"Mr. J. B. Rankine, the inspector for the Dundas goldfield, entered upon his duties on June 4, 1897. He states that his preliminary examination of the mines in active operation on the field, which was of a hurried nature, revealed in several instances a very unsystematic method of mining, which must have been attended with grave risk to the workmen had it been allowed to continue. The underground workings in one, particular mine which he inspected, and wherein a large number of men were employed, were of such a serious and dangerous nature that immediate steps and measures had to be taken to secure the ground for the safety of the men so employed. Without entering on this occasion into the question of culpability, he desired to place on record that the manager had shown a readiness and willingness to carry out his (the Inspector's) instructions. (West Australian, 21 February 1898)Handwritten letter on folded, lined paper. The letter was written in Norseman and relates to school fees for the Ballarat School of Mines. Norseman Oct 17 98 F.Mmaretll esq Registrar Ballarat School of Mines Sir Yours of the 1st instant to hand and I have much pleasure in forwarding you a cheque for L8.8.0 the account of school fees. Your remarks re telling the Minister are really too funny to be taken seriously. the remind one of kids at School "If you don't give me my marbles ill tell your father" however you have been very patient in the matter + I don;t grumble. Hope school is doing well + maintaining its good name, My kind regards to proff Smith + other enquiring friends Yours very truly J.B. Rankinej.b. rankine, dundas goldfield

A washstand was a standard piece of furniture in many Victorian bedrooms. On it stood a jug of cold water, a bowl, and a clean rag. The person washed first thing in the morning, immediately after rising. Most bedrooms were cold, chilly places, especially as the sash windows were kept open at the top and bottom (regardless of weather) to allow good ventilation and reduce the risk of illness. This meant in winter most people kept their nightclothes and worked on one part of their body at a time. The art of a stand-up wash was to pour water into the bowl. The soaked flannel was then rubbed on each part of the body, and rinsed. Once the water became too soiled it was discarded into the slop bucket and more water poured into the bowl. Working methodically, all of the body was cleaned, with each part being scrubbed and dried before moving onto the next bit. This wash bowl and jug are typical of the equipment used for personal bathing 19thC and early 20thCA large bowl and jug used in the bedroom for personal hygiene 19thC personal hygiene, water pitchers, jugs, bowls, porcelain, moorabbin, bentleigh, cheltenham

Strampp lived and worked at Clifton Pugh's artist colony Dunmoochin from 1980 to 1985. 'Into the Night' is Strampps' "own marriage painting". The wedding dress and horse, "a symbol of virility and passion" represents Strampp and the background landscape was inspired by her stay in Somerset, England. The cliff edge on the left symbolises "an audacious step into the future." The painting "is of a bride, passionate yet absent, about to embark upon a new journey in life, and of the voyage ahead. It is about acknowledging the past, and having the courage to move forward. To take risks". Strampp was largely influenced by both the new German Neo-Expressionists of the time and by English artist John Walker, which is evident in this painting. Her work took on popular stylistic trends and themes of the time, which included a painterly aesthetic and an energetic application of the medium, which transferred to an emotional and or personal connection to subject matter that was communicated symbolically. Strampp is an artist of national significance. This work encompasses themes and a style of painting (Neo - Expressionism) that was prevalent during the time of its making in the eighties. This work represents a transition from Strampp's highly regarded early paintings of heroic horses in the mid to late 1980’s to her highly regarded paintings of contemporary wedding and/or armour-like bodices dresses of the 1990s. Both the 'horse' and 'dress' were often set in empty backgrounds or dreamy/foreboding landscapes. Painted in oil on linen (x2) in a 'Neo-Expressionist' style, 'Into the Night' depicts a ghostly white horse to the right of the painting looking away from a ghostly white wedding dress to the left of the painting. The dress has sprouted white wings and is adorned with bows on the bottom edge of the dress and roses on the sleeves. The dress seems full bodied although there is no figure. The dress and horse are placed in the foreground on a stage like platform with a white curtain framing the picture to the right, and a black ladder and brown cliff edge framing the picture to the left. The background depicts a foreboding and dark cloudy sky and seascape with a firery red landscape burning on the horizon. Signed low right (1988.7b VA) with brush in purple (light) 'Adriane Strampp 87'. into the night, neo expressionism, wedding dress, horse, symbolism, painting, seascape, dramatic, emotional, poetic, strampp

Thomas Kennedy aged 14 was awarded this medal in 1892 for the bravery he showed in rescuing members of his family from the flooded Werribee River on the 3rd August 1891. The Bacchus Marsh Express newspaper on for 30 July 1892, page 2, reported the awards ceremony with this description, 'Bronze medals of the Royal Humane Society of Australasia were awarded at the Melbourne Town Hall on Monday evening as follows: Thomas Kennedy, of Maddingley, near Bacchus Marsh, aged 14 years, for the risk he incurred in procuring assistance to rescue his father, mother, four brothers and sisters from being drowned during the flood of the Werribee River, on the 3rd August, 1891. He at daybreak swam across a strong current, and procured a boat, then rode a horse attached by a chain to the boat, and was returning thus to the house when he was washed off the horse, and with much difficulty rescued'. Bronze medal with ribbon.Obverse: Virtute Paratum; Reverse: Awarded to Thomas Kennedy 3rd Aug 1891, Royal Humane Society of Australasia, INSTD. A.D. 1874medals, awards, floods 1891

Red covered catalogue for a Sale by Auction at Rocklands Reservoir near Balmoral, Vic. On the 9th to 13th November, 1953 (inclusive). For sale are Diesel Alternating Sets, Concrete Mixing and Aggregate Plant, Air Compressor Plants, Stone Crushing Plants, Locomotives, Woodworking Plant, Prefabricated Residences, Corr. Iron and Timber Buildings Stores and Extensive Equipment by order of The State Rivers & Water Supply Commission, Melbourne. Pasted in the front of catalogue is a slip to write name, address and phone number on and to give to clerk when making their first purchase. A typed note loose in the front of catalogue mentions that the time for removal of houses and buildings has been increased from four weeks to three months and goods would be at purchaser's own risk after time of sale. Descriptions of some of the items for sale. Catalogue has Ground Plans of the eight different residential houses. J. H. Curnow & Son Pty. Ltd. Were the auctioneers.business, auctioneers, j h curnow & son pty ltd, ian dyett collection - auction catalogue - rocklands reservoir, the state rivers & water supply commission, j h curnow & son pty ltd, balmoral combined women's associations, prahran telegraph printing co

