Records taken and graphed while in internment at Loveday and Tatura. Sketches and story were done in Camp 3, TaturaBlue plastic folder and sleeves containing 10 graphs, and nineteen coloured pen and ink and colour sketches and story of young children in Camp 3ww2 camp 3, loveday, documents, maps

This bundel of twenty pages of meteorological observations covers the period between March 1947 and April 1948 but there are some gaps. The bundle includes handwritten records on pre-printed forms from the Commonwealth Government and brief records on plain paper. There are calculations for monthly totals of information such as rainfall, and there are some comparisons between the years. One of the forms has handwriting in three directions, which is quite unusual. Readings were recorded daily for barometer, temperature and wind. There was also a section for comments on Exceptional Phenomena such as storms and fog. . It was one of the many duties of the Lighthouse Keeper or his Assistant to keep these records and make the mathematical calculations required by the Government. Information gathered from Lighthouse Keepers' letters tells of the large amount of time taken for this detailed work and the lack of payment made for such a responsibility. The quite detailed record for May, June and July 1947 were signed by C Carrington, Harbour Master for Warrnambool. Captain Carrington was responsible to the Harborus Board. He was responsibilite for the fortnightly training of the Warrnambool Lifeboat Crew on the practice of lifesaving and using the Rocket Rescue equipment. These Meteorological Observations are an important accurate record of the local weather since the late 1899s. They are part of Flagstaff Hill's Meteorological Observations collection of over seventy record books dating from the late 19th century. The collected information gives a picture of the weather patterns for the months and seasons, which then allows for warnings of events out of the normal or extreme, such as forecasting floods or droughts.Meteorological Observations for Warrnambool March 1947 to May 1948. A bundle of unbound sheets of paper joined at the top left corner with a metal fastener. The pages are ordered from most recent on top to the oldest on bottom. The older records are on pre-printed forms and include many handwritten details. The more recent records are handwritten on plain paper. There is a line for each day of the month and lines for calculations at the bottom of the page. The handwritten Information includes readings for Barometer, Temperature, Wind and Rain. Printed: "COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA METEROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS / Division No. 5, Vic. "flagstaff hill, warrnambool, great ocean road, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, maritime museum, maritime village, meteorological observations, weather records, meteorology, barometer readings, temperature records, barometer records, wind records, rain records, commonwealth of australia, division 5, weather measurement, weather forecast, weather history, carrington, harbour master

Worst dust storm on record for Melbourne occurred at 2.55 pm on 8 February 1983. Visibility was 100m or less in city streets and the temperature was a record high for February of 43.2 degrees.Newsprint, 2p.The Sun News-Pictorialdust storm, melbourne

On Thursday the 19th of July, 1951, Melbourne faced the most snow it had seen in twenty years as the city recorded temperatures as low as 37.9 F (approximately 3 C) at 1pm - with Emerald likely facing colder conditions. Snow fell across Victoria, blanketing Emerald - and in this picture, John's Hill - in rare layers of snowfall. While there isn't data for Emerald itself, the Dandenongs had two inches of snowfall while Yea saw a foot a 3pm. It appears Emerald was between these two amounts, though it is difficult to tell from only this photograph. The smudged annotations obscure where the photograph was taken from, although it was possibly Edenmont Road.Snow of this magnitude is very rare in Emerald (as it is in most of Victoria) - an image of a very significant snowfall is important and one of only a few similar days in the past century.This black and white photograph looks over a snow-covered field to a hill, similarly blanketed with snow interrupted by the occasional fence or tree, rising into the cloudy sky. There are some markings and scratches in the surface of the photograph. Some of the pencil handwriting on the reverse is smudged, obscuring the name of the road the photograph was taken from."Snow / Johns Hill / from [illegible] Rd 1951"emerald, 1950s, snow

Bushfire behaviour is influenced by many factors including temperature, relative humidity (RH), forest type, fuel quantity and fuel dryness, topography and even slope. Wind has a dominant effect on the Rate of Spread (ROS), as well as fire size, shape and direction. Temperature and relative humidity have major impacts on fuel dryness and therefore upon the availability of fuel for combustion. A thermo-hygrograph measures and records both temperature and humidity. It produces a continuous record by drawing ink traces on a paper chart held in revolving cylinder. Humidity is measured by shortening or lengthening of specially treated horse hair. Temperature is measured by means of a bi-metallic strip. This particular instrument is a seven day recorder. The instrument is driven by clockwork. Thermo-hygrographNegretti & Zambra

Bushfire behaviour is influenced by many factors including temperature, relative humidity (RH), forest type, fuel quantity and fuel dryness, topography and even slope. Wind has a dominant effect on the Rate of Spread (ROS), as well as fire size, shape and direction. Temperature and relative humidity have major impacts on fuel dryness and therefore upon the availability of fuel for combustion. A thermo-hygrograph measures and records both temperature and humidity. It produces a continuous record by drawing ink traces on a paper chart held in revolving cylinder. Humidity is measured by shortening or lengthening of a bundle of specially treated human hair. Temperature is measured by means of a laminated bi-metal strip of temperature-sensitive metals which bend differentially with temperature change. The recording drum is driven by clockwork which may be geared for rotation intervals of daily, weekly or monthly periods. This particular instrument is a seven-day recorder. Serial number 10186 which probably dates from about 1960. The chart indicates it was last used in March 1979.Used for bushfire research.Clockwork Thermo-hygrographCasella London 10186 Made in England Research Branch. Forests Commission Orbostbushfire, forests commission victoria (fcv), forest measurement

THE WEEK REVIEWED (Article; Bush Fires: A pictorial survey of Victoria's most tragic week, January 8-15, 1939. Published in aid of the Bush Fire Relief Fund by the Sun News-Pictorial in co-operation with its newsagents, pp2-3) THE fiercest bush fires Australia has known since its discovery are quiescent at the moment, and Victoria, in the comparative coolness of the change which came with rain on Sunday night, has begun·to count its losses. In the fiery eight days, from Sunday to Sunday, at least sixty-six men, women and children have lost their lives in forest fires, or have succumbed to burns and shock; many others have died from heat; and several serious cases of burns are being treated in hospitals. Two babies in Narrandera district have died, and ten others are in hospital, because of milk soured by the record temperatures of those eight days. Forest damage totals at least a million pounds, and incalculable damage has been done to the seedlings which were to have been the forests of the future. Water conservation will be seriously affected by the silting-up of reservoirs and streams from which protective timber has been taken by the all-engulfing flames. More than a thousand houses have been destroyed, and these, with 40 mills, and schools, post-offices, churches, and other buildings, represent a loss of at least half a million. At least 1500 are homeless. For their aid, money raised in appeals has now passed the £50,000 mark, and the biggest relief organisation ever set up in peace time has swung into operation. The First Hint Victoria's first hint of what was to come appeared on Sunday, January 8, when most parts of the State awoke to find a blistering day awaiting. At 12.20 p.m., when the thermometer reached its highest for the day, 109.6 degrees, the first fire victims were at that moment going to their death on a bush track five feet wide off the main road to Narbethong. They were the forestry officers Charles Isaac Demby and John Hartley Barling, who went to warn Demby of his danger when he parted from his companions, and was himself surrounded by the treacherous fire. It was not until 8 o'clock next morning that the tragic news was flashed throughout the State. Searchers found the two charred bodies close together, one seeking protection in the nook of two logs. Barling's watch had stopped at 1.20. In the meantime, tragedy was spreading its cloak. By Monday, big fires were raging at Toolangi, Erica, Yallourn, Monbulk, Frankston, Dromana, Drouin South, Glenburn, and Blackwood, with smaller outbreaks at many other centres. In the ensuing week, while women and children were evacuated as fast as the flames would permit, Erica-scene of the 1926 fire disaster-thrice escaped doom by a change of wind. Indeed, those who have been in the fire country these past days say that the numbers of times a change of wind has saved towns from destruction is amazing. In the towns they speak of miracles. Monday's Miracles The escapes from Monett's Mill at Erica and from the Hardwood Company's Mill at Murrindindi, near where Demby and Barling went to their death, were Monday's miracles. Twenty came out alive from each mill. At the first a 60ft. dugout provided an oven-like refuge; at the second, 12 women and children survived in the smoke-filled gloom of a three-roomed cottage while their eight men, their clothes sometimes afire, poured water on the wooden walls. Three houses out of ten remained when the fire had passed. Record Temperatures Sunday had been the hottest Melbourne day for 33 years; Monday dropped to a 76.1 degree maximum; but Tuesday dawned hotter than ever, the mercury reaching 112.5. By now rumor was racing ahead of fact; whole towns were being reported lost; the alarm was raised for scores of missing persons. But fact soon overtook rumor, and within a few days the staggering toll began to mount to a figure beyond the wildest imaginings of the panic-stricken. Six died from heat on this torrid Tuesday, and the fires spread in a wide swathe from south-west to north-east across the State. Fish died in shallow streams. A curtain of smoke hid the sky from all Victoria, and hung far out to sea. It alarmed passengers on ships. On the Ormonde, on the voyage to Sydney from Burnie, women ran on deck, believing fire had broken out in the hold. Days later the smoke reached New Zealand. In Melbourne thousands of fire-volunteers were leaving in cars: vans, motor-buses-anything reliable on wheels-to aid the country in its grim fight. In the fires at Rubicon and. Narbethong, seventeen were facing death this day. But not till Wednesday, when Melbourne breathed again in a cool change, while the country still sweltered in temperatures up to 117 degrees, did the news come through the tree blocked roads. A woman and her little daughter, trapped on the road, were among those who died. Their bodies, and those of menfolk with them, were found strewn out at intervals along the road, where the furnace of the surrounding fire had dropped them in their tracks as they ran. Twelve died at a Rubicon mill, five on the road at Narbethong. At Alexandra, not far distant, a baby was born while the fires raged, and stretcher-bearers brought in the injured. On Thursday the State Government voted £5000 for the relief of fire victims. The Governor (Lord Huntingfield) and the Lord Mayor (Cr. Coles) visited some of the stricken areas, and dipped into their pockets personally. Later, the City Council, too, voted £5000. Friday, The 13th Friday, the Thirteenth, justified its evil name. A blistering northerly came early in the morning, presaging destruction, and forcing the mercury to a new record of 114 degrees. Racing fires killed at least ten in those terrible 12 hours. Four children were engulfed in the furnace at Colac. Panic drove them, uncontrollable, into the smoke-filled road when the fire raced down behind their home. They choked to death. In other parts fires were joining to make fronts of scores of miles. Kinglake was being menaced on two fronts, £60,000 worth of timber was going up in smoke in Ballarat district. Warburton was surrounded. Residents at Lorne, favoured resort, were being driven to the sea-front by a fire which destroyed at least 20 homes. Healewille. with flames visible from the town at one stage, was in a trough between two fires which burned four guest-houses, seven homes and left its surrounding beauty-spots wastes of bowed-over, blackened tree-fern fronds; with its famous Sanctuary, however, intact. Most of Omeo was destroyed this black day: Noojee. while 200 residents crouched in the river, was being reduced to a waste of buckled iron and smoking timber; Erica was once again saved by a change of wind. Beneath a pall of smoke, the Rubicon victims were buried at Alexandra. Friday night and the early hours of Saturday saw the streets of beleagured towns strewn with exhausted fire-fighters. Their flails beside them, ready for the next call, they lay where exhaustion overtook them-on footpaths, beside lamp-posts, in gutters, in cars, under trucks. Saturday's dawn brought clear skies and lower temperatures in many parts, and from the burnt-out areas came a great rush of tragic reports. The death-roll rushed past the fifty mark with incredible speed. Some had been trapped on roads, others at mills; some, after burying their treasures, had clung too long to the places they had made their homes for many years. Four men lost their lives because one went back for his dog. By Sunday, when the first of the saving rain came, nearly another score of names had been added to the list.Newspaper magazine, 48 pages (incl. covers). Fully digitised and searchable PDFPublished in aid of the Bush Fire Relief Fund by the Sun News-Pictorial in co-operation with its newsagents.bushfires, 1939 bushfires, black friday, warrandyte

