Rifle Exercises, - Ballarat Technical School (85 pts:). l; St: Arnaud (75 pts.). 2; Maryborough High School (68 pts.). 3. Maryborough (66 pts), also competed. Despatch Race. 400 yards— Maryborough (No. 1); 1; Ballarat Technical School, 2. Squad Drill with Arms — Ballarat Technical. School (85. pts): 1; St. Arnaud (72 pts.) 2; Maryborough High School (70- pts), 3. Maryborough No. 1 (68 pts.) 3. Night Alarm: — Ballarat Technical School (3 min. 35. sees), 1; Maryborough High School (4 min. 4 secs), 2; Maryborough No. I (3- min 50 secs), 3. St. Arnaud (4 min. 10 secs). Placing Indian Club. — Maryborough No. 1,1; Ballarat Technical School, 2 Physical Training. Ballarat Technical School (85 pts), 1 ; Maryborough High School, (76 pts). 2; St. Arnaud (70. pts), .3. Tunnel Ball: Maryborough No. 2, 1'; Ballarat Technical School, 2; St. Arnaud; 3. Chase Ball in Two Lines.— Ballarat Technical School. 1; Maryborough; 2. Obstacle Race.. — Sergeant C. F. W. Krahnert (Ballarat), 1; T. Brown (High School) 2; Aggregate Points — Following are the aggregate points scored by the four leading teams :— Ballarat Technical School; 21; Maryborough. 9; Maryborough High School, 6; St. Arnaud 6. The Ballarat Star, Monday 28 October 1918, Page 4. Junior Technical School Cadet Team. —The Junior Technical School's cadet team, which won the championship at the South street competitions this year, was tendered a dinner by the staff in appreciation of the honor they had brought to the school. The function was held at Miss Brazenor's tea rooms, and a most dainty repast was served, the tables being arranged in the artistic fashion which is characteristic of these ladies. Mr W. H. Middleton (president of the School of Mines), Mr H. Smith (principal of the Art School), Lieut. P. Miller (instructor of the High School team), and Sgt. S. Fry were also present. Mr A. W. Steane (head master of The Junior Technical School) presided. After the toast of the King, Mr Middleton proposed, and Mr H. Smith supported, the health of the team and their instructor, Lieut. H. Wakeling, who suitably responded. The toast of the High School team was proposed by Mr. R. Cutler.; and Lieut D. Miller responded. The cup won at the recent competitions was then handed over to Mr - Steane; in accepting the trophy, said he was pleased to see swell a clean, sportsmanlike spirit between the rival teams. He hoped it would continue. He was proud to accept the cup from the team for the school. The Ballarat Star, Monday 12 April 1920 SENIOR CADET COMPETITION. 18th BRIGADE CHAMPIONSHIP. WON BY HIGH SCHOOL. On Saturday afternoon the championship of the 18th Brigade was decided as a preliminary to the State Championship, which will be held on the M.C.C. ground, Melbourne, on Anzac Day. Results, after a keen contest : Ballarat High School .... 1, Junior Technical School .. 2 As a result of this competition, High School will represent the 18th Brigade which embraces Ballarat, Geelong, Colac and the Western District, in the State event. Black and white photograph of 23 men in military uniform. Most wear a slouch hat, with the number 71 on the hat band. Two trophies are positioned in the front. Four men in the front row hold rifles. Back: R. Hirt; Percy Trompf; J. Nicholls; Robert Serjeant; J. Jones; A. Hannah; A. Duncan; L. Lindsay. Centre: H. Ashley; H. Beanland; J. Finlayson; F. Larkin; G. Chambers; A. McCallum; T. Shattock; E. Rowsell. Front: Sergeant A. Roe; John Dulfer, Major Tucker; Lieutenant Harold Wakeling; Sergeant-Major Reeves; Sergeant K. Krahnert; W. Middleton. .1) Mount and frame are wood grain. Top right hand corner of frame is chipped. .5) Framed black and white print of 1918 Ballarat Junior Technical School senior cadet team. 23 men in uniform. The St Arnaud event was for boys born in 1900 (the Quota). They would turn 18 in 1918..2) Reverse of photograph - "Ballarat Tech School Cadet Corp, 1918 / H Wakeling in charge / Photo property of H. Beanland / A Williams not in photo / H Wakeling & A Williams completed teacher training courses as I did but were 3 or 4 years my senior." .5) Top of mount - "Ballarat Junior Technical School Senior Cadet Team / champions 1918" Bottom of mount - "Winners of Following Competitions:- Stawell Colac Maryborough St Arnaud Mildura South Street "A" Grade" r hirt, percy trompf, j nicholls, robert serjeant, j jones, a hannah, a duncan, l lindsay, h ashley, h beanland, j finlayson, f larkin, g chambers, a mccallum, t shattock, e rowsell, a roe, john dulfer, tucker, harold gordon wakeling, reeves, krahnert, w middleton, world war 1, world war i, world war one, ballarat junior technical school, ballarat school of mines, wakeling, harold wakeling, royal south street competitions, 71st regiment, howard beanland