This booklet was published on the recommendation of the Commonwealth government as part of a plan to offer protection to the people in the event of air strikes. Local councils and individuals were called to help to protect themselves in taking precautions,. The booklet itself sets out action to be taken in the event of an air raid happening, lighting restrictions fire prevention, refuge rooms and garden shelters and risks from air raids. It contains the relevant siren signals which denote different types of events and explains in detail various aspects of preparing for possible attack. There was discussion about issues such as evacuation of children should such an event occur with the focus primarily on the larger centres such as Geelong and Melbourne. From 1942 the number of air attacks increased mainly from Japan on the northern and western parts of Australia including over 60 on Darwin. Attacks continued into 1943 and it wasn’t until later in that year that the Prime Minister, John Curtin announced that the threat of invasion had passed.While the link to Warrnambool’s history is tenuous, it was a government publication to all persons in the state of Victoria in 1941.This item relates to a significant period in Australia’s history. All Australians were affected by the war. It has historical and scientific or research interest as it gives a number of diagrams and possible plans and the effectiveness of same. Olive green soft card cover with black text. 36 pages, with 2 extra pages depicting plans for shelters pasted inside back cover. Victorian coat of arms at top of cover.April 1941. H. E. Daw, Government printer. Forward by Sir John Harris KBE MLC Minister of Public Instruction and Public Healthhistory of warrnambool, air raid precautions 1941

Railway systems have methods by which trains can proceed in safety from station to station, free from the risk of collision with other trains. These methods are generally known as "Safeworking" and they particularly apply to trains on single lines where trains run in opposite directions. The stations between these two sections are called crossing stations. A "Train Staff", a thick, round metal rod, bearing the name of the two stations is issued and these places are designated as Train Staff stations. No train is permitted to proceed through the section unless the train driver either takes the staff for the section into his possession or personally sights the staff. (Note that every station on the line is not a crossing station. These roles were performed at Barongarook, Gellibrand, Banool, Beech Forest, Wyelangta, Weeaproinah and Crowes.) Except for the period 1927-1939 when Train Section Orders were applied instead, due to declining business Train Staff and Ticket working was used throughout on the line.B/W. Driver Bill Brady holding the Train Staff in the cabin of Garratt locomotive G42, at Weeaproinah 1961 railways, bill brady, train driver, weeaproinah, train staff

A description of efforts to fight the bushfires in Gippsland in 2003, including maps and illustrations. This volume was published as a tribute to the work of staff and volunteers who put themselves at risk to protect local communities. It shows the impact on those communities in Victoria and the support they gave to those involved in fighting largest bushfires in Victoria for 60 years. The Alpine bushfires started on 8th January 2003, a day of Total Fire Ban. Lightning ignited 87 fires in the North-East and East Gippsland regions. Eight of these fires were unable to be contained; they joined together to form the largest fire in Victoria since the Black Friday fires in 1939. The majority of the area burnt in Victoria was public land, 1.19 million hectares of parks and forests, including 60 per cent of the Alpine National Park and 81 per cent of the Mt Buffalo National Park. Firefighting efforts were made difficult in hard-to-access, remote forest terrain. Approximately 90,000 hectares of private land was burnt.This book is significant because it documents the 2003 Victorian Bushfires and serves as a tribute to the CFA staff and volunteers who fought them.This publication of 119 pages features text, colour images, maps and detailed information related to the 2003 bushfires in Victoria.At bottom of front cover:- CFA Victoria Logo Victorian Government Logovictorian fires 2003, cfa (vic)

From 1955 Alan Marshall's home was a bungalow at the rear of his sister's house at Eltham. The first bungalow burnt down. Its replacement shown here still stands. In March 2020 the property was sold. It was last sold previously in November 1982. No mention was made in the advertising regarding the heritage protected bungalow in the rear yard and advertising material presented it as having future potential to develop STCA (Subject To Council Approval). Concerned local members of the community alerted to EDHS to the pending upcoming sale and Council was also alerted to the sale and the potential risk presented to the heritage protected bungalow. In 2021 an updated amendment, C133nill, was made to the Nillumbik Planning Scheme in response to a planning application to develop the property following its sale. The Minster of Planning approved and gazetted the Amendment. Gazettal occurred on 25th November 2021. A copy of the gazetted Amendment is available on website of the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning at www.planning.vic.gov.au/schemes-and-amendments/browse-amendments. It was last updated March 2022.Colour photo print 10 x 15 cm, originally stuck down on corflute for displayeltham, alan marshall, alan marshall bungalow, heritage assessment, heritage protection overlay, houses, nillumbik shire council, park west road, heritage overlay ho147

Associated with BDR. Joseph Moore grouped framed certificatesPhotocopy of original dispatch notice for Military Medal to No 1272 BDR J. Moore, 13th F.A.B.No 1272, BDR. J. Moore, 13th F.A.B./ On 24th April, 1918 whilst the 51st Battery was/ in acrion N.E. of Cordie it was subjected to a very heavy hostile/ bombardment of H.E. and gas shells. This N.C.O.'s duries as a/ specialist required the maintenance of communications between the/ Battery an C.P. The line was frequently cut and required several/ trips, all of which took some considerable time. The whole area/ was very heavily shelled as was the vicinity of the C.P. and this/ N.C.O.'s tasks were performed under heavy shell fire ar great/ personel risk. Throughout the periods Bdr. Moore displayed great/ coolness and total disregard of personal danger thus setting a/ splendid examplemedal, 1918, military, moore, joseph, world, war, 1, corbie, 51st, battery, 4th, district

Sir Henry Bolte, premier of Victoria, renamed Cape Everard at Point Hicks during the Centenary of Cook's Landings on April 20, 1970. There is no land feature at Cook's coordinates of 38°0'S and 148°53'E, a point which lies several miles out to sea and under 50 fathoms of water. Captain Cook invented Point Hicks so that he could conceal Bass Strait and the insularity of Tasmania. The Admiralty had issued its usual instructions to hide strategically important discoveries that could become security risks. Captain Hicks was James Cook`s senior lieutenant. There has been some dispute as to whether Zachary Hicks actually saw Point Hicks or whether he saw Ram Head about 20 kilometres further up the coast. Although Cook named the promontory Point Hicks it was changed to Cape Everard in 1843.. In 1970 the Victorian government changed the name Cape Everard to 'Point Hicks'. It lies on dry land, about 22 nautical miles (41 km) northeast of Cook's phantom Point Hicks, where it preserves the story of Cook's first landfall in Australia. This is a contemporary pictorial record of a significant event in East Gippsland's history.A black / white photograph of a man in a suit making a speech with the audience standing behind him. He is standing in front of an octagonal-shaped directional marker set ointo a stone support. There is a policeman behind him. In the background to the right is a lighthouse.on front - "20th April 1970, Sir Henry Bolte renames C. Everard as Pt Hicks" handwritten in block letterscook-james-point-hicks cape-everard bolte-henry

