Showing 101 items matching "language research"
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Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesBook, Dr Ian D Clark et al, Feasibility studies : language research officer, 1999
... Feasibility studies : language research officer...Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages 33 Saxon Street Brunswick melbourne Wembawemba Wemba Wemba Wadiwadi Wadi Wadi Watha wurrung Wathaurong Daung wurrung Taungurung Woi Wurrung Woiwurrung Way wurru Dhudhuroa Djadja wurrung Joda Joda Yorta Yorta Feasibility studies : language research officer Book Dr Ian D Clark Prof Barry J Blake ...wembawemba, wemba wemba, wadiwadi, wadi wadi, watha wurrung, wathaurong, daung wurrung, taungurung, woi wurrung, woiwurrung, way wurru, dhudhuroa, djadja wurrung, joda joda, yorta yorta -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesKit, Western Australia Department of Education et al, Ways of being, ways of talk, 2002
... Edith Cowan University Centre for Applied Language and Literacy Research...A Shared World of Communication Ways of being, ways of talk Kit Western Australia Department of Education Edith Cowan University Centre for Applied Language and Literacy Research ...Kit produced by a Primary and Senior Secondary School in Western Australia dealing with communication, language and Aboriginal History. Video 1. Moving Into Other Worlds Video 2. Two Way Learning and Two Kinds of Power Video 3. Now You See It, Now You Don?t Video 4. A Shared World of Communicationb&w illustrations, colour illustrations, b&w photographs, colour photographs, videocassette, bookaboriginal education, aboriginal english, cultural awareness, school curriculum, language and literacy, bilingualism, two way learning -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesConference proceedings, Barbara Burnaby, Indigenous languages across the community, 2002
... ...language research...Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages 33 Saxon Street Brunswick melbourne International language forum community based practice language research conference papers language policy language and whole community development literacy development media educational advances Canada United States New Zealand Zimbabwe Mexico Russia Caribbean Inui Yupik B&w photographs, diagrams, Language - Preservation and use. ...Language - Preservation and use. Language - Social function. [Maori: New Zealand Latin]. Language planning. [Language planning in a trans-national speech community]. [The way of the drum - when earth becomes heart] [The need for an ecological cultural community] Community language management. [Methods of madness: The Tuscarora Language Committee] [Daghida: Cold Lake First Nation works towards Dene language revitalization] [The Jicarilla Apache language summer day camp] [Report on the workshop "World of Inukitut"]. Arizona. New Mexico. Oklahoma. Adult education. Women's literacy. [Teaching reading with puppets] [Assessing Lakota language teaching issues on the Cheyenne River Reservation] [Incorporating traditional Nehiyaw/Plains Cree education in the university] [Collecting texts in Crao and Portuguese for teaching] [Early vocabularies and dictionary development: A cautionary note] [The process of spelling standardization of Innu-Aimun (Montagnais)] Pidgin. Creole. [Ojibway hockey CD-ROM in the making] [The use of multimedia and the arts in language revitalization, maintenance and development: The case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerreo, Mexico] [The languages of Indigenous Peoples in Chukotka and the media] [Meeting of the Inukitut and Yupik family of languages on May 12, 2000]B&w photographs, diagrams,international language forum, community based practice, language research, conference papers, language policy, language and whole community development, literacy development, media, educational advances, canada, united states, new zealand, zimbabwe, mexico, russia, caribbean, inui, yupik -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesConference proceedings, Maya Khemlani David, Working together for endangered languages : research challenges and social impacts : proceedings of the XIth FEL Conference, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26-28 October 2007, 2007
... ...language research...Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages 33 Saxon Street Brunswick melbourne endangered languages language revival education language research maps, b&w photographs, colour photographs, illustrations, graphs Working together for endangered languages : research challenges and social impacts : proceedings of the XIth FEL Conference, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26-28 October 2007 Conference proceedings Maya Khemlani David Nicholas Ostler Caesar Dealwis ...maps, b&w photographs, colour photographs, illustrations, graphsendangered languages, language revival, education, language research -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesBook, Peter K Austin, The Cambridge handbook of endangered languages, 2011
... ...language research...Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages 33 Saxon Street Brunswick melbourne endangered languages language revival language research The Cambridge handbook of endangered languages Book Peter K Austin Julia Sallabank ...endangered languages, language revival, language research -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesBook, Peter K Austin, Endangered languages : beliefs and ideologies in language documentation and revitalisation, 2014
... ...language research...Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages 33 Saxon Street Brunswick melbourne endangered languages language revival education language research maps, b&w photographs, tables, graphs 1.Introduction /? ...1.Introduction /? Julia Sallabank pt. 1 Case Studies: Beliefs and Ideologies in Endangered Language Communities 2.Paradoxes of Engagement with Irish Language Community Management, Practice, and Ideology /? Tadhg O. Hifearnain 3.Fluidity in Language Beliefs: The Beliefs of the Kormakiti Maronite Arabic Speakers of Cyprus towards their Language /? Chryso Hadjidemetriou 4.Reflections on the Promotion of an Endangered Language: The Case of Ladin Women in the Dolomites (Italy) /? Olimpia Rasom 5.Minority Language Use in Kven Communities: Language Shift or Revitalization? /? Anna-Kaisa Raisanen 6.Going, Going, Gone? The Ideologies and Politics of Gamilaraay-Yuwaalaraay Endangerment and Revitalization /? Peter K. Austin 7.Language Shift in an `Importing Culture': The Cultural Logic of the Arapesh Roads /? Lise M. Dobrin pt. 2 Language Documentation and Revitalization: What and Why? Contents note continued: 8.Ideologies, Beliefs, and Revitalization of Guernesiais (Guernsey) /? Julia Sallabank 9.Local Language Ideologies and Their Implications for Language Revitalization among the Sumu-Mayangna Indians of Nicaragua's Multilingual Caribbean Coast Region /? Eloy Frank Gomez 10.Must "We Save the Language? Children's Discourse on Language and Community