According to Neil Leckie, Manager of the Ballarat Ranger Military Museum: * Originally 12 – 14 year olds went to Junior Cadets attached to their school. * From age 14 – 17 they were Senior Cadets attached to the local militia unit. * After 1 July of the year a Cadet turned 18, the Cadet left the Senior Cadets and became a member of the Citizen Military Force. * In October 1918 the AIF, Militia and Cadets were renamed to give some connection to the AIF battalion raised in the area. Ballarat saw: 8th Australian Infantry Regiment comprising: * 8th Battalion AIF renamed 1st Battalion 8th Australian Infantry Regiment * 70th Infantry Militia renamed 2nd Battalion 8th Australian Infantry Regiment * 70th Infantry Cadets renamed 3rd B, 8th Australian Infantry. 39th Australian Infantry Regiment comprising: * 39th Battalion AIF renamed 1st Battalion 39th Australian Regiment * 71st Infantry Militia renamed 2nd Bn, 39th Australian Infantry Regiment * 71st Infantry Cadets renamed 3rd Bn, 39th Australian Infantry Regiment Prior to the reorganisation in 1918 the 18th Brigade was the 70th, 71st and 73rd Infantry. It is thought that the 18th Brigade Cadet units in 1920 were those that came from the old: * 69th Infantry (Geelong/Queenscliff) * 70th Infantry (Ballarat/Colac) * 71st Infantry (Ballarat West) * 72nd Infantry Warrnambool) * 73rd Infantry (NW Vic) The next name change came in 1921!Black and white photograph of a timber shield with engraving on silver metal. The trophy is the 1918 Maryborough Senior Cadet Championship which was won by the Ballarat Junior Technical School. The winning team comprised Sgt T. Krahnert, I Larkin, H. Siemering, R. Serjeant, H. Beanland, L. Rowsell, A. McCallum; L. Lindsay, C. Chambers. The instructor was Lieutenant Harold Wakeling.ballarat junior technical school, cadets, trophy, shield

Field Marshal Viscount Kitchener of Great Britain was invited by Prime Minister Deakin in 1909 to visit Australia and advise on the best way to provide Australia with a land defence. Kitchener’s report echoed the bill, introduced to Parliament in 1909 and supported by the Opposition Labor Party at its 1908 conference, to introduce compulsory military training in peace time (referred to as universal training). On 1 January 1911, the Commonwealth Defence Act 1911 (Cth) was passed as law and all males aged 12 to 26 were required to receive military training. Men were divided according to age, with junior cadets comprising boys 12-14 years of age, senior cadets comprising boys 14-18, and young men aged 18-26 assigned to the home militia defence. The support of schools was vital to the success of the scheme, since the system of cadet training began in the primary schools, with physical training prescribed by military authorities. Junior cadet training was entirely in the hands of school teachers, who had first been trained by military officers. This early training was less military in nature than focused on physical drill and sport. It also acted to inculcate boys with the notions of loyalty to country and empire. At this age, uniforms were not worn, although there were schools with pre-existing uniformed cadet units, who continued to do so. Senior Cadets were organised by Training Areas, administered by Area Officers. If a school had at least 60 senior cadets, they could form their own units. Unlike their junior counterparts, Senior Cadets were issued uniforms, a rifle, and learned the foundations necessary for service in any arm of the defence forces. Boys and men could be exempted from compulsory training if they lived more than