This book of meteorological observations is dated May 1945. The book was published by the Commonwealth Meteorological Bureau, Victora Division. It was printed by L. F. Johnston, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra. Readings were recorded daily for barometric pressure, temperature, rain and wind velocity. At the end of each month, they were posted to the central Branch in Melbourne. These Meteorological Observations are an important accurate record of the local weather since the decades. They are part of Flagstaff Hill's Meteorological Observations collection of over seventy record books dating from the late 19th century. The collected information gives a picture of the weather patterns for the months and seasons, which then allows for warnings of events out of the normal or extreme, such as forecasting floods or droughts.Meteorological Observations, dated May 1945. Small brown cardboard printed cover with printed pages prepared for adding records. Published by the Commonwealth of Australia. Printed text includes "Commonwealth Meteorological Bureau / DIVISION NO. 5 VICTORIA / METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS " and "The Observer who takes each set of readings is requested to put his initials at the bottom of each column" "flagstaff hill, flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, warrnambool, maritime museum, maritime village, great ocean road, shipwreck coast, meteorological observations, commonwealth meteorological bureau, commonwealth meteorologist, central meteorological bureau, division no. 5 victoria, weather readings, weather records, may 1945, weather history, weather measurement, weather record

This book of Warrnambool's meteorological observations is dated November 1948. The book was published by the Commonwealth Meteorological Bureau, Victora Division. It was printed by L. F. Johnston, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra. It was originally printed for Division 3, Queensland but has been overwritten with 'Vic' [Victoria] and used for Warrnambool. Readings were recorded daily for barometric pressure, temperature, rain and wind velocity. At the end of each month, they were posted to the central Branch in Melbourne.These Meteorological Observations are an important accurate record of the local weather since the decades. They are part of Flagstaff Hill's Meteorological Observations collection of over seventy record books dating from the late 19th century. The collected information gives a picture of the weather patterns for the months and seasons, which then allows for warnings of events out of the normal or extreme, such as forecasting floods or droughts.Meteorological Observations record book. Recordings were taken at Warrnambool in November 1948. Small red cardboard printed cover with printed pages prepared for adding records. Published by the Commonwealth of Australia. The book was printed for Queensland; the cover has been altered by hand to read Vic [Victoria], but the fly page has not been altered.Printed cover text includes "Central Meteorological Bureau" "METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS DIVISION No. 3 QUEENSLAND" Handwritten on cover "VIC" "Nov 1948."flagstaff hill, flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, warrnambool, maritime museum, maritime village, great ocean road, shipwreck coast, meteorological observations, commonwealth meteorological bureau, weather readings, weather records, weather history, weather measurement, weather record, division no 3 queensland, victoria, november 1848

A barometer is an instrument used for measuring atmosphere pressure thus determining weather changes.The first apparatus generally accepted as a barometer was that set up in Florence in 1644 by Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), a mathematician and physicist. Torricelli filled a glass tube with mercury, sealed it at one end, and inverted it with its open end in a dish of mercury. The level always fell a short way down the tube, then settled at a height of about thirty inches. He concluded correctly that the mercury column was sustained by the weight of the air pressing on the open surface of mercury, and further experiments convinced him that the space above the mercury in the tube was a vacuum. He noted that the level rose and fell with changing temperature, but he was unable to use his apparatus to measure variations in the weight of the atmosphere because he had not foreseen that temperature would affect the level of the mercury. News of this experiment circulated quickly among European scientists, who hastened to replicate the experiment. Torricelli's conclusions were not universally accepted because some disputed whether the air had weight, while both Aristotle and the Catholic Church denied the possibility of a vacuum. In France, the philosopher René Descartes (1596–1650) seems to have been the first person, probably in 1647, to attach a graduated scale to the tube so that he could record any changes attributable to the weather. At around this time Duke Ferdinand II of Tuscany organized the first short-lived meteorological network among scientists in other Italian cities, gathering observations of pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction, and state of the sky.Theis barometer is an example of a household item from the early 20th century, used to determine the day's weather. The barometer is significant as an aid to human social, material and scientific development.Barometer, round, brass housing inset into carved wooden casing (lacquer mostly worn off). Decorative lettering for weather conditions "Stormy, Rain, Change, Fair, Very Dry". Workings are visible through opening in centre of dial. Indicator needle and another adjustable needle . Hook screwed into back of case.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, great ocean road, barometer, scientific instrument, weather forcasting instrument, weather gauge

A summary of meteorological data appears in the Ballarat School of Mines Annual Report for 1887 (P.35, 50). The last such summary appears in the Ballarat School of Mines Calendar 1901-2 (p58), which contains the data for the year 1900. No references have been found re names and job duties/positions of data collectors. The data was recorded by J. Matsen and A. Kiedahl.A charcoal grey hard covered, 120 page ledger, with brown leather spine and corners. The ledger has 31 special column heading, with the observed data added by hand. The column headings are: (AM) Date, Barometer, Ther. of Bar., Wet Bulb., Dry Bulb, Maxim., Minim, Rainfall, Wind, Remarks and State of Weather (PM) Date, Barometer, Ther. of Bar., Wet Bulb., Dry Bulb, Maxim., Minim, Rainfall, Wind, Remarks and State of Weather.Gold lettering on spine "Meteorological Observations: and on a glued on leather patch "School of Mines Ballarat" also in gold lettering. Written on inside front page: "Elevation of barometer 1420ft above Sea Level. To reduce barometric readings to Sea Level When Thermometer stands at 40 add 1.606 (to barometer) 45 " 1.590 50 " 1.574 55 " 1.559 60 " 1.543 65 " 1.528 70 " 1.528 80 " 1.499 85 " 1.471 90 " 1.457 95 " 1.444 100 " 1.431 Lightly hand written in pencil on the next page: "J. Matsen Feb 1891 to Feb 1894 - 3 years A. Kildahl Feb 1894 - " A circle has been place around the hottest temperature for the month. ballarat school of mines, smb, meteorology, j. matsen, a. kiedahl, kiedahl, matsen, rain, weather, meteorological data

flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, warrnambool lighthouse register of meteorological observations 1902 Jan, meteorological observations, book, Warrnambool Lighthouse, Meteorological ObservationWarrnambool Lighthouse Register of Meteorological Observations 1902 Jan Handwritten entries in columns of Air Pressure, Temperature, Wind Velocity and Direction, Cloud, Rain and Remarks, Signed D Lindsayflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, meteorological observations, book, warrnambool lighthouse, meteorological observation, warrnambool lighthouse register of meteorological observations 1902 jan

