Lisa Green and Lisa Morcom of Ballarat College of Advanced Educatiion contributed to this report.275 page landscape study of Ballarat including Trees in the Victorian Landscape; Plant sources early Ballarat nurseries, Botanical Gardens, Lake Wendouree, Fairy Gardens, Victoria Park, Ballaarat Old Cemetery, Eastern Oval, City Oval, Ballarat East Town Hall Gardens, Eureka Stockade, Observatory, Yarrowee, Black Hill, Sovereign Hill, Cheek Channels, Canadian Creek, Poverty Point Reserve, Goldmining Relics, Woah Hawp, Buninyong, street plantings, Russell, Victoria, Bridge Mall, Sturt Street Gardens, Avenue of Honour, Webster, Elms, ballarat, trees, nursery, r.u. nicholls, francis moss, ballarat botanical gardens, victoria park, lake wendouree, ballaarat old cemetery, eastern oval, ballarat east town hall gardens, ballarat school of mines botanical gardens, eureka stckade recreation reserve, ballarat observatory, yarrowee creek, black hill reserve, sovereign hill, ballarat avenue of honour, victoria street plantings, bridge mall plantings, george longley

Plan of a lease showing streets around Skipton and Windermere Streets, Redan. Scale 4 chains to 1 inch (!:3168)serjeant, r.m.serjeant, robert m. serjeant, george street, skiptn street, windermere stret, rubicon stret, cobdon street, ascot street, lease, redan, ballarat, robert malachi serjeant, band of hope and albion mine

The new campus at Mount Helen was part of the Ballarat School of Mines, and was known as Ballarat Institute of Advanced Education. The drawing was prepared in the early stages of the Mount Helen campus development, while Stage I buildings ('E', 'F', 'G') were constructed. the Union Building (now Albert Coates Centre), Library, 'S' Building and student accommodation were in the design stage. The original drawing was photographed by using special equipment in the offices of Department of Crown Lands, treasury Place, Melbourne.Artwork showing an aerial view of a planned academic campus at Mount Helen. .1) Black and white print of a line drawing. 2) Transparency of above imagefederation university, federation university australia, feduni, university of ballarat, ballarat institute of advanced education, harrison, vernon, campus, mount helen

The Ballarat School of Mines is the oldest site of technical education in Australia, and is a predecessor institution of Federation University Australia. The Mount Helen campus was originally the tertiary division of the Ballarat School of Mines until 1976. Green covered printed book.mount helen, ballarat institute of advanced education, mount helen campus, harrison, h.j. harrison, vernon, l.h. vernon, j.b. vernon, architecture, campus plan, ballarat school of mines and industries

Frederick Juan Martell was employed at the Ballarat School of Mines.Three photographs relating to the Martell Family of Ballarat. .1) portrait of Frederick Juan Martell .2) photograph of two boys holding a hat and leaning on a table. They are Charles Henry Martell and Frederick Juan C. Martell. .3) Harold Fuld Martellmartell, fred martell, frederick martell, charles martell, harold martell, ballarat school of mines