five miles from the nearest training site, or were passed medically unfit. Those who failed to register for training were punished with fines or jail sentences, and the severity of this punishment generated some of the strongest opposition to the scheme. While institutions such as the political parties and most churches generally supported universal training, some in the broader labour movement were less enthusiastic, as evidenced in the Daily Herald newspaper’s editorials and letters. Universal military training persisted after the conclusion of World War 1, with the Junior Cadet scheme the first to go, in 1922. Senior cadets and service with the militia was suspended in November 1929. (http://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/content.php?pid=575383&sid=4788359, accessed 29/10/2015) According to Neil Leckie, Manager of the Ballarat Ranger Military Museum: * Originally 12 – 14 year olds went to Junior Cadets attached to their school. * From age 14 – 17 they were Senior Cadets attached to the local militia unit. * After 1 July of the year a Cadet turned 18, the Cadet left the Senior Cadets and became a member of the Citizen Military Force. * In October 1918 the AIF, Militia and Cadets were renamed to give some connection to the AIF battalion raised in the area. Ballarat saw: 8th Australian Infantry Regiment comprising: * 8th Battalion AIF renamed 1st Battalion 8th Australian Infantry Regiment * 70th Infantry Militia renamed 2nd Battalion 8th Australian Infantry Regiment * 70th Infantry Cadets renamed 3rd B, 8th Australian Infantry. 39th Australian Infantry Regiment comprising: * 39th Battalion AIF renamed 1st Battalion 39th Australian Regiment * 71st Infantry Militia renamed 2nd Bn, 39th Australian Infantry Regiment * 71st Infantry Cadets renamed 3rd Bn, 39th Australian Infantry Regiment Prior to the reorganisation in 1918 the 18th Brigade was the 70th, 71st and 73rd Infantry. It is thought that the 18th Brigade Cadet units in 1920 were those that came from the old: * 69th Infantry (Geelong/Queenscliff) * 70th Infantry (Ballarat/Colac) * 71st Infantry (Ballarat West) * 72nd Infantry Warrnambool) * 73rd Infantry (NW Vic) The next name change came in 1921!Mounted sepia photograph of 21 young males. They are the Ballarat School of Mines Cadets on a training camp at Lake Learmonth. Back row left to right: Harold Wakeling; ? ; T. Wasley; H. Witter; H.V. Maddison (staff); Lieutenant S.J. Proctor, Joe ? ; ? ; B.C. Burrows. Centre left to right: Howard Beanland; ? ; F.N. Gibbs; H. Siemering; P. Riley; ? : E. Adamthwaite. Front row left to right: Albert E. Williams; Francis Davis (RAAF Dec.); A. Miller; W. Shattock; T. Rees From the Ballarat School of Mines Magazine, 1916 "Our Competition Team, 1916 At a parade, held on the 25th August competition teams were called from from the three colleges - Ballarat College, St Patrick's College, and the School of Mines. In each case, a large muster was obtained, twenty-nine volunteering fro the School of Mines. On account of the number in a team being limited to 21, some had to be weeded out. The team decided to have a camp at Learmonth in the vacation for the benefit of training for the coming competitions. The tents, within our baggage, were brought to the Junior Technical School at 10 a.m. on Monday, 11 September. Everything was carted to the station on a lorry, which was very kindly lent by Mr C. Burrow. ... Arriving at our camp, which was in the Park, we first raised the tents. This was done in record time. Three large tents, A.B.C., were pitched one behind the other. We also pitched a smaller one to act as a provisions tent. The provisions supplied by each cadet were placed in this tent. Dinner was ready by 3.30, and was prepared by the three senior non-coms., who also acted as orderlies. Things went alright Monday night, the two senior non-coms. acting as sentries for the first two hours. On Tuesday morning Reville sounded at 7. There was no need for it, however, as nearly all the cadets were up before daylight, owing to their beds being too hard. After physical exercises were gone through we had breakfast. We then had rifle exercises until