Register of Meteorological Observations at Warrnambool Lighthouse for the following months. mber 1905. 1902 - all months, 1903 - Jan, Feb, April, May, June, July, Aug, Oct, Nov, Dec, Mar, 1905 - Jan. Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept, Oct, Nov, Dec, 1906- Jan, Feb, Mar, May, Jun, July, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec, 1907 - all months.Register, marble pattern cover on March and Septe. Warrnambool Lighthouse Register of Meteorological Observations, 1902 Apr Recorded information of meteorological events at the Warrnambool Lighthouse, giving details of Air Pressure, Temperature, Wind Velocity and Direction, Cloud, Rain and RemarksHandwritten entriesflagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, warrnambool lighthouse register of meteorological observations 1902 apr, meteorological observations, book, warrnambool lighthouse, meteorological observation

Stevenson screens were first introduced in Australia in the 1880s and were widely installed by 1910. The screens have been used to shelter and protect thermometers and other meteorological instruments from rain and direct heat while the holes and double-louvre walls allowed air to flow around them. Sometimes other meteorological instruments were included in the weather stations, so there were different Stevenson Screen sizes. This authentic, original Stevenson screen was previously owned by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and was used for many years for weather readings at the Cape Otway Light Station in southwest Victoria. The Lighthouse Keepers recorded the readings for minimum and maximum temperatures at 9 a.m. every day from January 1865 until April 1994. The equipment was sheltered in a Stevenson Screen from 1902 until April 15 1994, when the mercury thermometer was replaced by a platinum resistance probe within an Automatic Weather Station (AWS). This Stevenson screen is one of the two screens that then became redundant. The other Stevenson screen was kept to display to visitors. Lightkeepers were no longer required at the Cape Otway Light station either, due to the automated system. The meteorological instruments donated with the screen were used for measuring temperature and humidity. They are mounted on a metal bracket that fits across the screw holes on the screen’s internal frame. The glass-covered Relative Humidity (RH) sensor was made by the renowned precision instrument maker, Rotronic AG of Switzerland, which was founded in 1965. The firm made its first electronic temperature and humidity instrument in 1967. Meteorological records have been collected in Australia from the 1800s. The records were collated, published and used as a basis for weather forecasts. Many sectors, such as maritime and agriculture industries, have relied on these figures for making important decisions. The quality and placement of the meteorological instruments used to measure temperature and humidity are of utmost importance for accuracy. In early colonial times, there were no national standards for meteorological instruments that would allow for accurate figures and comparisons. Once the Bureau of Meteorology was established (around 1908 to 1910) the department installed Stevenson screens throughout Australia, many at lighthouses and light stations, and the measuring instruments were standardised. The Stevenson Screen was named after its inventor, Scottish Civil Engineer Thomas Stevenson (1818-1887) who was also the father of Robert Louis Stevenson, author. Stevenson developed the small thermometer screen around 1867. It had double-louvred walls around the sides and a top of two asbestos sheets with an air space between them and was thickly painted with a white coating that reflected the sun’s rays. This design was modified in 1884 by Edward Mawley of the Royal Meteorological Society. Standards were set for the locations of the screens and instruments, including their distance above ground level and the direction the door faced.Stevenson screens played a significant part in providing a standardised shelter for all meteorological instruments used by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology from about 1910 until 1994. The readings from the instruments gave the meteorological statistics on which weather forecasts throughout Australia were based. This Stevenson screen was used locally at Cape Otway, along the Great Ocean Road in southwest Victoria, so contributed towards our local forecasts and weather warnings.Stevenson screen, original, from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s weather station at the Cape Otway Lighthouse. The screen is a white wooden cupboard with a slanted cover raised above the top. The top has ten drilled ventilation holes, and the sides and door are made of downward-slanting double louvres. Two brass hinges join the door to the lower edge of the screen and a metal fitting at the top edge allows for a padlock closure. The screen is supported on four short legs, each with a hole drilled from side to side for fitting to a frame. Inside the screen are two wooden frames fitted with hooks and screws. The floor has three boards; one across the back and one across the front at the same level, and a board wider than the space between these boards is fitted higher, overlapping them slightly. Inside the screen, a pair of electronic instruments with short electric cables is mounted on a metal bracket with drilled holes in it. One of the instruments is a Relative Humidity (RH) probe. It is 26 cm long and is a glass tube with a filter on one end and an electrical connection on the other. It has inscriptions on its label, showing that was made by Rotronic AG, Switzerland. The other instrument is a Resistance Temperature Device (RTD) thermometer. It is 22.5 cm long and has a narrow metal probe joined to a hexagonal metal fitting. A brass plate on the front of the screen has impressed inscriptions. The screen is Serial Number 01/C0032, Catalogue Number 235862.Stamped into brass plate "CAT. NO. / 253862 / SERIAL NO. 01/C0032" On instrument’s electrical fitting; “CD2” [within oval ‘+’ above S] “Serie693 op65 / 220/380V~16A” On instrument’s glass; “rotronic ag” “SWISS MADE” “CE / CH-8303 / Bassersdorf” Symbol for [BARCODE] “ART NO MP 101A_T4-W4W” “POWER 4.8.30VDC“ “OP. RANGE: 0-100%RH/-40+60° C” “OUT H 0-100% 0-1V” “OUT T -40+60°C -0.4..+0.6V” “SERIE NO 19522 009”flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, warrnambool, maritime museum, maritime village, great ocean road, shipwreck coast, cotton region shelter, instrument shelter, thermometer shelter, thermoscreen, thermometer screen, measuring instruments, meteorological instrument, weather recording, weather station, lighthouse equipment, light station equipment, stevenson screen, marine instruments, mercury thermometer, platinum resistance probe, aws, automatic weather station, rotronic ag, swiss made, meteorological device, weather forecast, weather prediction, weather records, meteorological forecast, meteorological record, australian bureau of meteorology, bureau of meteorology, bureau, bom, relative humidity, rh, relative humidity probe, resistance temperature device, rtd, thermometer, temperature, humidity, cape otway, cape otway lighthouse, cape otway light station, rotronic, switzerland, swiss instrument, thomas stevenson, double-louvered walls, edward mawley, royal meteorological society, 01/c0032, serial number, cat. no. 235862, serial no. 01/c00323

This book is dedicated to all who lost so much on the darkest Saturday in Australia's history. Australia's worst natural disaster was a tragedy beyond belief that scarred Victoria physically and the whole Australian nation physiologically. Extreme temperatures, tornado-like wind speeds and tinder-dry land, culminated in the disaster we now know as Black Saturday. Before the sun would set on the blackest day in Australia's history, thousands of hectares would become blackened landscape and an unparalleled loss of lives could only mean that many areas would never be the same again. This graphic pictorial record takes you through the conditions prior to the day, the horrific fires that destroyed both bush and townships alike, the amazing bravery of emergency services personnel and the tragic aftermath. Accounts from eye-witnesses describe a fire like never seen before, a wild fire that outran every warning system. "A comprehensive account of Australia's worst natural disaster ever"black saturday, bush fires, bushfire, fire damage - buildings, victorian bushfires - 2009

In the 1980s milk was collected by the North Eastern Dairy Company who graded the milk by temperature, weight in pounds and class A.B or C.The Farm was no. 355.Farm no. 355 was in Dederang where F. M. Hynes milked the cows. The Kiewa Valley was mostly a dairy farming district. The receipts also give insight into the methods of testing the quality of milk.A collection of receipts and notices from the dairy of F.M. Hynes at Dederang. The receipts are a mixture of cardboard and paper of various colours. They are collected (by stabbing) on a hanging wire hook.Various handwritten reports re milk quality. Circa 1980s.dairy farming, kiewa valley dairy farms, milk records

This barometer was part the hydrology and forestry groups working within the SEC Vic Hydro Scheme from the initial appraisal review long before any construction began in the 1940's. The river flows and rainfall patterns had to be established before any construction of holding dams or tunneling could commence. This barometer is very relevant to the Kiewa Valley history because it presents the high degree of professional and technical information required at the time before implementing the "Scheme" upon the virgin alpine region and its effects upon the "natural" flows of the rivers within the Kiewa Valley. Time since the start of the project has verified the use of instruments such as this barometer and the information gained from its use that the success of any large impact upon a sensitive environment requires a thorough and systematic study before implementation. Weather records were kept of temperature, wet-bulb temperature, wind direction, speed and barometric pressures. To record barometric pressure a meter was devised with a clockwork mechanism which took one week to do a revolution. A chart was fitted to a drum and had an ink pen shaped like a little shovel. The shovel was filled with ink and was checked daily. To calibrate the barometer it was sent to the Melbourne General Post Office to be compared against the one there (at sea level). After calibration it was sent back to the Bogong Camp.On plaque on top side."NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA" underneath this and in smaller print "TRADE MARK" below this "LONDON" On the bottom and in small print "HOBART DUFFPty Ltd COLLINS HOUSE MELBOURNE C1"kiewa hydro electricity scheme, victorian state electricity commission, transformers, resistors, barometers