Robert M. Serjeant was the only son of Theo and Alice Serjeant, and grandson of famed mine manager Robert Malachy Serjeant (1829-1902). Robert Serjeant was a past student of the Ballarat School of Mines (SMB), and at the time of his World War One enlistment he had just finished an electrical course, and was working as a junior member of the SMB Department of Electricity. Robert Serjeant enlisted in December 1914. Corporal Serjeant (2138) of the 8th Battalion, died of wounds received in action at Gallipoli on 28 April 1915, aged 20. He was buried at sea and his name is listed at the Lone Pine Memorial. A brown paper parcel of Robert Serjeant's belongings was returned to his parents. It contained his discs, wrist-watch (damaged), notebook, hymn book and letters. [1] The Ballarat Courier reported: 'He was of quiet disposition, and a great student, devoting himself closely to his work.' Further information on R.M. Serjeant can be found at https://bih.federation.edu.au/index.php/Robert_M._Serjeant_Jnr The following statement on the ANZAC Commemorative Medallion and Badge was made by by Prime Minister Holt in 16 March 1967 when the Minister for Defence announced that it had been decided by the Australian Government, in consultation with the New Zealand Government, to issue a medallion and lapel badge to the veterans of the Gallipoli Campaign. "Last March, the Minister for Defence announced that it had been decided by the Australian Government, in consultation with the New Zealand Government, to issue a medallion and lapel badge to the veterans of the Gallipoli Campaign. I am glad to be able to announce that arrangements have now been completed for the production of the medallion and the badge. The Minister for the Army will be arranging distribution to those wishing to receive them as soon as possible. The Government hopes that production of the medallion and lapel badge will be sufficiently advanced to permit at least some of them to be distributed by ANZAC Day. The medallion (with the name of the recipient inscribed) will be issued to the surviving members of the Australian Defence Force who served on the Gallipoli Peninsula, or in direct support of the operations from close off-shore, at any time during the period from the first ANZAC Day in April, 1915 to the date of final evacuation in January, 1916. Next of kin or other entitled persons will be entitled to receive the medallion on behalf of their relatives, if the relative died on active service or has since died. For surviving members, a lapel badge will also be available for wearing. This will be a replica of the obverse (or front) of the medallion and will be about 1 inch high and 2/3 inch wide - the same size as the RSL badge. The medallion is the work of Mr. Raymond Ewers, the well-known Australian artist, based on a suggestion by Mr. Eric Garrett, a staff artist with the Department of the Army. It has been endorsed by both the Government of New Zealand and ourselves. It will be approximately 3 inches high and 2 inches wide. The obverse of the medallion depicts Simpson and his donkey carrying a wounded soldier to safety. It will be bordered on the lower half by a laurel wreath above the word ANZAC. The reverse (the back) shows a relief map of Australian and New Zealand superimposed by the Southern Cross. The lower half will be bordered by New Zealand fern leaves. The medallion will be cast in bronze and the lapel badge will be metal of a bronze colour. For the information of the honourable members I present also a brief statement setting out the conditions of eligibility which will apply to the medallion and badge and the manner in which those desiring to receive them should apply."(https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/anzac/medallion/doc.asp, accessed 26/02/2014) Conditions of eligibility. All members of the Australian Defence Force who served during the Gallipoli Campaign are entitled to receive the ANZAC Commemorative medallion. The campaign lasted from April 25, 1915 to January 8, 1916. The award will be made for service on the Gallipoli Peninsula and service in support of the operations in an area off-shore eastward of a line drawn from Yukyeri Point (lat 39 50' 40'' N long 26 9' 45'' E) through a point in lat 39 53' N long 26 0' E thence to Cape Gremea (lat 40 35' N long 26 6' E). The award will also be available to members of philanthropic organisations and the Press who were accredited to the AIF, and to Australian members of the crews of merchant ships or hospital ships which operated in direct support within the defined area. Note: The boundary line would run just off-shore from the land masses north and south of the Dardanelles, and is estimated to be within about 5 miles from the beach at ANZAC Cove. (https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/anzac/medallion/doc.asp, accessed 26/02/2014) This Item is significance because is was only issued to members of the Australian and New Zealand Defence Force who served at Gallipoli. This Medallion is significant because of its relationship to Robert M. Serjeant who died on 28 April 2015 at Gallipoli of wounds received in Action. Bronze commemorative medal in black presentation case showing Simpson and his donkey carrying a wounded soldier to safety. A crown is situated on top of the medal, and the word ANZAC beneath the medal. The opposite side depicts Australia, New Zealand and the Southern Cross Constellation. The lower half is bordered with New Zealand Fern leaves. The commemorative medal was presented to the family of Robert M. Serjeant. Gift of David Stevens, 2014.Engraved: "1238 R.M. Serjeant"serjeant, r.m. serjeant, robert m. sergeant, anzac, medal, numismatics