Messrs A.W. Steane and F.N. King arrived. The former put the team through the table of physical exercises set down for competition work, many valuable points being obtained. The visitors remained for dinner, afterwards returning to Ballarat. Wednesday was uneventful, until the soldiers arrived at about 11 a.m., stopping at the park for lunch. As we handed over the coppers, etc., to them, our lunch was delayed. Two more visitors arrived after lunch, and after taking a few photos returned home. That night we had a "Sing-a-long" in C Tent until "Lights out" sounded at 9.30. After physical exercises ad breakfast on Thursday, we went for a six mile route march round the lake, doing skirmishing on the way. In the afternoon we practised rifle exercises and the march past. A concert was arranged for that night, the chief singers being cadets H. Siemering and W. Shattock. Supper was served at the end of the entertainment. On Friday, Reveille sounded at 6.30 instead of 7, and, as usual, we had physical exercises before breakfast, after which the team went through skirmishing at the reserve. In the afternoon, section drill and the march past were practised. Friday night, being our last night in camp, leave was granted until 10 p.m., "lights out" sounding at 11. Reveille sounded on Saturday at 4.30, the reason being that all kits, tents, etc., had to be packed away ready to catch the 8.15 train to Balalrat. At 7.30 we were all ready to leave for the station. We had a very enjoyable time in the train, each cadet having a chip in at the patriotic songs. On arriving at Ballarat, we found the lorry awaiting us. The luggage was carted to the Junior Technical School, the team following. The team were here dismissed, everyone feeling that he had had a very good time. F.G. Davis"Written in ink on front 'cadet camp at Lake Learmonth about 1916. Training for South Street Competitions. ballarat school of mines, cadets, ballarat school of mines cadets, lake learmonth, world war one, boomerang, camp, cadet camp, h.g. wakeling, harold wakeling, f.g. davis, albert w. steane, f.n. king, h. siermering, w. shattock, francis davis, harold wakeling, t. wasley, h. witter, h.v. maddison, s.j. proctor, b.c. burrows, howard beanland, f.n. gibbs, h. siemering, p. riley, e. adamthwaite, albert e. williams; francis davis, a. miller, w. shattock, t. rees, photography, foto, boxing gloves

Francis Davis was the only former student of the Ballarat Junior Technical School to die during World War One. "Francis Davis was accorded a full military funeral, firing party, bugler and pallbearers. The coffin was draped in the Union Jack and surmounted in several beautiful wreathes sent from his brother 2/A.M. E.H. Davis (A.F.C Leighterton), officer of the A.F.C. Leighterton, Gloucester, Cadets of A.F.C. and many other personal friends of the deceased. The "Last Post" was sounded at the graveside, and the Rev. Major K.D. Norman C. of E. A.I.F. officiated. The grave was to be turfed and an oak cross erected by the A.I.F. London. Administrative Headquarters A.I.F. London were represented at the funeral. (http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/Imagine.asp?B=1858392, accessed 24 January 2014.) According to Neil Leckie, Manager of the Ballarat Ranger Military Museum: * Originally 12 – 14 year olds went to Junior Cadets attached to their school. * From age 14 – 17 they were Senior Cadets attached to the local militia unit. * After 1 July of the year a Cadet turned 18, the Cadet left the Senior Cadets and became a member of the Citizen Military Force. * In October 1918 the AIF, Militia and Cadets were renamed to give some connection to the AIF battalion raised in the area. Ballarat saw: 8th Australian Infantry Regiment comprising: * 8th Battalion AIF renamed 1st Battalion 8th Australian Infantry Regiment * 70th Infantry Militia renamed 2nd Battalion 8th Australian Infantry Regiment * 70th Infantry Cadets renamed 3rd B, 8th Australian Infantry. 