Portion of loosely -bound thirty-four double sided cream coloured page farm diary anonymous donor received 2011. Charlton, Barrakee, Buckrabanyule districts. Record segments date from period 1886-1894. Temperature, rainfall, farm-life both domestic and agricultural recorded. Prices of animal stock, grain and machinery. Property names mentioned include New Guinea, Maylands, The diary begins on 4.1.1886 on 10.2.1886 he was sworn in as one of Her Majesties Volunteers to serve for a period of three years , gave a cheque for three pounds 13 shillings for the purchase of a new rifle 27.2.1886 'Received my new rifle today with bayonet , belt and pouch , No 9153 . 17.5.1886 entry states he went to the Presbyterian team meeting at Charlton and enjoyed himself very muchheritage, charlton, farming

Two handwritten and three typed copies of a Condensed Historical Record of Lansell's Big 180 Mine on the New Chum Line of Reef. Notes include location, shaft, first worked, size of lease, plant, engine house, boiler rooms, mullock heap, early history, Prominent, best gold, underground connections, pressurised hot water, diamond drill bores and a table with depths and the increase in temperature with the depth (in Fahr). Albert Richardson Collection. document, gold, lansell's big 180 mine, lansell's big 180 mine, condensed historical record of lansell's big 180 mine, wittscheibe, ballerstadt, ernst mueller, theodore ballerstadt, george lansell, north old chum, victoria quartz, mines dept special edition 'australian mining standard' 1/6/1899, mines dept booklet 'bendigo goldfield' 1936, quarterly reports, lansell's 180 mine 'transverse sections, annals of bendigo mining sections, a richardson's observations from old photographs and measurements of mining plans, measurements taked from caleb thomas' report mines dept 1875, 'report on observation of underground temperature at bendigo' james stirling government geologist 1899, a richardson

Printed Report on Observations of Underground Temperature at Bendigo, by James Stirling, Government Geologist. Report mentions temperature increases as the mines get deeper, temperature of air and rocks, Meteorological Observations at 180 Mine, Bendigo, comparison temperature in other parts of the world and Bendigo, Temperature of air at the 180 Mine, Shenandoah Mine, victoria Quartz, Shamrock, Great Extended Hustlers, Princess Dagmar and United Hustlers and Redan, Daily Variation of Temperature and Pressure of the Air, Temperature of Fault Line, Drawing of Lansell's No 180 Mine showing levels, geological features, graph of Curves of Atmosphere Pressure at 180 Mine Bendigo, graph of Curves of Temperature at 180 Mine Bendigo, Lansell's 180 Mine Rate of Aincrease of Rock Temperature, Comparisons with Observations in other Countries, Observations in November and December 1895, Meteorological Observations at New Chum Railway Mine Bendigo, Kiagram of working 'ends' showing temperatures therein at the New Chum Railway Mine Bendigo Vic, Additional Observations at Lansell's 180 Mine, Shamrock, Princess Dagmar, United Hustlers and Redan and Great Extended Hustler's, Humidity with formula which was adopted, Hygrometer Observations, The Ventilating Currents (and formula), Notes on Anemometer Records 180 Mine, Tabulated List showing Velocities of Air Currents at Various Levels in the 180 Mine Bendigo, Pressure of Air (and formula), Composition of the Air at Lansell's 180 Mine, Shamrock, Princess Dagmar, Gt Extended Hustlers and United Hustlers and Redan and Miners' Complaints. A Richardson name written on the top right corner.A. Richardson, 29 Harrison St., Bendigogold, mining reports, mining reports, report on observations of underground temperature at bendigo, department of mines, james travis, the hon henry foster, james stirling, 180 mine, shenandoah mine, victoria quartz, shamrock, great extended hustlers, princess dagmar, united hustlers and redan, new chum railway mine, north old chum, m grehauf, dr boyd, robt s brain

The Joly meldometer was created to determine the melting point of minerals. W.E. Wilson, an astronomer and author, stated in 1900 that the Joly meldometer consisted of a ‘a strip of platinum on which minute fragments of any mineral can be placed, while any alteration in its length can be determined by means of a micrometer screw which touches a lever connected with one end of the strip. The strip can be heated by an electric current, and is calibrated by observing the micrometer readings corresponding to the temperatures at which some substances of known melting-points melt’i . One reason why the Joly meldometer was seen as a successful addition to science was the small amount of any substance that it required for testing. Only a minute sample was needed for the instrument to work and so a tiny part could be taken from a delicate item without destroying itii . The instrument was originally manufactured by the Irish company Yeates & Son of Dublin. The Yeates family business was established in the early 1790’s and is thought to have operated until approximately 1922iii . Their business slogan was recorded as ‘Instrument makers to the University’, a slogan which proudly exhibited their relationship with Trinity College, Dublin. The company was located directly opposite Trinity College, the place where the Joly meldometer was created. Working in such close proximity must have assisted this business relationship. The inventor of this meldometer was Irishman John Joly. Joly was born in 1857 at the Church of Ireland Rectory, Hollywood House. His education led him to Trinity College Dublin where, by 1891, he had obtained a Bachelor of Engineering degree as well as a Doctorate of Science. The entirety of his working life appears to have taken place at Trinity College although he is known to have travelled in order to consult with other scientists such as the world renowned Sir Ernest Rutherford. The Joly meldometer was used for a variety of different purposes, with scientists often adapting the instrument to suit their own needs. For instance, the previously mentioned astronomer W.E. Wilson adapted the meldometer to assist him in measuring the radiation of the suniv . Joly used his device in an attempt to ascertain the age of the earth. In 1913, along with Sir Rutherford, Joly came to the conclusion that the earth was approximately 400 million years old. They did this by analysing the decay of radioactivity in minerals. According to our present knowledge of the earth this was a much more accurate date than the dates Joly had previously derived. He had first thought that the earth was 97 million years old due to the volume of sodium in the oceans. Joly’s second analysis of the topic had resulted in the age of 80 million years. This figure was based on the accumulation of sediment. Apart from designing his meldometer, Joly is also remembered for his work with colour photography. In 1894 Joly discovered a method for creating colour photographs from a single platev . He also studied the use of radiation as a treatment for cancer and persuaded the Royal Dublin Society to establish the Radium Institute to assist hospitals. In 1933 Joly passed away at the age of seventy-six.

Glass Everett syringe in cardboard storage box with Certificate of ExaminationTop of lid right side: Cardboard storage box - Record Type Hypodermic Syringe An Everett Product Sole Wholesale Distributors:Description The Amalgamated Dental Co. Ltd. Melbourne - Sydney Top of lid left side: The Laminex It is unnecessary to remove the piston of this syringe for sterilisation at temperatures up to 160C End of lid: 2 ml. Record 40 min. Z397-A25 Underside box lid: OCT 1955 Syringe Markings: EVERETT British made 200 degrees C Barrel increments up to 2 ml glass syringe, injection kit

Official Recording of Warrnambool Meteorological ObservationsTwo bound ledgers and one paperback exercise book and a folder of correspondencewarrnambool weatherwarrnambool weather