in Provencal and Scottish Language Revitalization Movements /? James Costa 11.Revitalizing the Maori Language? /? Jeanette King 12.What Are We Trying to Preserve? Diversity, Change, and Ideology at the Edge of the Cameroonian Grassfields /? Jeff Good 13.The Cost of Language Mobilization: Wangkatha Language Ideologies and Native Title /? Jessica Boynton 14.Finding the Languages We Go Looking For /? Tonya N. Stebbins 15.Meeting Point: Parameters for the Study of Revival Languages /? Christina Eira pt. 3 From Local to International: Interdisciplinary and International Views Contents note continued: 16.Conflicting Goals, Ideologies, and Beliefs in the Field /? Simone S. Whitecloud 17.Whose Ideology, Where, and When? Rama (Nicaragua) and Francoprovencal (France) Experiences /? Michel Bert 18.UN Discourse on Linguistic Diversity and Multilingual ism in the 2000s: Actor Analysis, Ideological Foundations, and Instrumental Functions /? Anahit Minasyan 19.Language Beliefs and the Management of Endangered Languages /? Bernard Spolsky.maps, b&w photographs, tables, graphsendangered languages, language revival, education, language research -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesBook, Joshua A Fishman, Can threatened languages be saved? reversing language shift, revisited : a 21st century perspective, 2001
... ...language research...Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages 33 Saxon Street Brunswick melbourne endangered languages language revival language research sociolinguistics B&w illustrations, tables Investigates 13 languages under threat. ...Investigates 13 languages under threat. Two most improtant questions asked 1) what is the current demographic and functional status of each of the threatened languages 2) what is the best way to understand its future prospects?B&w illustrations, tablesendangered languages, language revival, language research, sociolinguistics -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesBook, Tonya Stebbins, Fighting language endangerment : community directed research on Sm'algyax (Coast Tsimshian), 2003
... Fighting language endangerment : community directed research on Sm'algyax (Coast Tsimshian)...Fighting language endangerment : community directed research on Sm'algyax (Coast Tsimshian) Book Tonya Stebbins ...Based on studies of the language of the Tsimshian people, who live on the northwest coast of British Colombia, Canada. It describes the peocess of community directed documentation for an endangered language based on the dictionary project.Maps, tableslanguage endangerment, tsimshian -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesBook, John Hajek, Language opportunities : a directory of grants, awards and scholarships for language students and professionals, 2002
... language scholarships...research...Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages 33 Saxon Street Brunswick melbourne language scholarships research grants Language opportunities : a directory of grants, awards and scholarships for language students and professionals Book John Hajek ...language scholarships, research grants -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesBook, William B McGregor, Encountering Aboriginal languages : studies in the history of Australian linguistics, 2008
... Part 3 consists of six studies specific linguistic topics: sign language research, language revival, pidgins and creoles, fieldwork, Fr. ...Part 3 consists of six studies specific linguistic topics: sign language research, language revival, pidgins and creoles, fieldwork, Fr. ..."This edited volume represents the first book-length study of the history of research on Australian Aboriginal languages, and collects together 18 original papers on a wide variety of topics, spanning the period from first settlement to the present day. The introduction sets the scene for the book by presenting an overview of the history of histories of research on the languages of Australia , and identifying some of the major issues in Aboriginal linguistic historiography as well as directions for future investigations. Part 1 presents three detailed investigations of the history of work on particular languages and regions.The eight papers of Part 2 study and re-evaluate the contributions of particular individuals, most of who are somewhat marginal or have been marginalised in Aboriginal linguistics. Part 3 consists of six studies specific linguistic topics: sign language research, language revival, pidgins and creoles, fieldwork, Fr. Schmidt's work on personal pronouns, and the discovery that Australia was a multilingual continent. Overall, the volume presents two major challenges to Australianist orthodoxy. First, the papers challenge the typically anachronistic approaches to the history of Aboriginal linguistics, and reveal the need to examine previous research in the context of their times - and the advantages of doing so to contemporary understanding and language documentation. Second, the widespread presumption that the period 1910-1960 represented the 'dark ages' of Aboriginal linguistics, characterised by virtually no linguistic work, is refuted by a number of studies in the present volume."B&w photographs, maps -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesBook, Graham McKay, The land still speaks : review of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander language maintenance and development needs and activities, 1996
... Review in 1994 examined language maintenance activities at Borroloola, Kempsey, Ringers Soak (Yaruman) and Saibai Island specifically and other language maintenance and revival activities in Australia and overseas; principles espoused include those of indigenous consultation, decision -making and control, increasing services to improve community life, training in language matters and indigenous literacy, promotion of language use in schools and of importance of language, funding for broadcasting, training, language and education programs, research, publication and information exchange....Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages 33 Saxon Street Brunswick melbourne language maintenance language and education Review in 1994 examined language maintenance activities at Borroloola, Kempsey, Ringers Soak (Yaruman) and Saibai Island specifically and other language maintenance and revival activities in Australia and overseas; principles espoused include those of indigenous consultation, decision -making and control, increasing services to improve community life, training in language matters and indigenous literacy, promotion of language use in schools and of importance of language, funding for broadcasting, training, language and education programs, research, publication and information exchange. ...Review in 1994 examined language maintenance activities at Borroloola, Kempsey, Ringers Soak (Yaruman) and Saibai Island specifically and other language maintenance and revival activities in Australia and overseas; principles espoused include those of indigenous consultation, decision -making and control, increasing services to improve community life, training in language matters and indigenous literacy, promotion of language use in schools and of importance of language, funding for broadcasting, training, language and education programs, research, publication and information exchange.language maintenance, language and education -