Three soft covered Magazines - the Ballarat School of Mines Students' Magazine for 1953-5. .1) 1953 - The Coronation Number. Articles include: The Mining and Metallurgy Congress, Aboriginal research, Power from Water, Engineering Etiquette, Australian Art Images include: Queen Elizabeth 2, Ballarat Junior Technical School winning the Marching Competition, competitors in the Redex Trial. .2) 1954 - Articles include: Eureka Stockade; Working in East Africa and Canada, Greece, Images include; Craig's Hotel, Eureka Swimming Pool; Barry Jones, Harold Everett, "Tailspin" Taylor, Pastoral Skipton, Margaret McGregor, Nancy Rimmington, Janice Tonkin, First Roll Call in Girls' Junior Technical School .3) 1955. Articles include: Tales from Malaysia, Literary Society Images include; Craig's Hotel, Signatures: N.H. Andrews; J. Skuja: Alan E. Johnson, B.V. McDougall, L.J. Mathews, Daryl Schmidt, J, Collierballarat school of mines, tinney, faneco, jim john, dean, spiers, ngip, barrie smith, stewart rowe, elaine walton, stevens, max stevens, sawyer, ann mitchell, flavel, ingleton, bethune, blackburn, boag, brokenshire, carmichael, kirby, kinnane, alec kinnane, ludbrook, meagher, searl, sheppard, gillin, murray gillan, archer, beattie, bautovich, benjamin, buck, bunting, athol day, eddie, habel, heyes, maddox, phillips, schreenan, donald stevens, tinissen, whitcher, ian whitcher, mccallum, ryrie mccallum, marching competition, skuja, wilton, neil andrews, ellen freemantle, alan johnson, willey, graeme willey, mainwaring, diana mainwaring, mcdougall, little, margaret little, lance matthews, philp davis, eureka stockade, eureka swimming pool, pools, swimming pool, restarick, kempe, barry johns, harold everett, taylor, holmes, wendell holmes, skipton, john collier, collier, daryl schmidt, chris sanos, greece, andrews, doull, everett, seong, lockhead, pitzen, watts, technical school, junior technical school, girl's junior technical school, ballarat girl's junior technical school, baxendale, stan kisler, graham willey, murray, jim murray, grundell, cleland, furlog, ron furlong, judy johnson, russ whitcher, anita young, durant, malaysia, literary society, thurling, andrewartha, barnes, ditchfield, peter ditchfield, dunlop, kisler, mcneil, orgill, quinlan, saggers, bill saggers, seabrook, williams, paddle, graham, handmer, hetehrington, dow, pine, ballarat north junior technical school, william saggers

03 December 1904 was the 100th anniversary of the Eureka Stockade. A special Eureka 100th anniversary magazine supplement to the Evening Echo. The soft cover is predominately red, with many black and white images throughout. Images include Ballarat Benevolent Asylum, Ballarat Hospital and Ballarat Mechanics' Institute, Ballarat Mining Exchange Call Room, Stockbrokers.eureka stockade, eureka, ballarat hospital, aborigines, ames long, eureka iron works, cameron and sutherland, william little, craigs royal hotel, james scobie, peter lalor, ballaarat old cemetery, sturt street, prince alfred, city flour mill, bridge street, bakery hill, orphan, gong gong, victoria streets, pioneer, ballarat school of mines, mining exchange, holst, benevolent asylum, ballarat benevolent asylum, call room, ballarat mining exchange, sturt street without gardens, stock exchange, share trading, stockbrokers, pioneers, craig's hotel, craig's royal hotel, ballarat mining exchange call room, ballaarat mechanics' institute

Beautiful Ballarat was produced for tourists to Ballarat.Eighty six page book with soft brown cover. The book includes some historical articles and a number of black and white images and advertisements. Includes map insert.ballarat, eureka stockade, gold discovery, rowlands, lydiard street, ballarat post office, ballarat town hall, ballarat woollen mils, sunnyside woollen mill, ballarat east town hall, ronaldson bros and tippett, railway, lake wendouree, rolfe, ballarat botanical gardens, mining, new imperial gold mine, ballarat art gallery, schools, education, ballarat school of mines, ymca, provincial hotel, ballarat grammar school, rolfe cycles, cycles, bicycles, buninyong godld discovery obelisk, j.a. reynolds, w. brown and co, motor cycle, carlyon's hotel, charles morris furnishing undertaker, newlyn reservoir, y.m.c.a., unicorn hotel, golden city hotel, st andrew's kirk, george hotel, ballarat agricultural high school, st patrick's college, ballarat college, h. francis chemist, south street competitions, boer war memorial, fernery, reid's coffee palace, trout, carey motor company, herbert rolfe

The Ballarat School of Mines Botanical Garden was established in 1870, and was used by students of Materia Medica and Botany.(.1) Photograph of the Ballarat School of Mines Botanical Gardens showing stairs leading to a brick building (Administration Building). (.2) Photograph of the Ballarat School of Mines Botanical Gardens showing a bell shaped tree.ballarat school of mines botanical gardens, ballarat school of mines, materia medica, system garden