39th Australian Infantry Regiment comprising: * 39th Battalion AIF renamed 1st Battalion 39th Australian Regiment * 71st Infantry Militia renamed 2nd Bn, 39th Australian Infantry Regiment * 71st Infantry Cadets renamed 3rd Bn, 39th Australian Infantry Regiment Prior to the reorganisation in 1918 the 18th Brigade was the 70th, 71st and 73rd Infantry. It is thought that the 18th Brigade Cadet units in 1920 were those that came from the old: * 69th Infantry (Geelong/Queenscliff) * 70th Infantry (Ballarat/Colac) * 71st Infantry (Ballarat West) * 72nd Infantry Warrnambool) * 73rd Infantry (NW Vic) The next name change came in 1921!Black and white photograph of a group of school boys in army uniform. They are members of the Ballarat Junior Technical School Cadets. Back Row: D.O. Taylor, Albert E. Williams, B. Burrows, J.B. Hobba Standing: Francis Davis, Miller, A. Burge, P. [Peter] Chatham. J. Minster, H. Witter, H. Siemering Kneeling: T.G. Wasley, Alan Riley, A.H. Hoskin. N.C. Carmichael, Harold G. Wakeling, T. Rees, W.H. Shattock, F.N. Gibbs Front: S.J. Chambers, F.J. Procter, Charles H. Beanland francis davis, frank davis, ballarat junior technical school cadets, cadets, d.o. taylor, albert e. williams, b. burrows, j.b. hobba, miller, a. burge, p. chatham, j. minster, h. witter, h. siemering, t.g. wasley, a. riley, a.h. hoskin, n.c. carmichael, harold wakeling, t. rees, w.h. shattock, f.n. gibbs, s.j. chambers, f.j. procter, charles h. beanland, alan riley

The Ballarat Junior Technical School Cadet team were the champions at the South Street Competitions 1918-1919. The Ballarat Junior Technical School Cadets were established in 1917 by Lieutenant Harold G Wakeling. According to Neil Leckie, Manager of the Ballarat Ranger Military Museum: * Originally 12 – 14 year olds went to Junior Cadets attached to their school. * From age 14 – 17 they were Senior Cadets attached to the local militia unit. * After 1 July of the year a Cadet turned 18, the Cadet left the Senior Cadets and became a member of the Citizen Military Force. * In October 1918 the AIF, Militia and Cadets were renamed to give some connection to the AIF battalion raised in the area. Ballarat saw: 8th Australian Infantry Regiment comprising: * 8th Battalion AIF renamed 1st Battalion 8th Australian Infantry Regiment * 70th Infantry Militia renamed 2nd Battalion 8th Australian Infantry Regiment * 70th Infantry Cadets renamed 3rd B, 8th Australian Infantry. 39th Australian Infantry Regiment comprising: * 39th Battalion AIF renamed 1st Battalion 39th Australian Regiment * 71st Infantry Militia renamed 2nd Bn, 39th Australian Infantry Regiment * 71st Infantry Cadets renamed 3rd Bn, 39th Australian Infantry Regiment Prior to the reorganisation in 1918 the 18th Brigade was the 70th, 71st and 73rd Infantry. It is thought that the 18th Brigade Cadet units in 1920 were those that came from the old: * 69th Infantry (Geelong/Queenscliff) * 70th Infantry (Ballarat/Colac) * 71st Infantry (Ballarat West) * 72nd Infantry Warrnambool) * 73rd Infantry (NW Vic) The next name change came in 1921!Twenty-three uniformed males pose with a shield and a crest - photo from "The S.M.B. Students' Magazine, 1919ballarat, ballarat junior technical school, cadets, champions, south street, south street competition, harold wakeling, lieutenant

According to Neil Leckie, Manager of the Ballarat Ranger Military Museum: * Originally 12 – 14 year olds went to Junior Cadets attached to their school. * From age 14 – 17 they were Senior Cadets attached to the local militia unit. * After 1 July of the year a Cadet turned 18, the Cadet left the Senior Cadets and became a member of the Citizen Military Force. * In October 1918 the AIF, Militia and Cadets were renamed to give some connection to the AIF battalion raised in the area. Ballarat saw: 8th Australian Infantry Regiment comprising: * 8th Battalion AIF renamed 1st Battalion 8th Australian Infantry Regiment * 70th Infantry Militia renamed 2nd Battalion 8th Australian Infantry Regiment * 70th Infantry Cadets renamed 3rd B, 8th Australian Infantry. 39th Australian Infantry Regiment comprising: * 39th Battalion AIF renamed 1st Battalion 39th Australian Regiment * 71st Infantry Militia renamed 2nd Bn, 39th Australian Infantry Regiment * 71st Infantry Cadets renamed 3rd Bn, 39th Australian Infantry Regiment Prior to the reorganisation in 1918 the 18th Brigade was the 70th, 71st and 73rd Infantry. It is thought that the 18th Brigade Cadet units in 1920 were those that came from the old: * 69th Infantry (Geelong/Queenscliff) * 70th Infantry (Ballarat/Colac) * 71st Infantry (Ballarat West) * 72nd Infantry Warrnambool) * 73rd Infantry (NW Vic) The next name change came in 1921!Black and white photograph of a trophy cup. 1918 South Street Competitionssouth street, south street championships, ballarat junior technical school, cadets, ballarat junior technical school cadets, trophy, cup