Merri-bek City CouncilEtching and lithograph, Vicki Couzens, noombapee, 2018
... Couzens is a multi-disciplinary artist focused on strengthening her language and culture through research and creative projects. noombapee was created during a 2018 Collie Print Trust Printmaking Fellowship at the Australian Print Workshop. ...Couzens is a multi-disciplinary artist focused on strengthening her language and culture through research and creative projects. noombapee was created during a 2018 Collie Print Trust Printmaking Fellowship at the Australian Print Workshop. ...noombapee is an etching and lithograph by Gunditjmara and Keerray Woorroong artist Vicki Couzens. Couzens is a multi-disciplinary artist focused on strengthening her language and culture through research and creative projects. noombapee was created during a 2018 Collie Print Trust Printmaking Fellowship at the Australian Print Workshop. The work is an example of Couzens’ reclamation and celebration of Indigenous languages. The title is a Gunditjmara term which approximately translates to ‘have mercy’ or ‘forgiveness’. The word ‘noombapee’ appears multiple times in the lower right corner of the composition. The left side of the work includes a letter to the editor of the Warnambool Standard, dated 3 April 1940 and authored by Vicki’s ngapoon (paternal grandfather), Nicholas Couzens. Couzens explains that ‘he was an activist and advocate for our rights living on the Framlingham mission.’ -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesBook, Fiona Magowan, Telling stories : Indigenous history and memory in Australia and New Zealand, 2001
... Telling Stories looks at the place of life stories and of memory in history: who tells life stories: the purpose for which they are told: the role of story and history in the politics of land claims: and the way language impacts on research and writing. Contents: Introduction /? ...Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages 33 Saxon Street Brunswick melbourne Indigenous history Maori history oral histories B&w photographs Telling Stories looks at the place of life stories and of memory in history: who tells life stories: the purpose for which they are told: the role of story and history in the politics of land claims: and the way language impacts on research and writing. Contents: Introduction /? ...Telling Stories looks at the place of life stories and of memory in history: who tells life stories: the purpose for which they are told: the role of story and history in the politics of land claims: and the way language impacts on research and writing. Contents: Introduction /? Bain Attwood and Fiona Magowan 1. Indigenous Australian life writing: tactics and transformations /? Penny van Toorn 2. Stories for land: oral narratives in the Maori Land Court /? Ann Parsonson 3. Crying to remember: reproducing personhood and community /? Fiona Magowan 4. The saga of Captain Cook: remembrance and morality /? Deborah Bird Rose 5. Encounters across time: the makings of an unanticipated trilogy /? Judith Binney 6. In the absence of vita as genre: the making of the Roy Kelly story /? Basil Sansom 7. Autobiography and testimonial discourse in Myles Lalor's 'oral history' /? Jeremy Beckett 8. Taha Maori in the DNZB: a Pakeha view /? W. H. Oliver 9. Maori land law and the Treaty claims process /? Andrew Erueti and Alan Ward 10. 'Learning about the truth': the stolen generations narrative /? Bain Attwood.B&w photographsindigenous history, maori history, oral histories -
Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for LanguagesConference proceedings, Jon Reyhner, Nurturing native languages, 2003
... Preparing Indigenous Language Advocates, Teachers, and Researchers in Western Canada /? ...Preparing Indigenous Language Advocates, Teachers, and Researchers in Western Canada /? ...Section I: Language and Culture Immersion 1. Native Language Immersion /? Jon Reyhner 2. Assessing the Impact of Total Immersion on Cherokee Language Revitalization: A Culturally Responsive, Participatory Approach /? Lizette Peter with Ella Christie, Marilyn Cochran, Dora Dunn, Lula Elk, Ed Fields, JoAnn Fields, Tracy Hirata-Edds, Anna Huckaby, Margaret Raymond, Deputy Chief Hastings Shade, Gloria Sly, George Wickliffe, Akira Yamamoto 3. Situational Navajo: A School-Based, Verb-Centered Way of Teaching Navajo /? Wayne Holm, Irene Silentman, Laura Wallace Section II: Technology Sustaining Indigenous Languages in Cyberspace /? Courtney B. Cazden 5. Saving a Language with Computers, Tape Recorders, and Radio /? Ruth Bennett Section III: Other Issues 6. How To Teach When the Teacher Isn't Fluent /? Leanne Hinton 7. Preparing Indigenous Language Advocates, Teachers, and Researchers in Western Canada /? Heather A. Blair, Donna Paskemin, Barbara Laderoute 8. Whaia Te Reo: Pursuing the Language': How Metaphors Describe - Our Relationships with Indigenous Languages /? Jeanette King 9. Honoring the Elders /? Evangeline Parsons-Yazzie, Robert N. St. Clair 10.Spanish: A Language of Indigenous Peoples of the Americas /? Florencia Riegelhaupt, Roberto Carrasco, Elizabeth Brandt 11. Keresan Pueblo Indian Sign Language /? Walter P. Kelley, Tony L. McGregor 12. Oral History Shares the Wealth of a Navajo Community /? Sara L. Begay, Mary Jimmie, Louise Lockard 13. Mothertongue: Incorporating Theatre of the Oppressed into Language Restoration Movements /? Qwo-Li Driskill 14. Missionaries and American Indian Languages /? Evangeline Parsons Yazzie Biographical Information on the Authors.tables, b&w illustrationsnavajo, cherokee, indian sign language, bilingual education, indigenous language teaching, native language immersion, language and technology -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.Morse key, C 1930