The City of Sunshine Health Inspector had a broad mandate to protect public health across the municipality. Their duties included inspecting food premises such as: - Restaurants - Cafés - Takeaway shops - Milk bars - Supermarkets - Food vans - Market stalls They checked for: - Safe food handling practices - Correct storage temperatures (hot and cold holding) - Cleanliness of food preparation areas - Pest control and vermin prevention - Staff hygiene and hand‑washing facilities - Proper waste and grease‑trap management These inspections were carried out under the Food Act and local by‑laws. This list of businesses in the City of Sunshine is an extract from a report by the City of Sunshine Health Inspector in 1977.This report records the business name, type of business and address of businesses operating in the City of Sunshine in 1977.Milk Bar 62 Adelaide Street Albion Fruiterer 26 Amelia Avenue Deer Park Milk Bar 133 Anderson Road Albion Milk Bar / Mixed Business 11 Ardoyne Street Sunshine Milk Bar / Mixed Business 11 Ardoyne Street Sunshine Vending Machine National Springs 185 - 195 Ashley Street Braybrook Vending Machine Harland Engineering Ashley Street Braybrook Hairdressers 511 Ballarat Road Albion Fish & Chips 513 Ballarat Road Albion Food Premises 580 Ballarat Road Albion Motor Wrecking 584 Ballarat Road Albion Licensed Grocer 501 - 507 Ballarat Road Albion Vending Machine Swingbridge Motors Ballarat Road Albion Eating House Highway Inn Motel 608 Ballarat Road Ardeer Milk Bar / Kiosk Apollo Gardens 610 Ballarat Road Ardeer Camping Area Caravan Park 610 Ballarat Road Ardeer Vending Machine McEwans 614 Ballarat Road Ardeer Snack Foods Manufacturer 254 Ballarat Road Braybrook Vending Machine Dyecraft 265 Ballarat Road Braybrook Milk Bar 282 Ballarat Road Braybrook Hairdresser 284 Ballarat Road Braybrook Food Premises 290 Ballarat Road Braybrook Retail Butcher 292 Ballarat Road Braybrook Vending Machine D. Richardson & Sons 330 Ballarat Road Braybrook Eating House D. Richardson & Sons 330 Ballarat Road Braybrook Vending Machine D. Richardson & Sons 330 Ballarat Road Braybrook Fish Shop 306A Ballarat Road Braybrook Milk Bar 306A Ballarat Road Braybrook Vending Machine 463 Ballarat Road Deer Park Eating House ICI Recreation Club 770 Ballarat Road Deer Park Retail Butcher Star Butchers 807 Ballarat Road Deer Park Licensed Grocery 809 Ballarat Road Deer Park Milk Bar / Mixed Business 813 Ballarat Road Deer Park Milk Bar / Mixed Business 815 Ballarat Road Deer Park Fruiterer 817 Ballarat Road Deer Park Milk Bar & Delicatessen 825 Ballarat Road Deer Park Milk Bar 825 Ballarat Road Deer Park Milk Bar 825 Ballarat Road Deer Park Fish & Chips 801A Ballarat Road Deer Park Fish & Chip Shop 801A Ballarat Road Deer Park Eating House 801B Ballarat Road Deer Park Fruit Shop 807A Ballarat Road Deer Park Vending Machine Goldern Fleece Service Station Ballarat Road Deer Park Hairdressers 5 Ballarat Road Maidstone Mixed Business 83 Ballarat Road Maidstone Butcher's Shop 151 Ballarat Road Maidstone Mixed Business 154 Ballarat Road Maidstone Mixed Business 193 Ballarat Road Maidstone Grocery Retail 129 - 131 Ballarat Road Maidstone Milk Bar 49A Ballarat Road Maidstone Food Premises 361 Ballarat Road Sunshine Mens Hairdresser Shop 363 Ballarat Road Sunshine Vending Machine B.P. Westbound 439 Ballarat Road Sunshine Eating House 459 Ballarat Road Sunshine Milk Bar / Mixed Business 469 Ballarat Road Sunshine Fish Shop 471 Ballarat Road Sunshine Mixed Business Food 473 Ballarat Road Sunshine Wholesale Egg Store 479 Ballarat Road Sunshine Vending Machine Sunshine Cabinet Works 503 Ballarat Road Sunshine Apartment House Caravan Park 610 Ballarat Road Sunshine Take Away Food Kentucky Fried Chicken 429A Ballarat Road Sunshine Vending Machine Mobil Service Station 432 Ballarat Road Sunshine North Vending Machine Spaldings 480 Ballarat Road Sunshine North Vending Machine Ajax Nettlefolds 484 Ballarat Road Sunshine North Eating House Ajax Nettlefolds 484 Ballarat Road Sunshine North Vending Machine National Food Service Nettlefolds 484 Ballarat Road Sunshine North Vending Machine Nettlefolds 484 Ballarat Road Sunshine North Eating House McDonalds 400 - 402 Ballarat Road Sunshine North Motor Wrecking Ballarat Road Cnr Carrington Drive Albion Mixed Business Ballarat Road Cnr Churchill Avenue Maidstone Eating House Ballarat Road Cnr Holt Street Ardeer Mixed Business 23 Beachley Street Braybrook Milk Bar 31 Beachley Street Braybrook Fish Shop 33 Beachley Street Braybrook Fish & Chips 3 Bell Street Sunshine West Greengrocer 1A Bell Street Sunshine West Butchers 1D Bell Street Sunshine West Milk Bar 61 Berkshire Road Sunshine North Vending Machine Rockwell Axles Berkshire Road Sunshine North Bulk Tallow Plant Burke Road Braybrook Soap Manufacturing Pennell 43 - 45 Burke Street Braybrook Vending Machine G.U.D. Burton Crescent Maribyrnong Motor Wrecking 18 Carrington Drive Albion Butcher 162 Churchill Avenue Braybrook Bakery & Shop 166 Churchill Avenue Braybrook Ladies Hairdressers 174 Churchill Avenue Braybrook Fish & Chip Shop 176 Churchill Avenue Braybrook Licenced Grocery 158 - 160 Churchill Avenue Braybrook Milk Bar / Mix Business 170 - 172 Churchill Avenue Braybrook Fishmonger 8 City Place Sunshine Butcher's Shop S.S. Meats 11 City Place Sunshine Retail Fish Sunshine Market 13 City Place Sunshine Retail Health Foods Sunshine Market 13 City Place Sunshine Retail Fruit / Eggs Stalls 3, 10 & 11 Sunshine Market 15 City Place Sunshine Delicatessen Sunshine Market 17 City Place Sunshine Supermarket Safeway 7 Clarke Street Sunshine Vending Machine Safeway 7 Clarke Street Sunshine Butcher 8 Clarke Street Sunshine Butcher Storeroom / Factory 11 Clarke Street Sunshine Hairdresser Room 7 2A Clarke Street Sunshine Milk Bar 1 Commercial Street Maidstone Hairdressers 7 Commercial Street Maidstone Chiropodist Corio Street Sunshine Chiropodist 39 Cornwall Road Sunshine North Gut Cleaning 37 Cranwell Street Braybrook Fat Extracting 37 Cranwell Street Braybrook Boiling Down 37 Cranwell Street Braybrook Piggery 37 Cranwell Street Braybrook Storage Canned Food 37 Cranwell Street Braybrook Packaging Food Products Cranwell Street Cnr Errol Street Braybrook Food Packing Southern Packages Cranwell Street Cnr Errol Street Braybrook Milk Bar / Mixed Business 24 Cypress Avenue Brooklyn Milk Bar 24 Cypress Avenue Brooklyn Vending Machine Steelcraft Baby Carriages 99 Derby Road Sunshine Ladies Hairdressers 110 Derby Road Sunshine Vending Machine Raleigh Nursery Derby Road Cnr Thorpe Street Sunshine Eating House Raleigh Nursery Derby Road Cnr Thorpe Street Sunshine Vending Machine Massey Ferguson 2 Devonshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine Sunshine Post Office 5 Devonshire Road Sunshine Milk Bar / Mixed Business 100 Devonshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine Massey Ferguson Devonshire Road Sunshine Milk Bar 5 Dickson Street Sunshine Fruit Shop 15 Dickson Street Sunshine Food Premises 27 Disraeli Street St. Albans Hairdressers 69 Dumfries Street Deer Park Fish Shop 71 Dumfries Street Deer Park Milk Bar 73 Dumfries Street Deer Park Butcher 75 Dumfries Street Deer Park Coffee 113 Durham Road Sunshine Hairdresser Shop 1 117 Durham Road Sunshine Drinks Lot 1 Emu Road Maidstone Vending Machine Pridhams Sociel Club 11 Evans Street Braybrook Processing & Pack Dripping Pridhams 21 Evans Street Braybrook Gut Cleaning Pridhams 21 Evans Street Braybrook Rendering Works Pridhams 21 Evans Street Braybrook Storage & Soft Drink Sales 16 - 20 First Avenue Sunshine Sandwich Bar 30A First Avenue Sunshine Milk & Snack Bar 30A First Avenue Sunshine Vending Machine 106 Fitzgerald Road Sunshine West Mixed Business Lot 458 Fitzgerald Road Sunshine West Mixed Business Fitzgerald Road Sunshine West Butcher's Shop 26 Fiurlong Road Sunshine North Milk Bar / Mixed Business 154 Forrest Street Ardeer Milk Bar / Fish & Chips 222 Forrest Street Ardeer Milk Bar / Fish & Chips 222 Forrest Street Ardeer Vending Machine I.C.I. Detonating Fuse Factory Forrest Street Ardeer Vending Machine Connor-Shea 25 Fourth Avenue Sunshine Abattoir Thomas Borthwick & Sons 405 Francis Street Brooklyn Butcher's Shop Thomas Borthwick & Sons 405 Francis Street Brooklyn Eating House Borthwicks 405 Francis Street Brooklyn Abattoirs & Skaughterhouse Borthwicks 405 Francis Street Brooklyn Skin Store & Hide Treatment, Storage & Packing Borthwicks 405 Francis Street Brooklyn Boiling Down Meal, Dried Blood & Offals Borthwicks 405 Francis Street Brooklyn Fat Rendering Borthwicks 405 Francis Street Brooklyn Gut Rendering Borthwicks 405 Francis Street Brooklyn Vending Machine Dalgetys & Co 4 Frederick Street Brooklyn Take Away Food 28 Furlong Road Sunshine North Milk Bar / Mix Business 42 Furlong Road Sunshine North Vending Machine Parkhill Supermarket 18 - 22 Furlong Road Sunshine North Vending Machine Parkhill Supermarket 18 - 22 Furlong Road Sunshine North Supermarket & Storage Parkhill Supermarket 18 - 22 Furlong Road Sunshine North Vending Machine Tasman U.E.B. Industries 512 Geelong Road Brooklyn Take Away Food 553 Geelong Road Brooklyn Pizza 555 Geelong Road Brooklyn Warehouse Halfcase Warehouse 564 Geelong Road Brooklyn Vending Machine D.H. Opperman 568 Geelong Road Brooklyn Abattoirs J.H. Ralph & Sons 690 Geelong Road Brooklyn Boling Down Works J.H. Ralph & Sons 690 Geelong Road Brooklyn Piggery J.H. Ralph & Sons 690 Geelong Road Brooklyn Take Away Food 710 Geelong Road Brooklyn Vending Machine Internatioal Harvester Geelong Road Cnr McDonalds Road Brooklyn Milk Bar / Mixed Business 72 Glengala Road Sunshine West Hot Bread Shop Western & Continental Bread 78 Glengala Road Sunshine West Licenced Grocer 79 Glengala Road Sunshine West Milk Bar / Mixed Business 83 Glengala Road Sunshine West Milk Bar 85 Glengala Road Sunshine West Ladies Hairdressers 89 Glengala Road Sunshine West Eating House 93 Glengala Road Sunshine West Catering & Pastry Cook St. Albans Catering Service 95 Glengala Road Sunshine West Food Premises 142 Glengala Road Sunshine West Mixed Business 36 Hampshire Road Sunshine Eating House 44 Hampshire Road Sunshine Milk Bar 72 Hampshire Road Sunshine Hairdressers 76 Hampshire Road Sunshine Butcher 78 Hampshire Road Sunshine Fat Rendering 78 Hampshire Road Sunshine Fruit Shop 84 Hampshire Road Sunshine Fish Shop 86 Hampshire Road Sunshine Fish & Chip Shop 86 Hampshire Road Sunshine Eating House 90 Hampshire Road Sunshine Eating House 90 Hampshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine Shell Service Station 130 Hampshire Road Sunshine Pizza Restaurant 197 Hampshire Road Sunshine Eating House 209 Hampshire Road Sunshine Hot Bread Shop 217 Hampshire Road Sunshine Eating House 235 Hampshire Road Sunshine Butchery 244 Hampshire Road Sunshine Food Premises Caprile Meat Supply 244 Hampshire Road Sunshine Retail Liquor Sunshine Cellars 246 Hampshire Road Sunshine Delicatessen 252 Hampshire Road Sunshine Pie Manufacturer & Slaes 260 Hampshire Road Sunshine Milk Bar 266 Hampshire Road Sunshine Mens Hairdresser Shop Shop 7 Kontek Arcade 266 Hampshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine 266 Hampshire Road Sunshine Fruit Shop 268 Hampshire Road Sunshine Fruit & Vegetables 268 Hampshire Road Sunshine Hairdresser 277 Hampshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine Woolworths 282 Hampshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine Woolsworths Variety Store 282 Hampshire Road Sunshine Supermarket S.E. Dickens 294 Hampshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine 294 Hampshire Road Sunshine Butchery 252A Hampshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine G.J. Coles 254 - 258 Hampshire Road Sunshine Retail / Variety Store Coles 254 - 258 Hampshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine Coles 254 - 258 Hampshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine Coles Variety Store 254 - 258 Hampshire Road Sunshine Variety / Confectionary Woolworths 282 - 286 Hampshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine Dickens Supermarket 294 - 296 Hampshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine New World 294 - 296 Hampshire Road Sunshine Vending Machine Target Hampshire Road Sunshine Warehouse 7 Hampstead Road Maidstone Wholesale & Retail Selling Ernie's Supermarket 8 Hampstead Road Maidstone Vending Machine Ernie's Fruit Market 8 Hampstead Road Maidstone Vending Machine Ralph McKay Social Club 36 Hampstead Road Maidstone Food Premises 34A Hampstead Road Maidstone Mixed Business 110 Hertford Road Sunshine Warehouse 12 - 14 Hertford Road Sunshine Catering Service 45 Holt Street Ardeer Licenced Grocery / Milk Bar / Sub News / Post Office 49 Holt Street Ardeer Continental Butcher 51 Holt Street Ardeer Fish & Chips 59 Holt Street Ardeer Mixed Business 61 Holt Street Ardeer Fruit & Vegetables 51A Holt Street Ardeer Eating House W.L. Allen Foundry 3 Hulett Street Albion Mixed Business 56 King Edward Avenue Albion Milk Bar / Mixed Business 8 King Street Braybrook Milk Bar / Mixed Business 50 Links Street Sunshine West Milk Bar / Mixed Business 50 Links Street Sunshine West Ladies Hairdressers Shop 7 St. Albans Arcade 323 Main Road East St. Albans Ladies Hairdressers St. Albans Arcade 323 Main Road East St. Albans Mens Hairdresser Shop Shop 6 St. Albans Arcade 323 Main Road East St. Albans Vending Machine Woolworths 329 Main Road East St. Albans Mixed Business 57 Main Road West St. Albans Greengrocer 61 Main Road West St. Albans Butcher Shop / Smallgoods Manufacturer 75 Main Road West St. Albans Eating House 85 Main Road West St. Albans Hairdressing Salon 111 Main Road West St. Albans Milk Bar / Mix Business 113 Main Road West St. Albans General Store 171 Main Road West St. Albans Food Premises 173 Main Road West St. Albans Milk Bar / Mixed Business 179 Main Road West St. Albans Butcher / Continental Delicatessen 323 Main Road West St. Albans Mixed Business 175 - 177 Main Road West St. Albans Butcher's Shop 177A Main Road West St. Albans Ladies Hairdressers 61 - 63 Main Road West St. Albans Fruit & Vegetables 7 Market Place Braybrook Milk Bar 9 Market Place Braybrook Butcher Shop 11 Market Place Braybrook Butcher's Shop 11 Market Place Braybrook Fish Shop 15 Market Place Braybrook Eating House 1 Market Road Sunshine Food Premises 1 Market Road Sunshine Vending Machine R.M.D. Press 8 Market Road Sunshine Food Premises Wholesale Self Service 20 Market