This photograph depicts four men standing near a large unidentified building. This building is the entrance to a deep lead mine shaft. There is a bridge entering the building, which was used to access the elevator to the shaft. Deep lead mining involved placing large shafts into the ground which miners use to access deeper locations in order to excavate the rocks in the search for lead. Deep lead mining was highly dangerous as roofs could cave in of the soil was loose. Therefore, this particular mining considered to be highly undesirable profession as many miners did not want to work long hours nor risk their lives in the search for lead. Indigo Shire was a large area where deep lead mining took place, and thus the landscape and environment was largely impacted by these mining businesses. The Indigo Shire grew in population and wealth in the early 1850s when people came into this location in the hopes of finding gold and making a fortune. Ultimately, the accessibility and availability of gold and precious metals decreased once the gold reserves dried up and alongside this, the large population moved away. The Ovens was also heavily impacted environmentally as deep mining resulted in the change in land formation.The search for gold is ingrained into the history of Victoria and therefore, images like this one which portray an open cut sluicing site can reveal important information for society and technology for the date when the photograph was taken. This image is of important historical significance for its ability to convey information about the methods used to find gold in Indigo Shire. It also shows a location where deep mining was undertook which provides insight into the impact of deep mining on the environment at a time when it was done. This image is important for current research into the history of Indigo Shire, a region in Victoria's north-east. Therefore, this image has the capacity to be beneficial for research into society and the motivations of those living and working in this region during this period and therefore, has social significance. The Beechworth Burke Museum has additional images relating to deep lead mining and Indigo Shire which can be analysed and studied alongside images like this one.Sepia coloured retangular photo printed on gloss photographic paper.Reverse: 1997, 2510/ A02570/ Deep Lead Mining/ page 94/ 65%/ Burke Museum, Photo 44beechworth, burke museum, indigo shire, deep lead mining, mining, gold, gold mining

The Ballarat Trades Hall building is located at 24 Camp Street, Ballarat. The foundation stone was laid in October 1887. (Architects were Messrs James and Piper and builders were Messrs Lietch and Outtrim.) Over several decades, the façade of the building has fallen into disrepair and was posing a safety risk. Thanks to Victorian heritage grants and ongoing public donations, refurbishment of the façade is currently underway by Troon Pty Ltd. The photos in this entry show the deterioration of the building and the progress in restoring it to its former state. Progress catalogued by date: 13 February 2018 - 1 photo 19 February 2018 - 1 photo 23 February 2018 - 1-6 photos 5 March 2018 - 1-5 photos 12 March - 1 photo 4 April 2018 - 1-6 photos 18 April 2018 - 1-7 photos 23 April 2018 - 1 photo. The top of our restored building starts to poke out as the scaffold comes down level by level - the rendered wash-coat colour looks fantastic in the sun - as close as we can get to the original 1887 colour.The Hall is a community hub in Ballarat as well as being the point of contact and activism for unions and unionists in the area. These photographs are a critical part of the building's history.Photographs of Ballarat Trades Hall renovations. btlc, ballarat regional trades and labour council, ballarat trades hall, building, building fund, james and piper, lietch and outtrim, troon pty ltd, building - resoration, heritage victoria, grants

“The Bird God cult is the official lboriisi religion, but there are certain sections of the planet where people worship the sun - not the big Voidstar, but the smaller erratic red star, known as Lanturan on lrusag, and lisa, or “Womb of the Wave Stone” on Iboriis. The sun is thought to be the creator and controller of all things, both benevolent and capricious. Priest of the Sunworshippers sacrifice appropriately coloured fruits and vegetables to the Sun God to ensure continuity of crops and a rich, peaceful life. When the red sun disappears from the sky on its erratic orbit, the God is thought to be displeased and the people gather in great groups to pray for better times. It is at this time that the Sun dances are performed in specially prepared dancing grounds in the forests. This essentially peaceable religion is hated and feared by followers of the Bird God, so that Sunworshippers are hunted and destroyed whenever possible. It is considered a favourable omen if the year’s sacrificial victims can be Sunworshippers, a sure sign of a good future harvest. Naturally enough, Sunworshippers are never delegates to the Court — this Robe was smuggled out of lboriis by a team of dedicated anthropologist who risked their lives to study the Sun God religion.” -Inga Hunter

In 1880, the Melbourne Benevolent Asylum launched an appeal to raise funds to relocate away from the inner city. The location in North Melbourne was considered a great risk for the residents, particularly the 'old and feeble', in the event of an epidemic. In 1887, the secretary to the Premier of Victoria wrote to the Asylum, suggesting Frankston as a possible alternative to North Melbourne. The Asylum committee considered Frankston to be too far away. The Royal Commission into Charitable Organisations (1890) strongly recommended Cheltenham as the preferred location but the government failed to act on that recommendation. Former Asylum committee member, Mr James Hingston, bequeathed £25,000 to the Asylum on his death in 1902. After many more years of toing and froing, the foundation stone for the new asylum at Cheltenham was laid in 1909. It was almost two years later that the transfer of residents from North Melbourne to Cheltenham began. The move happened in stages over three days, with the first group of residents to move to Cheltenham being 125 women from the invalid wards. The Asylum continued to operate throughout the 20th Century and, in 1970, was renamed the Kingston Centre. The focus of services also changed. This photograph captures the laying of the foundation stone in 1909.Black and white image depicting a large group of citizens gathered to watch the laying of the foundation stone for the Benevolent Asylum in Cheltenham. There is a raised platform with a group of men dressed in suits standing on it. These appear to be the dignitaries for the day. There are flags flying in the background, others standing on poles at the corners of the raised platform. Handwritten in red ink on reverse: 50%cheltenham, charity, north melbourne, welfare