... language is a standardised international code which has been in operation since the 1860's. Morse code consists of five elements, dots, dashes, and gaps of one , three and seven units in length. It is still in use to this day and has been applied to other systems of communication such as amateur radio, mobile phones and communication systems for disabled people. This particular telegraph key possibly has post office or naval origins. Morse code was an important invention in world communication systems and this machine therefore has important social and research ...The Morse telegraph system had its beginnings in 1836 when Samuel Morse, Alfred Vail and Joseph Henry developed an early model of the system. There are a number of variations on the machine but the operating system is very similar in all and the language is a standardised international code which has been in operation since the 1860's. Morse code consists of five elements, dots, dashes, and gaps of one , three and seven units in length. It is still in use to this day and has been applied to other systems of communication such as amateur radio, mobile phones and communication systems for disabled people. This particular telegraph key possibly has post office or naval origins.Morse code was an important invention in world communication systems and this machine therefore has important social and research significance. It is useful as an interpretive item.This instrument sits on a black rectangular base of black bakelite. The mechanism ids held in place by three larger metal screws and two smaller ones on the upright section from the base.The movable part is metal with the attached handle a similar black material as the base.ADMY.PATT No 7681 KEY MORSE SERN PL 23780 Rocker Front contact. Lift @ turn on one of the screws on the bar.history of warrnambool, rocker telegraph, telegraph key, morse code -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.Book - Book of Early Western District Aboriginal Languages and Culture, Griffin Press Limited. South Australia, Australian Aborigines, 1981
... language. This book, a facsimile of a seminal work from the 19th century, is of considerable interest as its contents are of continuing value to researchers. ...Description of Western District Aborigines and a dictionary of three of their languagesThis is a book of 112 pages of text plus 104 pages of aboriginal words and their meanings. The green cover has a gold image of an aboriginal hunter on the front cover and gold printing and a floral image on the spine. The pages contain printed text and some sepia-coloured photographs. non-fictionDescription of Western District Aborigines and a dictionary of three of their languagesjames dawson's book 'australian aborigines', western district aborigines 19th century -
Warrnambool and District Historical Society Inc.Packaging, Box, Early 20th century
... researching social and medical history and tells us much about the primitive knowledge of ailments and illnesses in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The massager is a medical curiosity of much interest to people today and is a valuable and fascinating display piece. warrnambool allied health The box pieces have much printed material on them in six languages, but the main heading is ‘THE VEEDEE FOR VIBRATORY MASSAGE’ These are the remains of a box that contained a VeeDee massager. ...The box pieces belong to a VeeDee Massager that has been in the Historical Society collection for several years. It is an interesting example of the dubious medical aids used by 19th century and early 20th century people who resorted to this sort of appliance to try to find relief for many ailments. The box lists the ailments that the massager claims to be able to treat effectively. These include rheumatism, lung troubles, sciatica, insomnia, kidney disease, paralysis, constipation, deafness, bowel complaints and tumours. These box pieces are kept because they have much information on them regarding the use of the VeeDee massager, with a list of the ailments and medical conditions that are claimed to be cured or aided by the use of massager. The information is of use when researching social and medical history and tells us much about the primitive knowledge of ailments and illnesses in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The massager is a medical curiosity of much interest to people today and is a valuable and fascinating display piece. These are the remains of a box that contained a VeeDee massager. There are two pieces - a flattened piece of cardboard that once formed the base and sides of the box and another cardboard piece that was the top of the box. The two small ends of the original box are missing. The inside of the box is red and the base and the sides are green and white with illustrations and descriptive material in black printingThe box pieces have much printed material on them in six languages, but the main heading is ‘THE VEEDEE FOR VIBRATORY MASSAGE’warrnambool, allied health -
Bendigo Military MuseumManual - National Research Council of Canada, Division of Applied Physics - Strip triangulation of measured points, National Research Council of Canada, Nov 1961, Dec 1966, Oct 1966, Jan 1967
... language solutions. Chapter 1 - Transformation and adjustment of strip coordinates by electronic computation. Chapter 2 - An Introduction to Analytical Strip Triangulation with a "Fortran" program. Chapter 3 - A "Fortran" program for the adjustment of Strips and Blocks by Polynomial Transformations. Chapter 4 - A modified "Fortran" (IBM 1620) program for the adjustments of Strip coordinates. Royal Australian Survey Corps RASvy Fortuna Army Survey Regiment Army Svy Regt Distribution stamps and labels on front cover. Hard Covered Manual containing Chapter 1 - 8 x pages, Chapter 2 - 84 x pages, Chapter 3 - 33 x pages, Chapter 4 - 29 x pages. National Research ...The Royal Australian Survey Corps, Army Survey Regiment used transformations of Aerial Photographic strip and block coordinates to accurately calculate setup parameters for the extraction of topographical features on Wild B8 stereo plotters. This manual describes the methods and "Fortran" computer programming language solutions. Chapter 1 - Transformation and adjustment of strip coordinates by electronic computation. Chapter 2 - An Introduction to Analytical Strip Triangulation with a "Fortran" program. Chapter 3 - A "Fortran" program for the adjustment of Strips and Blocks by Polynomial Transformations. Chapter 4 - A modified "Fortran" (IBM 1620) program for the adjustments of Strip coordinates.Hard Covered Manual containing Chapter 1 - 8 x pages, Chapter 2 - 84 x pages, Chapter 3 - 33 x pages, Chapter 4 - 29 x pages.Distribution stamps and labels on front cover.royal australian survey corps, rasvy, fortuna, army survey regiment, army svy regt -
The Beechworth Burke MuseumPhotograph, 1997
... The photograph is of strong research potential due to its depiction of the Kelly Gang history in Australia and its presentation of a historical museum exhibition which toured from Beechworth to other Victorian locations. With a depiction of the exhibition and associated label, the photograph provides insight into how the language ...This photograph is recorded as having been taken in the North East Victoria Regional Tourist Authority, Wangaratta and depicts an exhibition display of items and interpretative labels associated with the Kelly Gang. The display was reportedly laid out as part of a Vic Tour Stamp, with items from the Burke Museum Collection.This photograph is of social significance due to its connection with the Burke Museum as well as the Kelly Gang. The Kelly Gang story is integral to the formation of the Australian identity and highlights the Irish oppression during the 1880s. Ned Kelly is an Australian icon, mythologised in Australian literature, art, folklore and history, and the Kelly Gang permeates Australia's national consciousness. The significance of the Burke Museum is also highlighted here, as the