Road Sunshine Butcher Shop 29 Maxwell Street Ardeer Milk Bar / Post Office / Sub News 31 Maxwell Street Ardeer Mixed Business 31 Maxwell Street Ardeer Butcher / Delicatessen 52 Maxwell Street Ardeer Mixed Business 58 Maxwell Street Ardeer Butcher's Shop 29A Maxwell Street Ardeer Greengrocer 29B Maxwell Street Ardeer Licensed Grocery 31A Maxwell Street Ardeer Refrigerated Storage Sascol 41 McDonald Road Brooklyn Eating House McDonald Road Brooklyn Vending Machine Wunderlich 47 McIntyre Road Sunshine Vending Machine Taubmans Paints 51 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Milk Bar / Mixed Business 59 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Ladies Hairdressers 63 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Hairdressers 65 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Milk Bar 67 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Food Premises 69 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Fish & Chips 69 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Butcher Shop / Retail 75 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Greengrocer 81 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Milk Bar 83 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Food Factory Routley 119 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Bakery 119 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Eating House 129 McIntyre Road Sunshine North Vending Machine Sankey Benson McIntyre Road Sunshine North Ladies Hairdressers 57 Metherall Street Sunshine North Mixed Business 30 Millers road Brooklyn Milk Bar Millers Road Cnr Francis Street Brooklyn Dairy 6 Mitchell Street Maidstone Vending Machine Repco Dynamics 85 Mitchell Street Maidstone Vending Machine Repco Equipment 85 Mitchell Street Maidstone Take Away Food 124 Mitchell Street Maidstone Fish & Chips 130 Mitchell Street Maidstone Retail Butcher 132 Mitchell Street Maidstone Milk Bar 138 Mitchell Street Maidstone Ice Manufacturer Maidstone Ice Works 162 Mitchell Street Maidstone Milk Bar / Sub News / Mixed Business 1 Monash Street Sunshine Vending Machine 1 Monash Street Sunshine Milk Bar / Mixed Business 48 Monash Street Sunshine Vending Machine 48 Monash Street Sunshine Fish & Chips 50 Monash Street Sunshine Fish & Chips 50 Monash Street Sunshine Milk Bar / Grocery 106 Monash Street Sunshine Milk Bar / Mixed Business 106 Monash Street Sunshine Food Premises Slade Soft Drinks 54 - 56 Monash Street Sunshine Hairdresser's Shop 58A Monash Street Sunshine Mixed Business 4 Mulhall Drive St. Albans Milk Bar 79 Mulhall Drive St. Albans Milk Bar 79 Mulhall Drive St. Albans Mixed Business / Sub News 5 Northumberland Road Sunshine North Greengrocer 9 Northumberland Road Sunshine North Mixed Business 13 Northumberland Road Sunshine North Vending Machine 13 Northumberland Road Sunshine North Milk Bar 61 Northumberland Road Sunshine North Licenced Grocer 15 - 17 Northumberland Road Sunshine North Butcher's Shop 21A Northumberland Road Sunshine North Hairdresser's Shop 23A Northumberland Road Sunshine North Hairdressing Salon 23A Northumberland Road Sunshine North Fish & Chips 23B Northumberland Road Sunshine North Chiropodist 25 Norwood Street Albion Eating House Medway Golf Club 57 Omar Street Maidstone Vending Machine British Leyland Paramount Road Footscray West Hairdresser 35 Perth Avenue Albion Greengrocer 37 Perth Avenue Albion Retail Butcher 41 Perth Avenue Albion Mixed Business 43 Perth Avenue Albion Mixed Business 1 Porter Court Deer Park Milk Bar / Mixed Business / Sub News 42 Raleigh Road Maribyrnong Eating House Maribrnong R.S.L. 56 Raleigh Road Maribyrnong Milk Bar / Mixed Business 85 Raleigh Road Maribyrnong Milk Bar / Mixed Business 42 - 44 Raleigh Road Maribyrnong Eating House Sunshine Golf Club Ralph Street Sunshine West Vending Machine Sunshine Golf Club Ralph Street Sunshine West Vending Machine Law Somner (Hortico) Raymond Road Brooklyn Milk Bar / Food Premises 39 Rhodes Street St. Albans Vending Machine Maribyrnong High School 2 River Street Maribyrnong Supermarket S.E. Dickens 1 Rosamond Road Maidstone Vending Machine New World 1 Rosamond Road Maidstone Milk Bar 31 Rosamond Road Maidstone Butchers 77 Rosamond Road Maidstone Milk Bar 99 Rosamond Road Maidstone Food Premises 99 Rosamond Road Maidstone Eating House 101 Rosamond Road Maidstone Fish & Chip Shop 103 Rosamond Road Maidstone Milk Bar / Mixed Business 123 Rosamond Road Maidstone Vending Machine Dickens Supermarket 1 - 7 Rosamond Road Maidstone Vending Machine Dickens Supermarket 1 - 7 Rosamond Road Maidstone Fish & Chip Shop 103 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Fruit & Vegetables 151 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Vending Machine Vickers Hydraulics 160 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Eating House Sperry Victers 169 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Eating House Sunset Drive In 179 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Vending Machine Sperry Victers 189 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Fruit Shop 224 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Retail Supermarket Target Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Cakes & Takeaway Food Shop 97 Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Butcher's Shop Shop 23 Level 2 Highpoint West Shopping centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Eating House Shop 222 Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Food Premises Shop 97 Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Eating House Shop 85 Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Retail Butcher Gilbertons Shop 25 Highpoint City Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Retail Butcher Gilbertons Shop 39 Highpoint City Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Food Premises Shop B212 Highpoint City Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Confectionary / Variety Woolworths 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Eating House Myers High Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Eating House McDonalds High Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Supermarket Safeway Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Eating House Target Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Eating House Shop 222 Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Hairdressers Myers High Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Retail Food Sales Myers High Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Vending Machine Target Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Vending Machine Target Highpoint West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Vending Machine Woolsworths Highpoint City West Shopping Centre 120 - 200 Rosamond Road Maribyrnong Milk Bar / Mixed Business 1 Rowe Street Maidstone Kiosk Sunshine Swimming Pool 13 Service Street Sunshine Vending Machine Maidstone Police Station 8 Short Street Maidstone Eating House Drive In 2 Somers Street Sunshine Vending Machine Collins Davey Motors 410 Somerville Road Brooklyn Storage Woodsheds 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 & 58 422 - 426 Somerville Road Brooklyn Vending Machine P. & S. Seigal Somerville Road Brooklyn Eating House Monsanto 423 Somerville Road Footscray West Vending Machine Monsanto Chemicals 423 Somerville Road Footscray West Eating House Australia National Forge (ANI) 465 Somerville Road Footscray West Food Cannery S.C.I. Meat & Paper 433 - 451 Somerville Road Footscray West Wholesale Meat Depot S.C.I. Meat & Paper 433 - 451 Somerville Road Footscray West Wholesale Meat Depot J.A. Mason 433 - 451 Somerville Road Footscray West Abattiors S.C.I. Meat & Paper 433 - 451 Somerville Road Footscray West Skin Store S.C.I. Meat & Paper 433 - 451 Somerville Road Footscray West Boling Down Works - Blood, Bones & Offal S.C.I. Meat & Paper 433 - 451 Somerville Road Footscray West Vending Machine Nestles Shed 58 Somerville Road Footscray West Eating House Somerville Road Footscray West Vending Machine Industrial Engineering 6 South Road Braybrook Eating House Invicta Mills 38 South Road Braybrook Vending Machine Invicta Mills 38 South Road Braybrook Milk Bar 105 South Road Braybrook Milk Bar / Delicatessen 105 South Road Braybrook Greengrocer 107 South Road Braybrook Fish Shop 109 South Road Braybrook Milk Bar 111 South Road Braybrook Milk Bar 111 South Road Braybrook Hairdresser Shop 121 South Road Braybrook Self Service Grocery 125 South Road Braybrook Retail Butcher 127 South Road Braybrook Retail Greengrocery 129 South Road Braybrook Hairdresser / Beautry Parlour 131 South Road Braybrook Bakery 133 South Road Braybrook Milk Bar 125A South Road Braybrook Preparked Grocery Foods Stall 22 - 23 St. Albans Market 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Poultry Stall 4 St. Albans Market 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Fruit & Vegetables Stalls 31 & 32 St. Albans Market 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Eating House Stall 13 St. Albans Market 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Eating House Stall 14 St. Albans Market 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Delicatessen Stall 15 St. Albans Market 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Butcher Stall 3 St. Albans Market 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Food Retailers Shop 9 St. Albans Market 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Food Retailers Shops 5 & 6 St. Albans Market 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Retail Fish Store Stall 2 St. Albans Market 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Delicatessen Stalls 11 & 12 St. Albans Market 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Butchery Stall 1 St. Albans Market 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Vending Machine Big Sams Market Shop 13 St. Albans 3 St. Albans Road St. Albans Eating House 57 St. Albans Road St. Albans Pizza Parlour 57 St. Albans Road St. Albans Vending Machine 59 St. Albans Road St. Albans Mixed Business 61 St. Albans Road St. Albans Vending Machine 272 St. Albans Road St. Albans Eating House 22 - 26 St. Albans Road St. Albans Snack Bar St. Albans Market 5A St. Albans Road St. Albans Vending Machine Vinidex Tubemakers 231 - 245 St. Albans Road Sunshine North Vending Machine Tubemakers 231 - 245 St. Albans Road Sunshine North Vending Machine Lysaght Steel 323 - 325 St. Albans Road Sunshine North Hairdressers 52 Station Place Sunshine Eating House 54 - 56 Station Place Sunshine Hairsdresser's Shop 75 Station Road Deer Park Dairy Dairy 78 Station Road Deer Park Butcher Retail 87 Station Road Deer Park Fish Shop 94 Station Road Deer Park Mixed Business 98 Station Road Deer Park Vending Machine 98 Station Road Deer Park Vending Machine 100 Station Road Deer Park Vending Machine Deer Park Swimming Pool 119 Station Road Deer Park Piggery University of Melbourne 475 Station Road Deer Park Hairdresser Shop 87A Station Road Deer Park Ladies Hairdressers 93A Station Road Deer Park Vending Machine Nylex Corporation Station Road Deer Park Vending Machine ICI of A&NZ Station Road Deer Park Vending Machine Nylex Corporation Station Road Deer Park Hairdressers 41 Stradbroke Drive St. Albans Milk Bar / Mixed Business 44 Stradbroke Drive St. Albans Milk Bar 52 Stradbroke Drive St. Albans Fish & Chips 54 Stradbroke Drive St. Albans Milk Bar 24 Studley Street Maidstone Milk Bar / Post Office 15 Suffolk Road Sunshine North Licenced Grocer 17 Suffolk Road Sunshine North Hairdresser Shop 19 Suffolk Road Sunshine North Fruit Shop 21 Suffolk Road Sunshine North Mixed Business 35 Suffolk Road Sunshine North Butcher's Shop 15A Suffolk Road Sunshine North Retail Butchery 15A Suffolk Road Sunshine North Grocery / Delicatessen 23A Suffolk Road Sunshine North Mixed Businss 74 Suffolk Street Maidstone Vending Machine 25 Suffolk Street Sunshine Mens Hairdresser Shop 11 Sun Crescent Sunshine Eating House 19 Sun Crescent Sunshine Eating House 21 Sun Crescent Sunshine Retail Fruit & Vegetable Shop 23 Sun Crescent Sunshine Licensed Grocery 27 Sun Crescent Sunshine Sale of Coffee 21A Sun Crescent Sunshine Vending Machine Sunshine Police Station Sun Crescent Sunshine Supermarket Sims Markette 20 Sun Crescent Sunsnine Camping Area Sunshine Caravan Park 280 Sunshine Road Sunshine Hairdresser 169 Sunshine Road Tottenham Licensed Grocery Sales 171 Sunshine Road Tottenham Retail Butcher 175 Sunshine Road Tottenham Milk Bar & Mixed Business 177 Sunshine Road Tottenham Hairdressers Shop 179 Sunshine Road Tottenham Ladies Hairdressers 183 Sunshine Road Tottenham Eating House 193 Sunshine Road Tottenham Vending Machine Olex Cables 207 Sunshine Road Tottenham Eating House Olex Cables 207 Sunshine Road Tottenham Vending Machine Olex Cables 207 Sunshine Road Tottenham Vending Machine Wiltshire Files 213 Sunshine Road Tottenham Eating House McPherson's / Ajax Pumps 217 Sunshine Road Tottenham Pizza Eating House 179A Sunshine Road Tottenham Vending Machine Quaker Foods Sunshine Road Tottenham Milk Bar 21 Sydney Street Albion Milk Bar / Food Premises 32 Sydney Street Albion Mixed Business 67 Sydney Street Albion Flour Milliing & Packaging John Darling & Son 74 Sydney Street Albion Butcher 30A Sydney Street Albion Fish & Chips / Pizza Take Away Food Shop 7 2 - 16 Tallintyre Road Sunshine West Mil Bar / Mixed Business 2 - 16 Tallintyre Road Sunshine West Supermarket & Butcher Shop 2 - 16 Tallintyre Road Sunshine West Eating House Sunshine Baseball Club 5 Talmage Street Albion Eating House Sunshine City Club 24 Talmage Street Albion Mixed Business 28 Thomson Street Maidstone Hairdressers 28A Thomson Street Maidstone Canned Meat Storaage S.C.I. Meat & Paper Warehouses 1, 2 & 3 3 Victoria Drive Footscray West Vending Machine Cargo Newpack Industries Victoria Drive Footscray West Dairy Richards Dairy 39 Wallace Street Maidstone Milk Bar 68 Warwick Road Sunshine North Butcher's Shop 70 Warwick Road Sunshine North Hairdressers 72 Warwick Road Sunshine North Milk Bar / Business 76 Warwick Road Sunshine North Milk Bar 76 Warwick Road Sunshine North Fish & Chips 78 Warwick Road Sunshine North Butcher 80 Warwick Road Sunshine North Licenced Food Store 82 Warwick Road Sunshine North Hairdresser Shop 7 Durham Road Watt Street Sunshine Vending Machine Westbury Timber 18 Williamson Road Maribyrnong Milk Bar 91 Wright Street Sunshine