Inge KING (26 November 1915 – 23 April 2016) Born Berlin, Germany Arrived Australia 1951 Inge King trained as a wood carver and studied at the Berlin Academy (1937-1939), Royal Academy London (1940), and the Glascow School of Art (1941-1843) . She moved to London in 1847 and began carving organic abstract forms in wood and stone. In 1949-50 she went on a study tour to the United States of America where she was inspired to work in metal . Inge King arrived in Australia in 1951 and she completed several large scale public works. Between 1861 and 1875 Inge King lectured at the Institute of Early Childhood Development, Kew. From 1976 to 1987 she lectured in Sculpture at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. She was a founding member of the Ceminal Centre Five group, and she actively lobbied architects, governments and State galleries to include modernist sculptures in their plans and displays. In 1991 Inge King joined the first National Trust of Australia (Victoria) Public Art Committee, advising on public art at risk and worthy of Trust classification. The Australian Women's Art Register describes Inge King as having been at the forefront of developing a non figurative vocabulary in Australian Sculpture. Welded bronzed steel sculpture painted black and red. This sculpture by Inge King was purchased in 1967 with funds raised by staff and students of Ballarat Teachers' College, a predecessor institution of Federation University Australia. During this era a collection was made which resulted in an annual purchase or commission of an artwork of note. The Federation University Art Collection features over 1000 works and was listed as a 'Ballarat Treasure' in 2007. Signed 'I. King' on the lower steel plate. art, artwork, inge king, king, sculpture, ballarat teachers' college collection, welded metal, metal sculpture

Victorian Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (VIOSH) Australia is the Asia-Pacific centre for teaching and research in occupational health and safety (OHS) and is known as one of Australia's leaders on the field. VIOSH has a global reputation for its innovative approach within the field of OHS management. VIOSH had its first intake of students in 1979. At that time the Institution was known as the Ballarat College of Advanced Education. In 1990 it became known as Ballarat University College, then in 1994 as University of Ballarat. It was 2014 that it became Federation University. VIOSH Australia students are safety managers, senior advisors and experienced OHS professionals. They come from all over Australia and industry. Students are taught active research and enquiry; rather than textbook learning and a one-size fits all approach. VIOSH accepts people into the Graduate Diploma of Occupational Hazard Management who have no undergraduate degree - on the basis of extensive work experience and knowledge. Ballarat College of Advanced Education invited Professor Peter Compes of Germany to conduct a Seminar on the subject "System Safety Management by Risk Assessment". This was to be held over two days in February 1980. Registration to attend was no later than 8 February 1980. Prof Compes was Professor of General Safety Science, University of Wuppertal, Federal Republic of Germany. The seminar was to look at current experiences with accidents and disasters and future projections. The moral. legal and economic need for change and the need for a system safety concept.Five A4 pages - one with news article Signatures of Derek Viner and Derek Woolley. Dates 1977 to 1980.viosh, victorian institute of occupational safety and health, ballarat college of advanced education, derek viner, derek woolley, professor peter compes, professor of general safety science, federal republic of germany, system safety management by risk assessment, seminar, university of wuppertal, school of engineering

This deck light was recovered from the wreck of the Newfield in 1973. The barque Newfield left Liverpool on 1st June 1892 with a cargo of 1850 tons of fine rock salt for Brisbane. About six weeks later the ship ran into very heavy weather approaching the Australian coast. On 28th August at about 9pm her master, Captain George Scott, observed between the heavy squalls the Cape Otway light on the mainland of Victoria, but due apparently to a navigational error (the chronometers were incorrect), he mistook it for Cape Wickham on King Island, some 40 miles south. He altered course to the north expecting to run through the western entrance of Bass Strait, but instead, at about 1:30am, the ship ran aground about about 100 yards from shore, one mile east of Curdies River. The vessel struck heavily three times before grounding on an inner shoal with six feet of water in the holds. The Newfield remained upright on the reef with sails set for a considerable time as the wind slowly ripped the canvas to shreds and the sea battered the hull to pieces. Seventeen men survived the shipwreck but the captain and eight of his crew perished. Local man Peter Carmody was recognised for risking his life in order to help save the lives of the ship's crew. In 1893 he received a letter and accompanying limited edition of the Bramley-Moore medal for saving life at sea; 1872" medal and certificate from the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society. Flagstaff Hill’s collection of artefacts from the Newfield is significant for its association with the shipwreck Newfield, which is listed on the Victorian Heritage Registry. The collection is significant because of the relationship between the objects. The Newfield collection is archaeologically significant as the remains of an international cargo ship. The Newfield collection is historically significant for representing aspects of Victoria’s shipping history and its association with the shipwreckDeck light recovered from the wreck of the sailing ship “Newfield. Oval semi-spherical shape of clear thick glass.warrnambool, shipwrecked coast, flagstaff hill, flagstaff hill maritime museum, maritime museum, shipwreck coast, flagstaff hill maritime village, shipwrecked artefact, 1892, 1893, 28 august 1892, 29 august 1892, barque, curdie's river, deck light, newfield, nineteenth century, peter ronald, peterborough, port campbell, shipwrecks, victorian shipwrecks

This Directory of 1889 covers the location of Melbourne based trade and professional offices by street and in Alphabetical order. It covers all of Melbourne and its suburbs. It also covers government and official, ecclesiastic, legal, municipal and miscellaneous information. The directory details a cross section of a developing city with a splattering of advertisements opening up an in depth look of all aspects of living in the late 1800s. It is interesting to see that all the advertisements do not have any telecommunication numbers listed (personal shoppers or mail orders only). This was a period of high moral standing within the community and hotels advertised rooms " suites of rooms for families and single rooms for Ladies and Gentlemen" also "electric bells throughout the house. Telephone, night porter and hot and cold baths."This directory would be used by the majority of families and businesses working and living within the Kiewa Valley and the surrounding area. Melbourne was the only place where every aspect of living requirement was catered for. Although the delivery of services and goods were not at a high rate, certain items or transactions would require a visit to "the big smoke". Business information are listed both by suburb and alphabetically. There is also a section for British and Foreign Trade. This directory covered nearly everything to do with commerce, an example pay days for principle firms. Greater evolution of trade locations started to balloon out after the mid 1950's. Increased populations and greater levels of communication and safe fast transport facilities permitted greater devolution of commercial enterprises into rural communities, such as the Kiewa Valley.This directory has no front or back cover and is held together by its cloth spine. It contains over 1300 pages, however there may be some pages missing front and back of the directory which would have contained advertisements of some unknown shops. All the sides of this directory (except the spine) have advertisements and content information stamped on. The spine cover has been placed in the directory until further conservation work is carried out. It has gold coloured printing and in the central section, a gold coloured background with the words "Sands & McDougall's Melbourne Directory 1889." The spine has three adverts on the spine.On the spine in gold colour "South * British insurance Company Fire and Marine. Risks Lowest Current Rates No. 11 Queen Street, Arthur J Masters, Manager" and half way down " *Phoenix* Fire Office of London established over 100 years Annual Income exceeds (pound sign) 1,000,000" underneath "Losses Paid Over (pound sign) 16,000,000" underneath "Reserve Fund Exceeds (pound sign) 1,000,000" underneath "9 Market Buildings William Street, Melbourne " underneath " R. Manfield Taylor, Agent" and at the bottom section" Henry Scott Auctioneer and Estate Agent 49 Bridport St., Albert Park" stamped on the bottom side across the page endings "The Wonderful Wertheim Sewing Machines Swanston Street opposite Town Hall", stamped on the top side across the page endings " The Sweet Hapsburg Pianos & Organs Swanston Street Opposite Town Hall"state government listings, names and location of early melbourne population business names, 1889 members of the victorian executive council