Three coloured photographs of the Ballarat School of Mines Botanical Gardens. (.1) Shows refurbished gardens and plaque. (.2) Plaque on a Norfolk Island Pine. the tree was in the possesson of Jessie Knox Smith (sister of Prof. Alfred Mica Smith) for 22 years. The tree was transplanted in the memory of Alfred Mica Smith. (.3) View of the Ballarat School of Mines garden.ballarat school of mines botanical gardens, ballarat school of mines, jessie smith, alfred mica smith

Graham Hopwood was a student at the Ballarat Technical Art School when he completed the sketch of the gardens. He later became a renowned secondary art teacher writing the book 'A Handbook of Art'.Eight greeting cards featuring a drawing of the Ballarat School of Mines Botanical Gardens by Graham Hopwood.ballarat school of mines botanical gardens, ballarat school of mines, graham hopwood, centenary, materia medica, alumni

The Ballarat School of Mines Botanical Garden was established in 1879 and was used by students of Botany and Materia Medica.Image of the Ballarat School of Mines Botanical gardens, with a woman sitting on a seat and an man standing near a staircase. A plaque in front of a tree appears new, allowing the dating of the photo to be around 1979.ballarat school of mines botanical gardens, ballarat school of mines, centenary, materia medica

The Ballarat School of Mines Botanical Garden was established in 1879, and was used by students of botany and materia medica. In February 1881 George Porter Day was appointed gardener at a rate of 17 pounds and ten shillings per annum. Yellow covered stapled report of 20 pages. Includes information about the establishment of the Ballarat School of Mines, plans of ground and buildings (1880, 1881, 1903 and 1988), Botany subjects, history of the garden, the garden in 1988.Some words have been highlighted in orange.ballarat school of mines botanical gardens, ballarat school of mines, george day, george porter day, james oddie, baron von mueller, von mueller, ferdinand von mueller, joseph flude, materia medica, botany, system garden, ferdinand krause, field club and science society, pharmacy, alfred mica smith

If orgniasations required to examine Ballarat residents they often requested the Ballarat School of Mines to supervise the examination. This correspondence highlights such a case - where exams from a London organisation were conducted at the Ballarat School of Mines. A selection of correspondence from Bunge Pty Ltd (Garden City flour Mills) to the Ballarat School of Mines. (.1a) White typed letter on Bunge letterhead relating to students in course milling undertaking examinations through the City and Guilds of London. The candidates were R. Chamberlin, B. Price, T. Boermans and G. Ellis. All were resident in Ballarat. (.1b) Typed letter on blue paper from A.G. Blake, head of examinations Division 1 at the City and Guilds of London Institute re examinations of students under the supervision of the Ballarat School of Mines. (.1c) Typed letter on white paper from Principal of the Ballarat School of Mines, Harry Arblaster, stating they are awaiting further direction from London. (.2a) Typed letter on Bunge letterhead requesting an apprentice sheet rating sheet from the Ballarat School of Mines on E.D. Walker. The letter has a handwritten response prepared for typing. (.2b) Typed copy letter on white paper from Ballarat Schoolof Mines Principal Harry Arblaster concerning a report on Apprentice E.D. Walker. (.2c) Typed report on attendances and (by E.G. Quilliam) andattendance progress om E. Walker in the Carpentry Department (by J.S. Lochhead) relating to Apprentice E. Walker. bunge, garden city flour mills, flour mill, guilds, city and guilds of london institute, ag blake, ballarat school of mines, e.d. walker, carpentry, he arblaster, eg quilliam, js lochhead

A conical silver plated cup with handles and lid, on a black bakelite base. Includes hand engraving.Engraved on cup "SMB House Cup 1961 Gold"ballarat school of mines, sport, house cup, silver plate