This horse-drawn, two-wheeled cart with a tank, is known as a Furphy Farm Water Cart that was made in Shepparton, northern Victoria, c. 1942. John Furphy (1842-1920) was born in Moonee Ponds, in 1842 to Irish immigrant parents and subsequently raised in the Yarra Valley before the family moved to Kyneton in central Victoria, where he completed an apprenticeship with the firm Hutcheson and Walker. Murphy began operations of his own at a site on Piper Street in Kyneton in 1864. He relocated for a business opportunity and founded the first blacksmiths and wheelwrights shop in the newly surveyed town of Shepparton in 1873. Furphy invented many farming tools and machines including a patented grain-stripper, and won awards at the 1888-89 Melbourne International Exhibition. His most famous invention is the Furphy Farm Water Cart, designed in the 1880s, at a time when water for most households and farms was carted on wagons in wooden barrels. The Furphy’s water cart is a single item that combines a water metal tank and a cart. The design of the cart was simple yet effective, and became popular very quickly and established itself as a vital piece of farming equipment. The water cart has had a number of words cast into its ends over many years. References to the foundry’s location in Shepparton, as well as advertising of other products also manufactured by J. Furphy & Sons were present on the ends. However, the most significant set of words to feature on the tank, was a poem encouraging continual improvement: ‘Good Better Best, Never Let it Rest, Until your Good is Better, And your Better Best’. During The Great War (1914-1918), the water cart was used by the Australian militarily at a large AIF (Australian Imperial Force) camp in Broadmeadows (Melbourne) where thousands of men were camped for months, before being transported aboard. Furphy Water Carts provided water to the troops, and were usually placed near the camp latrines, which was one of the few places the troops could share gossip and tall tales away from the prying eyes and ears of their officers. The water cart drivers were also notorious sources of information, despite most of their news being hearsay, or totally unreliable. By the time the men of the AIF were in engaged in combat on the Gallipoli Peninsula and the Western Front, the carts used for water supply had no markings and became simply referred to as Furphys. This owed as much to the coining of the term ‘Furphy’, Australian slang for suspect information or rumour. After a number of decades as principally a soldier’s word, 'Furphy' entered the broader Australian vernacular and was used mainly by the political class until recently when the term was taken up by a Australian brewer as a beer brand. This Furphy Water Cart was purchased by Friends of Flagstaff Hill in 2014. The support of local individuals, organisations and businesses enabled its restoration and later its installation alongside the existing late-19th century water pipe stand and 1940s hand pump The Furphy Farm Water Cart is of historical significance as it represents a famous Australian time-saving and energy-saving invention of the 1880s, replacing the labour intensive activity of collecting and dispensing water from barrels and casks on the back of carts. The water cart’s connection with manufacturing companies J. Furphy & Sons and Furphy Foundry are significant for being early Australian businesses that are still in operation today. Furphy carts are of military significance for the role they played during The Great War (1914-1918) in Australian army camps, and theatres of