"Freight forwarding" is the arranging of the shipping of goods from their point of origin to their final destination. Freight Forwarders worked as an intermediary between companies that needed to ship products and the shipping and transportation firms that could ensure delivery. A key element of "freight forwarding" was the advice and professional handling of documentation and customs requirements provided. Early "freight forwarders" tended to be innkeepers who forwarded on the luggage of their hotel guests. One of the first "freight forwarding" companies was established by Thomas Meadows in 1836 which made it one of the earliest freight companies in Europe. More reliable rail and steamships were beginning to be used to transport goods and this created a demand for the new "freight forwarding" industry. The combination of railroads and steamships became very important in the late 19th and early 20th century. International shipments became common and freight forwarding that could handle their complexity became an integral part of the manufacturing and shipping landscape. Thomas Meadows & Company Ltd moved to offices in Milk Street, London in 1854 (where they remained until 1969 when they moved out of the city to Leytonstone) and continued in the freight business until 1987 when the company was acquired by Rockwell International Freight. The growth of Thomas Meadows & Company Ltd coincided with the growth and development of the colony of Victoria with an increasing need for the transporting of large numbers of people as well as important goods required by the growing colony - furniture, spirits, food, clothing, agricultural implements, household items etc. In the late 1840's only two or three overseas ships a month visited Melbourne but by late 1852 (after gold was discovered) more than a dozen ships arrived each week. By 1939, Thomas Meadows & Co. Ltd. had offices in Canada, U.S.A., New Zealand, France, Belgium and in Flinders Street Melbourne. This poster was sold by "Smarts Authorised Newsagency" in 1988 in Warrnambool - a business that had been owned by Neil and Shirley Smart at 168 Timor Street, Warrnambool since 1976. Previously it had been "Reed's Newsagency and Book Shop" (a local business established by William Reed circa 1912 and known as "William Reed Bookseller and Stationer"). The original owners, Reed's Newsagency and Bookshop were operating the shop in 1939 which suggests the poster may have been on display (for the information of their customers) in their shop at that time. This poster is significant through its association with Thomas Meadows and Co. Ltd. who is considered to be the founder of the "freight forwarding" industry in the early 19th century. It is an example of advertising used by shipping agents in the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. Its information includes the addresses of the firm's different offices in the U.K. and abroad, ships, shipping lines and ports used and the timetable the vessels were likely to follow. It is also significant through its association with a well known and long standing local Warrnambool business.A 1939 Timetable of "Australian Sailings" produced by the shipping agents Thomas Meadows and Co Ltd. It lists all their ships (plus dates and ports) sailing from the UK to Australia as well as the addresses of their offices in other cities in the U.K., Canada, U.S.A., Australia, New Zealand, France and Belgium. It has three vertical columns depicting (from left to right) January to June sailings, a simple 1939 calendar and their July to December 1939 sailings. The poster is attached on the top and bottom to two thin black metal strips. The top strip has a metal ring with a hole. A stamped label on the back of the poster has the name, telephone number and address of Smarts newsagency plus the date.Front of poster - "FORWARDING AGENTS. INSURANCE BROKERS.PASSENGER AGENTS.CARTAGE CONTRACTORS / MOTOR CAR AND MACHINERY PACKERS.FURNITURE AND GENERALEXPORT PACKERS" "THOMAS MEADOWS & CO Ltd." "ESTABLISHED OVER 100 YEARS" "SHIPPING AGENTS / 35 MILK STREET, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.C.2" "PACKING WAREHOUSES IN LONDON & MANCHESTER" "1939" "TIME TABLE OF AUSTRALIAN SAILINGS" "JANUARY TO JUNE, 1939/ FROM LONDON" "JULY TO DECEMBER, 1939 / FROM LONDON" "HAVE YOUR SMALL PACKAGES SENT BY OUR SPECIAL "SMALLS" SERVICE AT LOWER RATES/RATES TO PORT ONLY OR INCLUDING DELIVERY THROUGHOUT AUSTRALIA" "INSURANCE AGAINST ALL RISKS EFFECTED WITH CLAIMS PAYABLE DESTINATION" "ROUTE YOUR SHIPMENTS VIA THOMAS MEADOWS & CO LTD. FOR PROMPTNESS AND ECONOMY" Stamp on back of poster - "SMART'S AUTHORISED NEWSAGENCY' "168 Timor Street, Warrnambool 3280" "Telephone: (055) 62 2092" "12 DEC 1988" Sticker at bottom - "51"flagstaff hill maritime museum and village, great ocean road, shipping, shipping agents, freight forwarding, freight, shipping time table, thomas meadows & co. ltd., thomas meadows shipping agent, shipping and forwarding agent, smart's newsagency, warrnambool, warrnambool newsagency, chart, poster, smart's authorised newsagency, neil and shirley smart, william reed, reed's newsagency and bookshop