photograph shows the importance of the Kelly story to the Beechworth area and local identity, as well as its significance within the museum collection. The photograph is of strong research potential due to its depiction of the Kelly Gang history in Australia and its presentation of a historical museum exhibition which toured from Beechworth to other Victorian locations. With a depiction of the exhibition and associated label, the photograph provides insight into how the language and historical interpretation of Kelly Gang has developed, and how cultural and social opinions which are often shaped by exhibition displays, have shifted. Black and white rectangular photograph printed on matte photographic paper.Obverse: Gold Cradle / History / Claim 1835 / The north east is rich in history. It was the home of Ned Kelly, the 'Man from Snowy River' and (???) dog Mogan. Century old buildings are common and (???)nders of the gold rush days are everywhere / V. R. / £8000 Reward / Robbery and Murder / (indeterminate) Reverse: The historical display laid out in VICTOUR / 1997 3135 / North East Victoria/ Regional Tourist Authority/ P.O. Box 250/ Wangaratta. 3577 /BMMA03324burke museum, ned kelly, kelly gang, museum collection, exhibition, display, gallery, museum, exhibit -
Eltham District Historical Society IncBook, Tarcoola Press, Birrarung Database compiled by Mick Woiwod, 2012
... research material, with information on the history of the Wurundjeri people of the Yarra Valley, from the time of first European contact. Its prime focus is the Yarra River as it has been understood by its Wurundjeri people. Includes a compilation of those difficult to locate "brief snatches of the action" collated under headings with in each instance, the provenance as to source and / or author included. Themes include: agriculture, law, ceremony, language...research material, with information on the history of the Wurundjeri people of the Yarra Valley, from the time of first European contact. Its prime focus is the Yarra River as it has been understood by its Wurundjeri people. Includes a compilation of those difficult to locate "brief snatches of the action" collated under headings with in each instance, the provenance as to source and / or author included. Themes include: agriculture, law, ceremony, language ...A compilation of Woiwod's research material, with information on the history of the Wurundjeri people of the Yarra Valley, from the time of first European contact. Its prime focus is the Yarra River as it has been understood by its Wurundjeri people. Includes a compilation of those difficult to locate "brief snatches of the action" collated under headings with in each instance, the provenance as to source and / or author included. Themes include: agriculture, law, ceremony, language, reconciliation, retribution, lifestyle, art & craft, climate, personalities, disease, death and the river's flora and fauna. Sister publication to "Coranderrk database". 318 pages : illustrations, maps ; 30 cm + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.) PDF or Microsoft Office Word 97-2003.ISBN 9780987157423wurundjeri, yarra river, indigenous history, wurundjeri woi wurrung, aboriginal australians -
NMIT (Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE)Folder: Of documents, forms and articles used for researching the history of ESL education at CTS 1970s
... Manila folder of A4 size containing copy of various documents, forms and articles used for researching the history of English as a Second Language education at Collingwood Technical School, from the 1970s. ...NMIT (Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE) Collingwood Technical School ESL NMIT Manila folder of A4 size containing copy of various documents, forms and articles used for researching the history of English as a Second Language education at Collingwood Technical School, from the 1970s. ...Manila folder of A4 size containing copy of various documents, forms and articles used for researching the history of English as a Second Language education at Collingwood Technical School, from the 1970s. Includes ESL Syllabuses, Programmes, copy articles, documents and forms. Includes various school forms and brochures in LOTE languages collingwood technical school, esl, nmit -
Bendigo Historical Society Inc.Document - LETTERS AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH INFORMTION: JOHANN MENGE, 1997
... Includes three letters to A Richardson from Val Menge (wife of possible descendant of Johann Menge) , dated December 19970, Feb 1971 and March 1971; Extract from ''South Australia and its Mines''(1846); Extract from ''Historical studies of Australia & New Zealand Vol 10''; Extract from the ''Australian Dictionary of Biography''; extract from George Stevenson's Journal in ''Royal Geographic Society of Australia - South Australian Branch, Vol 30, p. 62; Extract from ''The history of South Australia pp. 186-187; Extract from letter written by ''The South Australian Register'' (1852); Extract from '' Tasmanian Historical Research Association'' Papers and proceedings Vol 11, No. 2, pp 31 - 46; copy of book review (unknown paper) of ''Opal Men'', with sketch of Johann Menge, who first discovered opal in Australia. Menge was a mineralogist/geologist with a talent for languages...Includes three letters to A Richardson from Val Menge (wife of possible descendant of Johann Menge) , dated December 19970, Feb 1971 and March 1971; Extract from ''South Australia and its Mines''(1846); Extract from ''Historical studies of Australia & New Zealand Vol 10''; Extract from the ''Australian Dictionary of Biography''; extract from George Stevenson's Journal in ''Royal Geographic Society of Australia - South Australian Branch, Vol 30, p. 62; Extract from ''The history of South Australia pp. 186-187; Extract from letter written by ''The South Australian Register'' (1852); Extract from '' Tasmanian Historical Research Association'' Papers and proceedings Vol 11, No. 2, pp 31 - 46; copy of book review (unknown paper) of ''Opal Men'', with sketch of Johann Menge, who first discovered opal in Australia. Menge was a mineralogist/geologist with a talent for languages ...Letters and historical research information re Johann Menge (1788-1852). Includes three letters to A Richardson from Val Menge (wife of possible descendant of Johann Menge) , dated December 19970, Feb 1971 and March 1971; Extract from ''South Australia and its Mines''(1846); Extract from ''Historical studies of Australia & New Zealand Vol 10''; Extract from the ''Australian Dictionary of Biography''; extract from George Stevenson's Journal in ''Royal Geographic Society of Australia - South Australian Branch, Vol 30, p. 62; Extract from ''The history of South Australia pp. 186-187; Extract from letter written by ''The South Australian Register'' (1852); Extract from '' Tasmanian Historical Research Association'' Papers and proceedings Vol 11, No. 2, pp 31 - 46; copy of book review (unknown paper) of ''Opal Men'', with sketch of Johann Menge, who first discovered opal in Australia. Menge was a mineralogist/geologist with a talent for languages - ''eccentric'' -died in poverty at Forest Creek, 1852.Val & Ted Mengeperson, individual, johann menge -
Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and VillageBook - Reference, John Ogilvie, The Imperial Dictionary of The English Language Vol 1, 1882
... Language by John Ogilvie. The books are appropriately housed in the library cabinet of the Common School in Flagstaff Hill's village. Each book has a label with an inscription acknowledging the Geelong Maritime Society Inc.'s donation. STEAM TUG VICTOR: The steam tug Victor, built in 1951 at Gainsborough, UK, was said to be the most powerful tug in Victoria. It was once used in Geelong. A private party, currently, in 2025, researching...Language by John Ogilvie. The books are appropriately housed in the library cabinet of the Common School in Flagstaff Hill's village. Each book has a label with an inscription acknowledging the Geelong Maritime Society Inc.'s donation. STEAM TUG VICTOR: The steam tug Victor, built in 1951 at Gainsborough, UK, was said to be the most powerful tug in Victoria. It was once used in Geelong. A private party, currently, in 2025, researching ...A newspaper article was published at the time of the donation of this four-volume set of The Imperial Dictionary of The English Language. The article refers to the Geelong Maritime Society donating the funds to purchase the set of books. The Geelong Maritime Society Inc. was formed to save the Steam Tug Victor from being scrapped. Its public appeal raised funds for this purpose, but its efforts to stop the tug's destruction were unsuccessful. The Society was disbanded in February 1990 and generously donated the raised funds to Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum and Village. Flagstaff Hill used the funds to purchase the four-volume set of The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language by John Ogilvie. The books are appropriately housed in the library cabinet of the Common School in Flagstaff Hill's village. Each book has a label with an inscription acknowledging the Geelong Maritime Society Inc.'s donation. STEAM TUG VICTOR: The steam tug Victor, built in 1951 at Gainsborough, UK, was said to be the most powerful tug in Victoria. It was once used in Geelong. A private party, currently, in 2025, researching the steam tug Victor, discovered the information that connected the vessel to the books in Flagstaff Hill's library. This set of reference books was published in 1882. The volumes are typical of books used for education in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The publisher used both print and illustrations for explanations.The Imperial Dictionary of The English Language: a complete encyclopedic lexicon, literary, scientific and technological, Volume 1 by John Ogilvie, LL.D., Author of "The Comprehensive English Dictionary," "The Student's English Dictionary," &c. &c. New edition, carefully revised and greatly augmented. Edited by Charles Annandale, M.A. Illustrated by above [by Charles Annandale, M.A.]. Three thousand engravings printed in the text. Vol. IV. SCREAM-ZYTHUM. With supplement and appendix. Publisher: Blackie & Son, 49 AND 50 Old Bailey, E.C. London, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dublin Printer: W. G. Blackie and Co., Villafield, Glasgow. UK. Volumes Dated: 1882 and 1883 Publisher's logo on the Fly page. Large book, brown covered board, gold embossed details on spine, and front cover impressed with a decorative diamond logo of Blackie and Sons and its motto, within a rectangle. A label inside the front cover acknowledges the donor, Geelong Maritime Society Inc. Inside this first volume was a newspaper clipping, undated. Logo and motto: "(Shield Infront of a ribbon) with entwined letters "B & S" [Blackie & Son] and "Lucem Libris Disseminamus" [Laten: We disseminate light through books] Label: "Donated by Geelong Maritime Society Inc which was disbanded in February 1990" with blue rope border, and logos of a sailing ship and an anchor. Titles of newspaper clippings: "Queer Beasts of the Bush: The Legend of the Bunyip, by J. C. Le Souef" "Nature's Puzzle World: How Lillies Close Their Petals" "In the Forties: A Pastoral Pioneer" [about Charles M. Gray] flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, book, the imperial dictionary of the english language vol 1, john ogilvie, blackie & son, 1882, dictionary, encyclopedia, geelong maritime society inc., reference books, common school, steam tug victor, 1942 -
City of Moorabbin Historical Society (Operating the Box Cottage Museum)Newsletter, City of Moorabbin Historical Society No. 10 Vol. 2 January 1963, City of Moorabbin Historical Society Newsletter No. 10 Vol. 2 January 1963, 1963
... language. In 1994, the City of Moorabbin was integrated into the Cities of Bayside, Glen Eira, Kingston and Monash This is Newsletter No. 10 Vol. 2 of the CMHS January 1963 CMHS obtained a Kingston City Council Community Grant 2016 for the digitization and preservation of these Original CMHS Newsletters commenced in 1961 City of Moorabbin Historical Society 1961, sheehy t.a., newsletters, CITY OF MOORABBIN HISTORICAL / SOCIETY / (Affiliated with the Royal Historical Society of Victoria )./ NEWSLETTER No 10 Vol. 2 JANUARY 1963 / HISTORICAL SOCIETY; President ; R Ashley ...... / Secretary; Mrs L. Harvey……./ MOORABBIN COUNCIL RESEARCH ...This is Newsletter No 10 Vol. 2 produced in January 1963 by Mr T. A. Sheehy CMHS member for members and visitors Topic ; Australia Day, Progressive 1880s The Aims of the CMHS are ‘to record the history of the City, and register something of the Australian Atmosphere, which the necessary speed-up in post-world-war two (WW11) immigration has caused to be lost; to produce a magazine at regular intervals, featuring the work of pioneers and the changing Australian scene; to work constantly with a long range view towards building a hall where records and exhibits can be housed’ The Original Newsletters reflect the history and heritage of the former City of Moorabbin — derived from Mooroobin, ‘a resting place’ in the Bunurrung spoken language. In 1994, the City of Moorabbin was integrated into the Cities of Bayside, Glen Eira, Kingston and Monash This is Newsletter No. 10 Vol. 2 of the CMHS January 1963 CMHS obtained a Kingston City Council Community Grant 2016 for the digitization and preservation of these Original CMHS Newsletters commenced in 1961 1 x Foolscap paper printed on 1 side.folded for 4 pages CITY OF MOORABBIN HISTORICAL / SOCIETY / (Affiliated with the Royal Historical Society of Victoria )./ NEWSLETTER No 10 Vol. 2 JANUARY 1963 / HISTORICAL SOCIETY; President ; R Ashley ...... / Secretary; Mrs L. Harvey……./ MOORABBIN COUNCIL RESEARCH : Historian : T.A.Sheehy city of moorabbin historical society 1961, sheehy t.a., newsletters, -
City of Moorabbin Historical Society (Operating the Box Cottage Museum)Newsletter, City of Moorabbin Historical Society No. 1 Vol. 3 February 1963, City of Moorabbin Historical Society Newsletter No. 1 Vol. 3 February 1963, 1963