war in Europe and the Middle East, to supply the AIF troops with fresh water. A wooden framed, two-wheeled, horse-drawn cart, fitted with a horizontally mounted, cylindrical metal tank. The tank is made of rolled, sheet steel with a riveted seam, and cast iron ends with cast iron ends. The spoked metal wheels have fitted flat iron tyres and metal hubs. A metal pipe is joined to the outlet. The tank is silver coloured, the ends, wheels and trims are crimson, and the script lettering on tank sides is black. There are inscriptions on the tank, ends, and hubs. The water tank was made in 1942 in Shepparton, Australia, by J. Furphy & Sons and has a capacity of 180 gallons (848 litres). Hub perimeter, embossed “J. FURPHY & SONS” “KEEP THE / BOLTS TIGHT” Hub centre embossed [indecipherable] Tank, each side, painted “J. FURPHY & SONS / Makers / SHEPPARTON” Tank ends, embossed – “FURPHY’S FARM WATER CART” “BORN ABOUT 1880 – STILL ‘GOING STRONG’ 1942” “j. FURPHY & SONS / MAKERS / SHEPPARTON - VIC “ “S - - - - - L MANUFACTURERS” [SPECIAL] “SPIKE ROLLERS” “SINGLE TREES” “PLOUGH WHEELS” “IRON CASTINGS” “LAND GRADERS” “STEEL DELVERS” “CAST IRON PIG” “CHAIN YOKES” “GOOD – BETTER – BEST / NEVER LET IT REST / TILL YOUR GOOD IS BETTER / AND YOUR BETTER – BEST” Image [Stork carrying a baby] above shorthand, transcribed "Produce and populate or perish" Image [Furphy Pig Feeder] beside ‘Cast Iron Pig’ Shorthand, transcribed “"Water is the gift of God but beer and whiskey are concoctions of the Devil, come and have a drink of water"warrnambool, flagstaff hill maritime museum, water cart, furphy cart, furphy tank, furphy farm water cart, furphy, john furphy, john furphy & sons, furphy foundry, kyneton, shepparton, mobile water tank, jinker, hutchinson & walker, blacksmith, farm equipment, implement maker, tool maker, horse drawn, stork and baby, good, better, best, barrel, tank, first world war, wwi, eastern front, gallipoli, j furphy & sons

The subject leather leggings are associated with mounted troops known as the Australian Light Horse that served in the South African War from 1899 to 1902. After the war, Britain wanted to use fewer mounted troops and restructured its force around a style of combat that needed more infantry. But the defence of Australia still relied upon mounted military units as these were more mobile than infantry and could travel faster over long distances. Light Horse brigades in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) mostly contained recruits who served in the Light Horse regiments of the Citizen Forces. Many young men from rural areas of Australia volunteered for the Light Horse regiments. They had to pass a riding test to join, this test was easier for men from the bush because horses were still the main method of transport on farms and in country towns. The army did not officially accept First Australians into the AIF until May 1917 when enlistment standards were relaxed to include 'half-castes' with a parent of European origin. Indigenous soldiers served as valuable members of the Light Horse and many possessed excellent horse handling skills and specialist tracking knowledge.The subject items are part of the uniform for the Light Horse Units that served in the Australian army from 1899 until 1918. These leggings were worn by soldiers on horseback and are significant as they represent a noteworthy time in Australia's early military history. It was a time when many young men gave their lives during the South African and First World Wars in the defence of the then British Empire as part of the Imperial Forces that were gathered from many British-controlled Colonial countries.A pair of two Leather Leggings used by Mounted Australian soldiers during the first world war. The leggings are dark tan in colour with stitching to attach buckles and fastener straps. The strap buckles are made of brass and the leather legging straps are of same leather as leggings. Noneflagstaff hill, warrnambool, flagstaff hill maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, leggings, leather leggings, protective leggings, protective clothing, australian mounted light horse units, military equipment