The Ballarat School of Mines was the first of its type in Australia. The Albert Street frontage was the 'working end' of the campus with the mining laboratory, gauge tower and caretakers cottage. All the structures in the foreground have been demolished to make way for the Flecknoe Building and the M.B. John Building. Harry Brew, the well known Ballarat School of Mines caretaker, lived in the small weatherboard building to the right of the photograph. He was appointed to the staff at the Ballarat School of Mines in 1936.Black and white photograph showing the Ballarat School of Mines from Albert Street. Henry Richards Caselli's Gauge Tower is in the foreground. To its left is the Mining Laboratory, and to it's right is the caretakers cottage.verso 'SMB. Albert St frontage, showing (Harry Brew's) edge of his cottage. harry was a likeable character in his day, he was an old sailor boy, served, on HMAS Physice, & was an expert in , bugs and such like, crawling beasties (signature undecipherable)ballarat school of mines mining laboratory, caretaker's cottage, harry brew, henry caselli, hr caselli henry richards caselli

The 5 tender documents relate to the removal of Ballarat School of Mines building from along Albert Street Ballarat in preparation for the construction of a new Engineering workshop.Five pages relating to the removal to the Ballarat School of Mines Cyanide Plant and Caretaker's Quarters. (.1) Blue tender form to the Public Works Inspector from J.H. Brown of Dana Street Ballarat relating to the removal to the Ballarat School of Mines Cyanide Plant and Caretaker's Quarters fro 40 pounds (.2) Letter on white ruled paper with F.& J.W. Gower letterhead relating to a tender to remove the Ballarat School of Mines Cyanide Plant and Caretaker's Quarters for 70 pounds (.3) Letter on white paper from William Dillon of 38 Humffray Street Ballarat East converning the relating to a tender to remove the Ballarat School of Mines Cyanide Plant and Caretaker's Quarters for 95 pounds 17 shilling (.4) Letter from G. Ludbrook & Son on white, ruled, foolscap paper relating to a tender to remove the Ballarat School of Mines Cyanide Plant and Caretaker's Quarters for 98 pounds 17 shillings and 6 pence (.5) Letter from A. Delaland on white ruled paper relating to a tender to remove the Ballarat School of Mines Cyanide Plant and Caretaker's Quarters for 105 pounds and 15 shillings.ballarat school of mines, cyanide plant, caretaker's quarters, caretakers cottage, jh brown, f gower, jw gower, william dillon, g ludbrook, a delaland, public works department

The Ballarat School of Mines building along Albert Street were moved or demolished to make way for the new Engineering Workshop. William Henry Middleton was President of the Ballarat School of Mines from 1912 to 1940.Particulars for removal of the Ballarat School of Mines Caretaker's Quarters and Cyanide buildings are handwritten onto a foolscap page (.1). Three plans are hand-drawn in pencil, these are: (.2) Cyanide Building (.3) Caretaker's Quarters (.4) Caretaker's Quarters - South End Elevationballarat school of mines, new engineering workshop, j.h. brown, william middleton

The Ballarat School of Mines was the first site of Technical Education in Australia. Initially it opened in 1870 and educated miners. Black and white photograph of the interior of the Ballarat School of Mines Physics Laboratory. Numerous pieces of equipment sit on benches. The image in the 1908 Ballarat School of Mines Calendar was title 'Physics Demonstration Room'.ballarat school of mines, laboratory, physics, scientific instruments, science, classroom, education

The mining class visited the Last Chance on the afternoon of Thursday, 8th June, under the guidance of Mr Kirby, the mine manager. Mr Campbell, the photographic instructor, also dared the perils of the deep in order to take some flashlight photos. As this was Mr Campbell's first visit below, several difficulties which he did not now existed prevented success. The students all ranged themselves in poetic and heroic attitudes for the first flashlight, but the development of the plate showed only the light from the candles and the moisture on the lens. The next two tries were better, but were under-exposed, and of no value, except as experience. Two gentlemen from England also went below with the students, but history repeated itself and Australia won the "test." The Englishmen left early. Mr Hart secured a fine specimen of arsenopyrite and indicator slate; also a bootlace, the property of a much-vexed miner, whose boots Mr Hart had borrowed. Horrors! Mr Hart steal a bootlace! Impossible! However, a tragedy was averted by the miner securing a new lace, and he was at once all smiles - so were the students. Mr Campbell took a photo of the students dressed for the occasion, and some were flattered, and some looked very like the universal "Weary Willie". (Ballarat School of Mines Students' Magazine, July 1899, p.2.)Over 24 men pose for a photograph outside the Last Chance mine. Some of the men are members of the visiting Ballarat School of Mines mining class. Thomas Hart (beard) stands at the back right. Verso: Copied from Annual report 1898, Thomas Hart - back Row, 2nd from right with beard.ballarat school of mines, last chance, thomas hart, john rowe, hart, mining, mining alumni, rowe, charles campbell