... language. In 1994, the City of Moorabbin was integrated into the Cities of Bayside, Glen Eira, Kingston and Monash This is Newsletter No. 1 Vol. 3 of the CMHS February 1963 CMHS obtained a Kingston City Council Community Grant 2016 for the digitization and preservation of these Original CMHS Newsletters commenced in 1961 City of / MOORABBIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY / (Affiliated with the Royal Historical Society of Vic. )./ NEWSLETTER No 1 Vol. 3 FERUARY 1963 / HISTORICAL SOCIETY; President ; R Ashley ...... / Secretary; Mrs L. Harvey……./ MOORABBIN COUNCIL RESEARCH ...This is Newsletter No 1 Vol. 3 produced in February 1963 by Mr T. A. Sheehy CMHS for members and visitors Topic; Australia Day, Progressive 1880s The Aims of the CMHS are ‘to record the history of the City, and register something of the Australian Atmosphere, which the necessary speed-up in post-world-war two (WW11) immigration has caused to be lost; to produce a magazine at regular intervals, featuring the work of pioneers and the changing Australian scene; to work constantly with a long range view towards building a hall where records and exhibits can be housed’ (1962) The Original Newsletters reflect the history and heritage of the former City of Moorabbin — derived from Mooroobin, ‘a resting place’ in the Bunurrung spoken language. In 1994, the City of Moorabbin was integrated into the Cities of Bayside, Glen Eira, Kingston and Monash This is Newsletter No. 1 Vol. 3 of the CMHS February 1963 CMHS obtained a Kingston City Council Community Grant 2016 for the digitization and preservation of these Original CMHS Newsletters commenced in 1961 1 x Foolscap paper printed on 1 side folded for 4 pages City of / MOORABBIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY / (Affiliated with the Royal Historical Society of Vic. )./ NEWSLETTER No 1 Vol. 3 FERUARY 1963 / HISTORICAL SOCIETY; President ; R Ashley ...... / Secretary; Mrs L. Harvey……./ MOORABBIN COUNCIL RESEARCH : Historian : T.A.Sheehy -
Australian Commando Association - VictoriaBook, Paul Cleary, The Men Who Came Out of the Gground. Gripping account of Australia's first commando campaign: Timor 1942
... Expertly researched by Paul Cleary, who is fluent in Tetum, the main language of the indigenous group of East Timor, it contains black and white photos. ...The gripping story of a small force of Australian Special Forces commandos that launched relentless hit and run raids on far superior Japanese forces in East Timor for most of 1942. These Australians were the men of the 2/2nd Australian Independent Company – a special commando unit. Initially stranded without radio contact to Australia, the Japanese declared these beared warriors ‘outlaws’ and warned they would be executed immediately if captured. The Australians drawn mainly from the bush, were chosen for their ability to operate independently and survive in hostile territory. As film-maker Damien Parer said after visiting in Timor in late 1942, ‘these men are writing an epic of guerrilla warfare’. Expertly researched by Paul Cleary, who is fluent in Tetum, the main language of the indigenous group of East Timor, it contains black and white photos.non-fictionThe gripping story of a small force of Australian Special Forces commandos that launched relentless hit and run raids on far superior Japanese forces in East Timor for most of 1942. These Australians were the men of the 2/2nd Australian Independent Company – a special commando unit. Initially stranded without radio contact to Australia, the Japanese declared these beared warriors ‘outlaws’ and warned they would be executed immediately if captured. The Australians drawn mainly from the bush, were chosen for their ability to operate independently and survive in hostile territory. As film-maker Damien Parer said after visiting in Timor in late 1942, ‘these men are writing an epic of guerrilla warfare’. Expertly researched by Paul Cleary, who is fluent in Tetum, the main language of the indigenous group of East Timor, it contains black and white photos.ww2, independent company, timor, world war ii, australian commando -
Federation University Historical CollectionBook, Edward Lhuyd, Archaeologia Britannica, 1707, 1707
... Early Modern Cornish was the subject of a study published by Lhuyd in 1702; it differs from the medieval language in having a considerably simpler structure and grammar. In 1707, having been assisted in his research by fellow Welsh scholar Moses Williams, he published the first volume of Archaeologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of Great Britain, from Travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland and Scotland. ...Early Modern Cornish was the subject of a study published by Lhuyd in 1702; it differs from the medieval language in having a considerably simpler structure and grammar. In 1707, having been assisted in his research by fellow Welsh scholar Moses Williams, he published the first volume of Archaeologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of Great Britain, from Travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland and Scotland. ...Printed at the Theater for the author, MDCCVII . And sold by Mr . Bateman in Pater -Noster-Row, London: and Jeremiah Pepyat bookseller at Dublin. Lhuyd [Lhwyd; formerly Lloyd], Edward (1659/60?-1709), was a naturalist and philologist and the Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum. Lhuyd was a pioneering linguist. In the late 17th century, Lhuyd was contacted by a group of scholars, led by John Keigwin of Mousehole, who were trying to preserve and further the Cornish language and he accepted the invitation to travel to Cornwall to study the language. Early Modern Cornish was the subject of a study published by Lhuyd in 1702; it differs from the medieval language in having a considerably simpler structure and grammar. In 1707, having been assisted in his research by fellow Welsh scholar Moses Williams, he published the first volume of Archaeologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of Great Britain, from Travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland and Scotland. This book is an important source for its linguistic description of Cornish, but even more so for its understanding of historical linguistics. Some of the ideas commonly attributed to linguists of the nineteenth century have their roots in this work by Lhuyd, who was "considerably more sophisticated in his methods and perceptions than [Sir William] Jones’’. Lhuyd noted the similarity between the two Celtic language families: Brythonic or P–Celtic (Breton, Cornish and Welsh); and Goidelic or Q–Celtic (Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic). He argued that the Brythonic languages originated in Gaul (France), and that the Goidelic languages originated in the Iberian Peninsula. Lhuyd concluded that as the languages had been of Celtic origin, the people who spoke those languages were Celts. From the 18th century, the peoples of