In 1905, Mr. Frank Jarvis and Mr. Tommy Garner formed Conway Stewart & Co. Limited at 13 Paternoster Row EC1, next to St Paul’s Cathedral in London. Today, this area is known as Paternoster Square having been redeveloped after its complete destruction during the Blitz of World War II. Although there is much debate regarding the origins of the Company’s name, it is believed that the name “Conway Stewart” derives from a popular vaudeville act of the day. Conway and Stewart were supposedly a comedy double act who appeared at Collins Music Hall in Islington. The two entrepreneur took a great risk in leaving their secured jobs to start a new enterprise reselling fountain pens made by other manufacturers. They concentrated their energies and invested in importing pens from the United States. After an arduous month of persistent selling of their stock, they reaped the rewards of a rather healthy turnover of more than £13 and 9 shillings. This was a great accomplishment considering that the rent for their business premises was only five shillings a week. Even though this turnover would be pleasing to many new ventures, the strength of De La Rue in the fountain pen market made it impossible for the company to continue selling no-named fountain pens. In the same year, De La Rue reportedly invested £50,000 in a promotion campaign for their new launch, the Onoto. However, Garner and Jarvis soon recognized there was an audience desiring good, reliable writing instruments that were also affordable. This is when Conway Stewart began to capture a market amongst the English. Jarvis and Garner developed a single aim, to produce elegant and beautiful, yet functional writing instruments – a principle that Conway Stewart holds true to this day.Red "Conway Stewart Ink" bottle with black metal lid and red round label. Square bottle with flat edges. One quarter filled with ink.Front: 20 fl. ozs./Conway/Stewart/ink (white letters on red background, label, upper area of bottle)ink, writing, bottle

Victorian Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (VIOSH) Australia is the Asia-Pacific centre for teaching and research in occupational health and safety (OHS) and is known as one of Australia's leaders on the field. VIOSH has a global reputation for its innovative approach within the field of OHS management. VIOSH had its first intake of students in 1979. At that time the Institution was known as the Ballarat College of Advanced Education. In 1990 it became known as Ballarat University College, then in 1994 as University of Ballarat. It was 2014 that it became Federation University. VIOSH Australia students are safety managers, senior advisors and experienced OHS professionals. They come from all over Australia and industry. Students are taught active research and enquiry; rather than textbook learning and a one-size fits all approach. VIOSH accepts people into the Graduate Diploma of Occupational Hazard Management who have no undergraduate degree - on the basis of extensive work experience and knowledge Letter from the Department of Defence to Dennis Else looking at the possibility of Ballarat College of Advanced Education conducting a short course in occupational health and safety for RAAF hygiene personnel. It would teach the fundamentals of occupational health and environmental monitoring and control. Better use of the practical time allocated is needed. Noise induced hearing loss is the most widespread occupational health risk in the RAAF. Industrial chemicals used and hazardous industrial procedures in the repair and maintenance of aircraft are an issue needing resolution. Existing terminal objectives for basic hygiene inspectors course in occupational health and safety are provided for comment. Information provided by K R Stone, Flight Lieutenant for Director General of Air Force Health Services. Eight A4 pages,typed. Handwritten note top left cornerLetterhead of Department of Defence - Air Force Office.Signature of K R Stoneviosh, victorian institute of occupational safety and health, department of defence, air force office, raaf, ballarat college of advanced education, dennis else, k r stone, flight lieutenant, director general of air force health services, short course in occupational health and safety, raaf hygiene personnel, hearing loss, industrial chemicals, hazardous industrial procedures

The Golden Eagle is an original design by Geoff Richardson. Geoff commenced gliding in the early days of the sport circa 1933 in Melbourne, flying at Coode Island and Mt Frazer. In 1934, he began construction of a secondary type glider but scrapped it upon realizing that a better design was needed. He conducted further research and came up with a sailplane of similar size and general arrangement to the Grunau Baby but with a “Gull” wing using a Gottingen 535 wing section (the same as for the Grunau Baby). Geoff did all the technical calculations himself and even made up and tested a Casein glue for the construction. Geoff competed construction of his new sailplane (which he called the “Golden Eagle”) in 1937 and it was test flown at Laverton at the western edge of Melbourne in September 1937. On the same day, at Laverton, the Gliding Club of Victoria flew its new Grunau Baby 2 sailplane which it had imported as a finished machine from Edmund Schneider in Germany. The Golden Eagle was found to fly well, having a similar performance to the Grunau Baby. In the 1950s, the Golden Eagle was modified by rebuilding the front of the fuselage to enclose the cockpit with a Perspex canopy. A landing wheel was incorporated behind the skid. Spoilers were added to the wings and a trim tab to the elevators. The Golden Eagle has been flown with the VMFG (Victorian Motorless Flight Group) for most of its long life. When donated to the Australian Gliding Museum in 2016 by Alan Patching it was probably the oldest, continuously airworthy glider in the world. Having regard to the historical significance of the Golden Eagle, the Museum has decided to not to fly it anymore to avoid risk of loss or damage. The exhibit is of great significance for Australian gliding history – the Golden Eagle is a flyable 1930s aircraft in excellent condition that was designed and built by an Australian gliding pioneer. Single seat wood and fabric sailplane finished with white wings, tailplane and rudder and yellow fuselage Registration letters “FC” on fuselage nose port side, Australian flag, Vintage Gliders Australia and VMFG decals on rudder, “Golden Eagle” lettering in red on each side of the fuselage below the canopy, Aboriginal flag decal on port side of fuselage below the canopy. australian gliding, glider, sailplane, golden eagle, richardson, patching, vmfg, victorian motorless flight group

A laryngoscope is an instrument used to view the larynx (voice box), which is the opening to the trachea and lungs. It consists of a “blade,” which goes into the patient’s mouth, and a handle. Prior to 1943 when Macintosh introduced his curved blade, most laryngoscope blades were long and straight. The straight blades were used to directly hold the epiglottis. Macintosh’s curved blade works differently: it indirectly opens the epiglottis by applying pressure to a space between the root of the tongue and epiglottis, called the vallecula. The flange running along the left lower edge of Macintosh’s blade was also a novel innovation. It was designed to move the tongue to the side, which improved the view of the larynx and made more room for a breathing tube. The Macintosh Laryngoscope remains one of the most popular blades worldwide. (Source: Wood Library Museum) This laryngoscope was previously owned by John Mainland, as evidenced by the name etched into the handle. Mainland graduated from the University of Melbourne in 1950 with a Bachelor of Science degree. After researching and completing his medical degree, Mainland entered into the field of anaesthetics, training at the Royal Women's and Royal Children's Hospitals, later Alfred Hospital, in 1959. He completed training in 1964 and remained at the Alfred Hospital. During his career, he also became the first anaesthetist appointed to the position of Professor in Victoria. His other achievements include manufacturing a respiratory monitoring module that accompanied astronauts on the United States moon landing and developing a stimulator to lessen the risk of deep vein thrombosis in surgical patients. Mainland became a Fellow of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists in 1992, retiring from the profession in 1997.Oblong shaped handle with textured grip. Attached is a laryngoscope blade in a cruved shaped with light tube running through one side.Etched into top of handle: J.F. MAINLAND •Stamped into top of handle: REGD TRADE MARK / PENLON / MADE IN ENGLAND •Stamped into base of handle: CLOSE [arrow] •Etched into base of blade: MAC / 4 •Stamped into side of blade: REGD TRADE MARK / PENLON / MADE IN ENGLAND •Stamped into side of blade: STAINLESSmacintosh, robert reynolds, new zealand, laryngoscope, mainland, john, alfred hospital, moon landing