This photograph shows a Melbourne District Nursing Society (MDNS) Sister visiting a patient in his home. The photograph shows her taking his temperature and pulse and carrying out basic nursing observations. The Sister kept a record of this information in the man's Nursing History at MDNS Headquarters and conveyed it to the patient's Doctor as required.The Trained nurses of the Melbourne District Nursing Society (MDNS), later known as Royal District Nursing Service (RDNS), visited patients in their home and gave best practice care in many fields of nursing, and to people of many cultures, throughout its 130 years of expansion. Initial visits not only assessed the specific nursing situation but the situation as a whole. Their patients ranged in age from babes, children, adults to the elderly and referrals were taken from Hospitals, General Practitioners and allied Health facilities. Some of the care the Sisters provided is as follows: – Post-Natal care given to mother and babe, Wound Care following various types of surgery, accidents, burns, cancer, leg ulcers etc. Supervising and teaching Diabetic Care, including teaching and supervising people with Diabetes to administer their own Insulin, and administering Insulin to those unable to give their own injections. Administering other injections and setting up weekly medication boxes. The Sisters performed Catheterizations on adults suffering from conditions such as Quadriplegia, Paraplegia, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Motor Neurone Disease (MND) and Guillan-Barre Syndrome, and when required at school on children for e.g. those with Spina Bifida. The Sisters visited those requiring Cystic Fibrosis support and care; those requiring Haemo-Oncology care, including visiting children at school; those requiring Home Enteral Feeding care, and those requiring IV therapy at home and home Dialysis. Palliative Care was given including pain relief with the use of syringe drivers, personal care as needed, and advice and support to both patient and family. The Sisters provided Stoma management to those needing Urostomy, Ileostomy and Colostomy care and those requiring Continence care. HIV/AIDS nursing care was provided; visits to Homeless Persons were made. Personal care was given to patients ranging in age and with varying mobility problems, such as those with MS, MND, Guillan-Barre Syndrome, Quadriplegia, Paraplegia, Acquired Brain Injury, to those following a Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke), those with severe Arthritis and those with a form of Dementia. When necessary the elderly were assisted with personal care and advice given on safety factors with the use of hand rails, bath or shower seats, and hand showers. Rehabilitation with an aim towards independence remained at the forefront of the Sister’s minds and when possible using aids and instruction on safe techniques enabled the person to become fully independent. All care included giving advice and support to the patient and their Carers. The Sisters liaised with the persons Doctor, Hospital and allied Health personal when necessary.This black and white photograph shows a Melbourne District Nursing Society (MDNS) Trained nurse (Sister) standing on the left of a man who is in his bed on the veranda of his home. She is wearing a white gown over her uniform and her grey uniform hat, which has a hatband showing a Maltese cross in the centre; she has her left hand on the man's right wrist and is looking down at a watch she is holding in her right hand. The man, who has short dark hair, is holding a thermometer in his mouth. He is partly propped up with his head resting on a white covered pillow; part of the iron frame of the bed is seen to its left. Most of his body is covered with light coloured bedclothes; part of his pyjamas can be seen. Part of a vase of flowers is seen just behind the Sister's left arm. In the left of the photograph, part of the weatherboards of the house can be seen with a window, partly obscured with a blind. To the right of the man is a veranda post and some pickets of a wooden fence; behind him part of a brick wall is seen.melbourne district nursing society, mdns, mdns uniforms, rdns, royal district nursing service