Hand appliqued crest of the Ballarat School of Mines on dark green background and gold fringe. ballarat school of mines, crest, heraldic device, ingenio effodere opes, d'angri, val d'angri, val lawn, applique, banner, coat of arms

The Grand National Eisteddfod of Australasia, South Street Socitey was established in 1879, and incorporated in 1908. In 1911 the registered offices were located at the corner of Grenville Street and Little Bridge Streets.To letters to the Ballarat School of Mines on Grand National Eisteddfod of Australasia Letterhead (South Street Society) .1)Typed letter (Carbon) inviting the Council of the Ballarat School of Mines to a patriotic demonstration to be held at the Coliseum Ballarat on 22 June 1911 to celebrate the coronation of King George V. he letter is signed by W.D. Hill (Secretary) .2) handwritten letter requesting a tour of the Ballarat School of Mines by seven Queenslanders. The letter is signed by F. Coltman.1) written in black ink on lower right " MM 26/5/11" .2) written in red ink on top right "807"grand national eisteddfod, grand national eisteddfod of australasia, south street society, south street, f.m. coltman, coltman, w.d. hill, ballarat school of mines, coronation, george v

Foolscap letter on Ballarat Water Supply Office letterhead. The letter is hand written in ink and is signed by the secretary J.CathcartWritten in ink "4th May 1898 Sir Referring to your letter of the 6th instant and to previous correspondence relative to a meter being affixed to the water supply pipe in the School of Mines. I have the honor y direction to inform you that the request of the commissioner must be at once complied with, and failing that, the supply of water to the School will have reluctantly to be discontinued. I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedient Servant J. Cathcart Secretary The Director School of Mines Ballarat ballarat school of mines, ballarat water supply, cathcart, j. cathcart, water

Henry J. Hall was an teacher Freehand Drawing and Model Drawing at the Ballarat School of Mines. In 1889 he reported to the Ballarat School of Mines Council that this class was never established for the cultivation of Art (as generally understood) or the making of pictures but with an idea of assisting artisans - of both sexes - and persons connected with mechanical industries, in acquiring lightness of hand, and facility in the use of a black-lead pencil so as to be able to place legibly and intelligibly upon a sheet. For many years Henry Hall advertised private tuition in Drawing, Painting and Perspective, at 'Ferndale', 25 Eyre Street. Handwritten letter on paper with the address 'Ferndale, 25 Eyre Street, Ballarat' printed at the top. The handwritten letter is from Henry J. Hall to Andrew Anderson, President of the Ballarat School of Mines. Handwritten in ink "March 19th 98 Andrew Anderson Esq President School of Mines Dear Sir I am informed by the registrar of the School of Miens that you are desirous of despensing [sic] with the services of Drawing Instructor at that Institution. The reason assigned being dis-satisfaction expressed by the inspector regarding "the quantity and quality of the freehand work done during the year. Before any definite action is taken, might I ask in justice to myself and the students whose work is thus maligned, that I be allowed a personal interview with Mr Monkhouse in order to ascertain the grounds of his complaint, and afford me an opportunity of vindicating my position. I have the honor to remain, respectfully yours Henry J. Hall." Written and circled in red ink "168" ballarat school of mines, henry j. hall, henry hall, andrew anderson, drawing, art

The Ballarat School of Mines circulated their annual reports to a number of collecting organisations.Foolscap correspondence to the Ballarat School of Mines, on letterhead from the Australian Museum. The majority of the letter is printed, with dtaes, signature and recipient handwritten. "The Australian Museum Sydney Oct 31st 1898 Sir I a instructed by the Trustees of the Australian Museum to acknowledge the receipt of the Publications named on the following page [Annual reports for 1896 and 1897], which you have been pleased to present to them and I am further directed to convey to you the expression of their grateful acknowledgement and best thanks for the same. I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedient Servant S. Sinclair Secretary & Librarian. To The Secretary School of Mines Ballarat"ballarat school of mines, australian museum, s. sinclair, sinclair, annual report, mythical, myth, folklore