The City of Ringwood and the City of Croydon merged in December 1994 and became the City of Maroondah.Community information book issued by City of Ringwood for 1994 - covering the facilities and activities of the Ringwood Council and other local organisations and associations. Includes Ringwood Public Golf Course discount vouchers and two Ringwood Aquatic Centre bonus entry vouchers.CONTENTS: (page no.) Contents A Message from the Mayor - Cr. Margaret Cheevers 3 Your Council 4 Local State and Federal MPs 5 Council Meetings and Elections 6 History of Ringwood 7 City Manager's Report 8 Organisational structure 9 Human Services 10-19 Environmental Health 20-21 Ringwood Library 22 Parks and Gardens 23 Ringwood's Parks and Reserves 24 Building 25 Engineering Planning Services 26-28 Waste Management 29 Town Planning 30 Traffic and Local Laws 31-33 Roads, Drainage and Major Works 38-39 Halls and Facilities 40-41 Aquatic Centre 42 Convention Centre/Karralika Theatre 43 Golf Course 44 Free Swim & Golf Discount Vouchers 45 Community Organisations 46-64 Finance 65-66 Administration 67 Community Liaison 68 Information Systems 69 Personnel 70-71 Risk Management 71 Rates and Valuations 72 rinx

Sunshine High School existed in its own right from 1955 to 1991. During the early years the wearing of 'correct' uniforms was strictly enforced. Girls had to wear hats and boys had to wear caps as part of the uniform when outside the school grounds, or else they risked detention if caught without head wear by a Prefect. The boys therefore always had a rolled up cap in the back pocket to quickly slip on whenever there was danger of being nabbed by a Prefect. The girls had a winter uniform, which included thick beige stockings and a maroon blazer, and a summer frock in which they could be relatively cool during hot days. The boys had to wear their double breasted grey suits all year, with a jumper under the jacket in cold weather. The boys were supposedly being groomed as gentlemen, and so even during hot conditions were not allowed to remove their suit jackets in the class room. On about two very hot afternoons a year, the headmaster removed his jacket and so allowed the boys to do likewise. With single breasted suits becoming fashionable, it became difficult to find double breasted grey suits in the wide range of sizes required by students. In about late 1960 or early 1961 the uniform rules for boys were changed to enable them to wear single breasted grey suits. They still however were not allowed to remove their jackets in class on hot days. Over the years the rules for the wearing of uniforms were relaxed and in the late 1970's students were wearing either uniforms, or parts of uniforms, or their normal clothing. The wearing of uniforms at Sunshine High School eventually died out well before the School vacated the buildings on Ballarat Road, and amalgamated with other local secondary schools to form the Sunshine College.The three items of clothing, although not a complete uniform set, serve as a reminder of the summer and winter uniforms, as well as the colours, that were worn by the girls at Sunshine High School during the early years. The jumper is identical in appearance to that worn by the boys and so it is not difficult to imagine how a male Sunshine High School student would look like with a grey suit and that type of jumper.THREE ITEMS of girls uniform from the no longer existing SUNSHINE HIGH SCHOOL are individually displayed here. The items being: (1) Beige with maroon print cotton summer frock. (2) Maroon polyester/wool winter tunic. (3) Maroon V-necked wool/nylon jumper with light blue and gold coloured stripes around the cuffs and the neck.Ecole brand winter tunic. Buxwear brand summer frock of Style S289. M.G.Magree brand jumper.sunshine high school, uniform, frock, tunic, jumper, girls school uniform, maroon uniform

These are the recollections of Alan Menere (1915 – 2001). Alan grew up in Moonee Ponds, Victoria, and moved to Bendigo while in his early 20s. There he met some like-minded young men who enjoyed challenges and matters mechanical. Flying was the adventure of the time, and they decided to give it a go. There was no intention to be on the leading edge of gliding technology. The challenge was to fly, and by their own efforts. They were aided in this by the embryonic regulatory arrangements covering light aircraft construction and flying, a sense of optimistic can-do, and the cavalier estimation of risks that goes with being in your early 20s. The events described here took place against a darkening political background. Alan and his mates were politically aware, very left wing, and viewed the gathering storm in Europe with apprehension. They could see from early on that war was coming, and it would change everything. Prevented from joining the Air Force by his red-green colour blindness, Alan joined the Army the day after the Pearl Harbour attack. He served in an Armoured Reconnaissance Unit in Western Australia, then with the Army Education Service in New Britain. After the War he joined the Commonwealth Public Service. He moved to Canberra, but his Bendigo habits stayed with him, as he built sailboards and carved propellers, to the admiration of his sons. Alan developed macular degeneration in his mid-60s. He retired to Port Stephens, fishing and socializing when he wasn’t tinkering with wing-sails for his catamaran. As he could touch-type, he quickly learned to use a computer. Very aware that he was the last member of the Bendigo group still alive, he resolved to set down his flying experiences. The images he selected are included, but there are many more from the Bendigo days.A CD entitled "Alan Menere - Recollections of Gliding in Bendigo in the late 1930s". The CD contains 33 documents consisting of one word file, one PDF file (entitled "The Urge to Fly") and the rest are of either photos of the Bendigo Gliding club or generally around Bendigo itself. Also included are some paper clippings of accidents that happened and description of flights.history, bendigo, bendigo gliding club, alan menere