The manufacture of firebricks is believed to have begun in Bacchus Marsh in the 1880s when William Thomas Wittick in partnership with a Mr Ackers, and later a Mr Telford, quarried a rich deposit of fire clay at Darley. In 1902 financial assistance was provided by David Mitchell a significant businessman and contractor from Melbourne and the business then expanded and became a major supplier of refractories for gas works in Melbourne, with side lines in moulded fire bricks for foundries and smelting furnaces and complete kiln lines for potteries. The business traded under the name Darley Firebrick Company and later as Darley Refractories Ptd Ltd and was in business for over 100 years. The tile (aka refractory) described in this record was possibly produced for use in very high temperatures (in excess of 1,000°F [538°C]) encountered in modern manufacturing. More heat-resistant than metals, they are used to line the hot surfaces found inside many industrial processes. The date the tile was produced is unknown.Rectangle shaped ceramic tile'Darley 26' inscribed within a circledarley firebrick company, refractory materials, wittick family bacchus marsh, william thomas wittick 1857-1939, darley refractories ptd ltd

This photograph was taken at Wooragee Landcare workshop (Quoll), field day in Mt Pilot park on Bush Recovery: After the Fires. This is part of the Biodiversity Month on September 2004. The Bush Recovery workshop was held on Sunday 12th September 2-4pm with Christine Watson, Sue Berwick and Natasha Schedvin, and another workshop on Wednesday, 15th September, 9am to 12 noon with local biologist Glen Johnson and botanists Gill Earl and Christine Watson. The topics involved in the training involved what species have returned, what species haven't, what recovery studies are being carried out, how are the barking owls and phascogales faring, and why is Mt Pilot important. The photograph shows L-R: Colin Payne; Jerry Alexander; Geoff Galbraith. Bush fires are common in Australia due to several reasons. One is due to the geographic spread of fire's seasons, secondly, the absence of El Nino conditions are also linked to fires. Climate change also affected Australia's hot and dry seasons. Australia's climate began warming since the 1970s. Human-induced fires also contributed to this increase in temperatures across the nation. Bush fires happened in Mt Pilot in 2003 but it has recovered well since. This makes Mt Pilot an important site to understand bushfire recovery. This photograph contributes to the scientific and historical records on bushfire recovery in Victoria. It creates a picture of Victorian community activities and efforts on biodiversity, climate change, and environmental care.Landscape coloured photograph printed on gloss paperReverse: WAN NA 0A2A0N0 NN2 0 163 / (No. 2)wooragee, wooragee landcare group, wooragee landcare, bush fires, bush recover, mt pilot, biodiversity month, botany, botanists, bush recovery, quoll, foxy, fox, forest, environment, climate change, bushfire recovery, bushfires, 2004 bushfire, field work, after the fires, fire, biodiversity

The Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) was originally invented by the grandfather of Australian bushfire science, Alan Grant McArthur of the CSIRO, during the 1950s and ‘60s. Alan lit fires under various weather conditions and calculated their rates of spread under a range of fuel moisture conditions. He published his landmark paper, “Controlled burning in eucalypt forests” in 1962. Leaflet No. 80, as it was known, proved a turning point for forest and fire managers across Australia. More importantly, Alan was very practical forester and wanted his work to be useful to people in the field, so after several iterations he came up with the now familiar circular slide rule called the Forest Fire Danger Meter (FFDM).  The Mk 4 version first appeared in operational use in 1967. Two Forests Commission staff, Athol Hodgson and Russ Ritchie, built on McArthur’s pioneering work and, by applying their own practical experience, developed a modified version in the late 1960s called the Control Burning Meter which was better suited to Victorian forest conditions. By entering local rainfall records, the fuel load on the area to be burnt, wind speed at 33 feet above ground level and weather bureau estimates of temperature and relative humidity, the meter is used to indicate flame height, and the associated scorch height, that could be expected from lighting a grid of fires at regular intervals on level terrain - an allowance for slope variation was also possible.Introduced to the FCV in 1970Control burning meterbushfire, forests commission victoria (fcv)