Brittany, Cornwall, Ireland, Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales were known increasingly as Celts, and are regarded as the modern Celtic nations today. (Wikipedia)Oversize book. Includes the original languages of England and Ireland, Amoric Grammar, Amoric-English Vocabulary, Welsh words ommitted from Dr Davies' dictionary, Cornish Grammar, Ancient Scottish language, Irish-English Dictionary. Four page index which includes the errata, has the list of subscribers, mainly 3 columns per page. Includes a Cornish Grammar and dictionary of the Irish language, Archaeologia Britannica, Giving Some Account Additional to What Has Been Hitherto Published, of The Languages, Histories and Customs of the Original Inhabitants of Great Britain: From Collections and Observations in Travels Through Wales, Cornwal, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland and Scotland. Chapters on: The comparative Etymology, The comparative Vocabulary, The Armoric Grammar and Vocabulary, Dr Davies's Dictionary, Cornish Grammar, Catalogue of British Manuscripts in Welsh and Latin, Essay towards a British Etymologicon, The Introduction to the Irish, Irish Dictionary etc. language, gaelic, irish, scottish, edward lhuyd, welsh, latin, greek, etymologicon, celtic -
Musculoskeletal Health Australia (now held by the Glen Eira Historical Society)Document - Letter, Patricia Papadopoulos, 01/08/1989
... Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, to benefit the Arthritis Foundation of Victoria. The seminar was held at the Merlyn Myer Hall at the Royal Melbourne Hospital on the 28th of May, 1989. arthritis foundation of victoria afv culturally and linguistically diverse cald languages other than english lote migrant communities greek greek fund for arthritis research seminar fundraising merlyn myer hall royal melbourne hospital rmh patricia papadopoulos 1989 [Handwritten, in blue ink] Dear. ...This letter, dated the 1st of August 1989, was written by Patricia Papadopoulos on Royal Melbourne Hospital Auxiliary letterhead. It was sent to the Arthritis Foundation of Victoria, along with three photos taken at the Greek Fund for Arthritis Research Seminar, and a second envelope containing raffle books and money. The funds were raised on behalf of the Greek Fund for Arthritis Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, to benefit the Arthritis Foundation of Victoria. The seminar was held at the Merlyn Myer Hall at the Royal Melbourne Hospital on the 28th of May, 1989.COL scan of a handwritten letter, written in blue ink. The letter is written on Royal Melbourne Hospital Auxiliary letterhead.[Handwritten, in blue ink] Dear. Jenny. Please find enclose the photos . of the seminar [in pencil] ^ for Greek community [in blue ink] on 28th May 1989. at Merlyn Myer. Hall R.M.H. Please give to Judy the encosed [sic] envelope wich [sic] contains the monies and raffle books. Thank you. Patricia Papadopoulos.arthritis foundation of victoria, afv, culturally and linguistically diverse, cald, languages other than english, lote, migrant communities, greek, greek fund for arthritis research, seminar, fundraising, merlyn myer hall, royal melbourne hospital, rmh, patricia papadopoulos, 1989 -
Musculoskeletal Health Australia (now held by the Glen Eira Historical Society)Photograph - Group photo, Greek Fund for Arthritis Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 28/05/1989
... In this photo, Patricia Papadopoulos is on the stage with one of the presenters. arthritis foundation of victoria afv culturally and linguistically diverse cald languages other than english lote migrant communities greek greek fund for arthritis research seminar fundraising merlyn myer hall royal melbourne hospital rmh patricia papadopoulos 1989 [Stamped in purple ink] GREEK FUND FOR ARTHRITIS RESEARCH ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL COL photo of a man and a woman standing on a wood-panelled stage, with an audience partially visible in the foreground. ...On the 28th of May 1989, the Greek Fund for Arthritis held an educational seminar for the Greek community. The seminar was held at the Merlyn Myer Hall at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. A raffle was held during the event to raise money for the Arthritis Foundation of Victoria (AFV). In this photo, Patricia Papadopoulos is on the stage with one of the presenters.COL photo of a man and a woman standing on a wood-panelled stage, with an audience partially visible in the foreground. The man is speaking at a lectern while the woman stands beside him. Beside them is a table with a slide projector on it, behind which is a large screen. There is some ink contamination on the image surface from a purple ink stamp that was stamped on the verso of another photo.[Stamped in purple ink] GREEK FUND FOR ARTHRITIS RESEARCH ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITALarthritis foundation of victoria, afv, culturally and linguistically diverse, cald, languages other than english, lote, migrant communities, greek, greek fund for arthritis research, seminar, fundraising, merlyn myer hall, royal melbourne hospital, rmh, patricia papadopoulos, 1989 -
Musculoskeletal Health Australia (now held by the Glen Eira Historical Society)Photograph - Group photo, Greek Fund for Arthritis Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 28/05/1989
... In this photo, Patricia Papadopoulos is on the stage with one of the presenters. arthritis foundation of victoria afv culturally and linguistically diverse cald languages other than english lote migrant communities greek greek fund for arthritis research seminar fundraising merlyn myer hall royal melbourne hospital rmh patricia papadopoulos 1989 [Stamped in purple ink] GREEK FUND FOR ARTHRITIS RESEARCH ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL COL photo of two women standing on a wood-panelled stage, presenting to an audience. ...On the 28th of May 1989, the Greek Fund for Arthritis held an educational seminar for the Greek community. The seminar was held at the Merlyn Myer Hall at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. A raffle was held during the event to raise money for the Arthritis Foundation of Victoria (AFV). In this photo, Patricia Papadopoulos is on the stage with one of the presenters.COL photo of two women standing on a wood-panelled stage, presenting to an audience. One woman is speaking at a lectern while the other woman stands beside her. Beside them is a table with a slide projector on it, behind which is a large screen. There is a small degree of ink contamination on the image surface from a purple ink stamp that was stamped on the verso of another photo.[Stamped in purple ink] GREEK FUND FOR ARTHRITIS RESEARCH ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITALarthritis foundation of victoria, afv, culturally and linguistically diverse, cald, languages other than english, lote, migrant communities, greek, greek fund for arthritis research, seminar, fundraising, merlyn myer hall, royal melbourne hospital, rmh, patricia papadopoulos, 1989