The Garryowen Perpetual Trophy is awarded annually to the winner of one of the most prestigious equestrienne events in Australia, the Garryowen Equestrienne Turnout. The competition is named after three-time Royal Melbourne Show champion saddle horse, GARRYOWEN, whose owner Violet Murrell died tragically whilst trying to save GARRYOWEN from a stable fire in 1934. A Heroine of Racing Mrs Violet Murrell of Melbourne, was a heroine who died trying to save her horses when the racing stables burned. The reason for her rescue attempt was twofold; she was both trying to retrieve an asset and was rescuing an animal from its agony. The heart of the racing world in Melbourne went out to Murrell and trainers, jockeys, and stable-boys came in crowds to her funeral. 'In the racing stables, in truth, the horse and the man are part of each other; and Mrs Murrell's name, with the manner of her death, will live as a tradition in the fraternity of men and horses to which she belonged'. (Sun, Sydney, Sunday 1 April 1934, p. 4) Began with a fire This trophy began as a tribute to a brave woman who risked and lost her life trying to rescue her horses and dog from a fire in 1934. It has become the premier turnout event for horsewomen in Australia. The idea came from a gathering at the Police Depot in St Kilda Road Melbourne, where friends of Violet discussed how to remember her and her beloved horse GARRYOWEN. The event was first staged at the 1934 Royal Melbourne Show. The public, through the Sporting globe newspaper, contributed to the cost of buying the 12 inch bronze statuette which is a perpetual trophy. The winner is also presented with a blue sash fastened with a small photograph of Mrs Murrell riding GARRYOWEN. Jockey, jumper, show ring rider Violet Murrell was 29 years old when she died. She had a career as a flat-race jockey riding and winning against men. She was also a successful jumps jockey. (Mandy Bede)A bronze horse statuette mounted on a slab of marble and a wooden base with metal plates.trophy, horses in action, horses, melbourne royal horses in action competition, prizes, turnout, blue ribbon competitions, murrell, violet murrell, garryowen, garryowen perpetual trophy, garryowen equestrienne turnout

Mr Maxwell Pemberton was born in Goulburn, NSW in 1923 and moved to Beechworth as a child just before the Great Depression. Mr Pemberton's father was a baker who opened a grocery store in Beechworth to support his seven children. The store, which competed with eight other grocery traders in Beechworth for finite local business, delivered goods by horse and cart to customers all over the district, including the hamlet of Stanley. Mr Pemberton's oral history testifies to the sorts of economic struggles faced by the majority of Beechworth's residents during the depression years. Mr Pemberton worked in many different industries in and around Beechworth, including in his father's grocery store, which he later took over with his brother; the Zwar Tannery, where he served as a union representative; and at the Ovens and Murray Hospital for the Aged, formally the Ovens Benovolent Asylum, established in 1862 for care of the district's destitute, disabled and aged people from Euroa to the Murray, among them, homeless people Mr Pemberton referred to as 'river-bankers'. The hospital's founding in the 1860s was driven by a committee headed by the notable figure, G.B Kerford. Beechworth's institutions were a major source of local employment in the twentieth century. Mr Pemberton joined the Australian Navy during WWII and served at Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. During his period of service, he received an honorary award from the Royal Humane Society of Australia for aiding and saving a drowning civilian at risk to his own life. Mr Pemberton's oral history also touches on the complex relationship between Australian forces and local Papuan people during the war. This oral history recording was part of a project conducted by Jennifer Williams in the year 2000 to capture the everyday life and struggles in Beechworth during the twentieth century. This project involved recording seventy oral histories on cassette tapes of local Beechworth residents which were then published in a book titled: Listen to what they say: voices of twentieth century Beechworth. These cassette tapes were digitised in July 2021 with funds made available by the Friends of the Burke.Mr Maxwell Pemberton's oral history recalls many aspects of life in Beechworth and the Oven's district during the twentieth century and enriches our understanding of the effects of the periods of socio-economic decline and renewal that unfolded as the century progressed. His singular account of his various jobs and colourful memories of life as a youth and young man in Beechworth, and abroad as a serviceman, contributes to our understanding of society's attitudes and expectations regarding ideals of masculinity and Australian national identity. This oral history account is socially and historically significant as it is a part of a broader collection of interviews conducted by Jennifer Williams which were published in the book 'Listen to what they say: voices of twentieth-century Beechworth.' While the township of Beechworth is known for its history as a gold rush town, these accounts provide a unique insight into the day-to-day life of the town's residents during the 20th century, many of which would have been lost if they had not been preserved.This is a digital copy of a recording that was originally captured on a cassette tape. The cassette tape is black with a horizontal white strip and is currently stored in a clear flat plastic rectangular container. It holds up 40 minutes of recordings on each side.Mr Max Pemberton /twentieth century beechworth, benevolent asylums, wwii, beechworth's institutions, local employment, government institutions, listen to what they say, oral history, burke museum, maxwell pemberton, ovens and murray hospital for the aged, zwar tannery, beechworth grocers, australian navy, port morseby, papua new guinea, trade unions, welfare services, homelessness, 'river bankers', aged care, g.b kerford, ovens benevolent asylum, ovens benevolent home

Before the introduction of electricity, irons were heated by combustion, either in a fire or with some internal arrangement. An "electric flatiron" was invented by American Henry Seely White and patented on June 6, 1882. It weighed almost 15 pounds (6.8 kg) and took a long time to heat. The UK Electricity Association is reported to have said that an electric iron with a carbon arc appeared in France in 1880, but this is considered doubtful. Two of the oldest sorts of iron were either containers filled with a burning substance, or solid lumps of metal which could be heated directly. Metal pans filled with hot coals were used for smoothing fabrics in China in the 1st century BC. A later design consisted of an iron box which could be filled with hot coals, which had to be periodically aerated by attaching a bellows. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there were many irons in use that were heated by fuels such as kerosene, ethanol, whale oil, natural gas, carbide gas (acetylene, as with carbide lamps), or even gasoline. Some houses were equipped with a system of pipes for distributing natural gas or carbide gas to different rooms in order to operate appliances such as irons, in addition to lights. Despite the risk of fire, liquid-fuel irons were sold in U.S. rural areas up through World War II. In Kerala in India, burning coconut shells were used instead of charcoal, as they have a similar heating capacity. This method is still in use as a backup device, since power outages are frequent. Other box irons had heated metal inserts instead of hot coals. From the 17th century, sadirons or sad irons (from Middle English "sad", meaning "solid", used in English through the 1800s[4]) began to be used. They were thick slabs of cast iron, triangular and with a handle, heated in a fire or on a stove. These were also called flat irons. A laundry worker would employ a cluster of solid irons that were heated from a single source: As the iron currently in use cooled down, it could be quickly replaced by a hot one. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_ironThis iron is typical of the clothes iron used before electric irons superseded it.Salter iron no. 6, painted black but with rust showing through. Salter iron no. 6.flagstaff hill, warrnambool, shipwrecked-coast, flagstaff-hill, flagstaff-hill-maritime-museum, maritime-museum, shipwreck-coast, flagstaff-hill-maritime-village, iron, clothes, laundry